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Li HL, Zhong LY, Kang YF, Yang YL, Shi L, Zhai AX, Wu C, Zeng MS, Zhu QY. Evaluation of serum Epstein-Barr virus envelope glycoproteins antibodies and their association with systemic autoimmune diseases. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29595. [PMID: 38587217 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) are a growing spectrum of autoimmune disorders that commonly affect multiple organs. The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection or reactivation as a trigger for the initiation and progression of SADs has been established, while the relationship between EBV envelope glycoproteins and SADs remains unclear. Here, we assessed the levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM against EBV glycoproteins (including gp350, gp42, gHgL, and gB) in serum samples obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and found that RA and SLE patients exhibited a statistically significant increase in the levels of 8 and 11 glycoprotein antibodies, respectively, compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). The LASSO model identified four factors as significant diagnostic markers for RA: gp350 IgG, gp350 IgA, gHgL IgM, and gp42 IgA; whereas for SLE it included gp350 IgG, gp350 IgA, gHgL IgA, and gp42 IgM. Combining these selected biomarkers yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.749 for RA and 0.843 for SLE. We subsequently quantified the levels of autoantibodies associated with SADs in mouse sera following immunization with gp350. Remarkably, none of the tested autoantibody levels exhibited statistically significant alterations. Elevation of glycoprotein antibody concentration suggests that Epstein-Barr virus reactivation and replication occurred in SADs patients, potentially serving as a promising biomarker for diagnosing SADs. Moreover, the absence of cross-reactivity between gp350 antibodies and SADs-associated autoantigens indicates the safety profile of a vaccine based on gp350 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lan-Yi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Lan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ai-Xia Zhai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Ying Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Rispens T, Kuijpers TW, Killestein J, van Kempen ZLE, Bloem K. Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies to Rituximab with Other Therapeutic Anti-CD20 Antibodies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:529-533. [PMID: 38149924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
One reason for a lack of response to rituximab as well as infusion-related anaphylactic adverse events is the development of antidrug Abs to rituximab. Besides rituximab, a number of other therapeutic Abs targeting CD20 are nowadays available as alternatives. In this study, we investigated the potential cross-reactivity of (human) anti-rituximab Abs to three other anti-CD20 mAbs: ofatumumab, obinutuzumab, and ocrelizumab. In 25 cases of anti-rituximab Abs, cross-reactivity was examined using both direct binding assays and inhibition immunoassays. Although no cross-reactivity was observed to ofatumumab or obinutuzumab, 8 of 25 samples also showed reactivity toward ocrelizumab in at least one of the two assays. Furthermore, in three cases of anti-ocrelizumab Abs, cross-reactivity to rituximab was observed in an inhibition immunoassay, albeit not in a direct binding assay. Our results suggest that obinutuzumab or ofatumumab are safe anti-CD20 alternatives in case of the presence of anti-rituximab Abs. It is advisable to proceed cautiously if switching from rituximab to ocrelizumab (or vice versa) is considered in case these alternatives may not be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zoé L E van Kempen
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Neurology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karien Bloem
- Antibodies and Immunogenicity, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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