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Futoma-Kołoch B, Małaszczuk M, Korzekwa K, Steczkiewicz M, Gamian A, Bugla-Płoskońska G. The Prolonged Treatment of Salmonella enterica Strains with Human Serum Effects in Phenotype Related to Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010883. [PMID: 36614327 PMCID: PMC9821590 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica as common pathogens of humans and animals are good model organisms to conduct research on bacterial biology. Because these bacteria can multiply in both the external environments and in the living hosts, they prove their wide adaptability. It has been previously demonstrated that prolonged exposition of Salmonella serotype O48 cells to normal human serum led to an increase in resistance to sera in connection with the synthesis of very long O-antigen. In this work, we have studied the phenotype connected to virulence of Salmonella enterica strains that were subjected to consecutive passages in 50% human serum from platelet-poor plasma (SPPP). We found that eight passages in SPPP may not be enough for the bacteria to become serum-resistant (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Senftenberg). Moreover, C1q and C3c complement components bound to Salmonellae (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Hammonia) membrane proteins, which composition has been changed after passaging in sera. Interestingly, passages in SPPP generated genetic changes within gene fljB, which translated to cells’ motility (S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, S. Erlangen). One strain, S. Hammonia exposed to a serum developed a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype and two S. Isaszeg and S. Erlangen tolerance to disinfectants containing quaternary ammonium salts (QAS). Furthermore, colonial morphotypes of the serum adaptants were similar to those produced by starter cultures. These observations suggest that overcoming stressful conditions is manifested on many levels. Despite great phenotypic diversity occurring after prolonged exposition to SPPP, morphotypes of colonies remained unchanged in basic media. This work is an example in which stable morphotypes distinguished by altered virulence can be confusing during laboratory work with life-threatening strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Futoma-Kołoch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.F.-K.); (G.B.-P.); Tel.: +48-71-375-62-22 (B.F.-K.); +48-71-375-62-28 (G.B.-P.)
| | - Michał Małaszczuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamila Korzekwa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Steczkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gabriela Bugla-Płoskońska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (B.F.-K.); (G.B.-P.); Tel.: +48-71-375-62-22 (B.F.-K.); +48-71-375-62-28 (G.B.-P.)
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Dudek B, Rybka J, Bugla-Płoskońska G, Korzeniowska-Kowal A, Futoma-Kołoch B, Pawlak A, Gamian A. Biological functions of sialic acid as a component of bacterial endotoxin. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1028796. [PMID: 36338080 PMCID: PMC9631793 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1028796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin, LPS) is an important Gram-negative bacteria antigen. LPS of some bacteria contains sialic acid (Neu5Ac) as a component of O-antigen (O-Ag), in this review we present an overview of bacteria in which the presence of Neu5Ac has been confirmed in their outer envelope and the possible ways that bacteria can acquire Neu5Ac. We explain the role of Neu5Ac in bacterial pathogenesis, and also involvement of Neu5Ac in bacterial evading the host innate immunity response and molecular mimicry phenomenon. We also highlight the role of sialic acid in the mechanism of bacterial resistance to action of serum complement. Despite a number of studies on involvement of Neu5Ac in bacterial pathogenesis many aspects of this phenomenon are still not understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Dudek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
- *Correspondence: Bartłomiej Dudek,
| | - Jacek Rybka
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Korzeniowska-Kowal
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Andrzej Gamian,
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Krzyżewska-Dudek E, Kotimaa J, Kapczyńska K, Rybka J, Meri S. Lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins as main structures involved in complement evasion strategies of non-typhoidal Salmonella strains. Mol Immunol 2022; 150:67-77. [PMID: 35998438 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections pose a serious public health problem. In addition to the typical course of salmonellosis, an infection with Salmonella bacteria can often lead to parenteral infections and sepsis, which are particularly dangerous for children, the elderly and immunocompromised. Bacterial resistance to serum is a key virulence factor for the development of systemic infections. Salmonella, as an enterobacterial pathogen, has developed several mechanisms to escape and block the antibacterial effects of the complement system. In this review, we discuss the relevance of outer membrane polysaccharides to the complement evasion mechanisms of NTS strains. These include the influence of the overall length and density of the lipopolysaccharide molecules, modifications of the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide composition and the role of capsular polysaccharides in opsonization and protection of the outer membrane from the lytic action of complement. Additionally, we discuss specific outer membrane protein complement evasion mechanisms, such as recruitment of complement regulatory proteins, blocking assembly of late complement components to form the membrane attack complex and the proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Krzyżewska-Dudek
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Diagnostic Center (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Kotimaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Diagnostic Center (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Kapczyńska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - J Rybka
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, and Diagnostic Center (HUSLAB), Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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Krukonis ES, Thomson JJ. Complement evasion mechanisms of the systemic pathogens Yersiniae and Salmonellae. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2598-2620. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Krukonis
- Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry Detroit MI USA
| | - Joshua J. Thomson
- Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences University of Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry Detroit MI USA
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Liu Q, Yi J, Liang K, Zhang X, Liu Q. Salmonella Choleraesuis outer membrane vesicles: Proteomics and immunogenicity. J Basic Microbiol 2017; 57:852-861. [PMID: 28745825 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201700153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis), Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen is capable of inducing the cholera in pigs whose symptoms manifest as fever, depression, septicemia, arthritis, and diarrhea. Infections with S. Choleraesuis has resulted in great economic loss for the swine breeding operations. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) play an important role in pathogenicity and host-pathogen interaction. In this study, we purified OMVs released by S. Choleraesuis strain χ3545 and characterized their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profile. The OMVs contained intact LPS molecules. By using LC-MS/MS, we identified 192 proteins in the OMVs. In addition, the subcellular location and biological functions of the vesicles was predicted. The proteins were mainly derived from outer membranes and cytoplasm. Several proteins were immunoreactive and associated with the secretion pathway. Some putative multi-drug resistance-associated proteins were also identified. Furthermore, immunization experiment via intranasal or intraperitoneal route in mice demonstrated that S. Choleraesuis OMVs could elicit strong humoral and mucosal immune responses. Although OMVs as vaccine did not provide strong protection against clinical strain of wild-type S. Choleraesuis, immunization of OMVs still prolonged the survival time of vaccinated mice after high dose of S. Choleraesuis infection. Overall, this study provides valuable fundamental information toward elucidating the pathogenicity and functions of OMVs secreted from S. Choleraesuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Yi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Liang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Relationship of Triamine-Biocide Tolerance of Salmonella enterica Serovar Senftenberg to Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Serum Resistance and Outer Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071459. [PMID: 28696348 PMCID: PMC5535950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A new emerging phenomenon is the association between the incorrect use of biocides in the process of disinfection in farms and the emergence of cross-resistance in Salmonella populations. Adaptation of the microorganisms to the sub-inhibitory concentrations of the disinfectants is not clear, but may result in an increase of sensitivity or resistance to antibiotics, depending on the biocide used and the challenged Salmonella serovar. Exposure of five Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) strains to triamine-containing disinfectant did not result in variants with resistance to antibiotics, but has changed their susceptibility to normal human serum (NHS). Three biocide variants developed reduced sensitivity to NHS in comparison to the sensitive parental strains, while two isolates lost their resistance to serum. For S. Senftenberg, which exhibited the highest triamine tolerance (6 × MIC) and intrinsic sensitivity to 22.5% and 45% NHS, a downregulation of flagellin and enolase has been demonstrated, which might suggest a lower adhesion and virulence of the bacteria. This is the first report demonstrating the influence of biocide tolerance on NHS resistance. In conclusion, there was a potential in S. Senftenberg to adjust to the conditions, where the biocide containing triamine was present. However, the adaptation did not result in the increase of antibiotic resistance, but manifested in changes within outer membrane proteins’ patterns. The strategy of bacterial membrane proteins’ analysis provides an opportunity to adjust the ways of infection treatments, especially when it is connected to the life-threating bacteremia caused by Salmonella species.
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Li YT, Yu CB, Yan D, Huang JR, Li LJ. Effects of Salmonella infection on hepatic damage following acute liver injury in rats. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15:399-405. [PMID: 27498580 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(16)60113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver injury is a common clinical disorder associated with intestinal barrier injury and disturbance of intestinal microbiota. Probiotic supplementation has been reported to reduce liver injury; however, it is unclear whether enteropathogen infection exacerbates liver injury. The purpose of this study was to address this unanswered question using a rat model. METHODS Oral supplementation with Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (S. enteritidis) was given to rats for 7 days. Different degrees of acute liver injury were then induced by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactosamine. The presence and extent of liver injury was assayed by measuring the concentrations of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin. Histology was used to observe liver tissue damage. Additionally, we measured the changes in plasma endotoxin, serum cytokines and bacterial translocation to clarify the mechanisms underlying intestinal microbiota associated liver injury. RESULTS The levels of liver damage and endotoxin were significantly increased in the Salmonella infected rats with severe liver injury compared with the no infection rats with severe liver injury (P<0.01); The peyer's patch CD3+ T cell counts were increased significantly when the Salmonella infection with severe injury group was compared with the normal group (P<0.05). S. enteritidis pretreatment enhanced intestinal barrier impairment and bacterial translocation. CONCLUSIONS Oral S. enteritidis administration exacerbates acute liver injury, especially when injury was severe. Major factors of the exacerbation include inflammatory and oxidative stress injuries induced by the translocated bacteria and associated endotoxins, as well as over-activation of the immune system in the intestine and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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