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Kasahara K, Konrad A, Murakami Y, Thomas E, Nakamura M. Comparison of the Effects of a Roller Massager Intervention on the Rectus Femoris Between Lengthened and Slack Positions. J Strength Cond Res 2024:00124278-990000000-00471. [PMID: 39016311 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kasahara, K, Konrad, A, Murakami, Y, Thomas, E, and Nakamura, M. Comparison of the effects of a roller massager intervention on the rectus femoris between lengthened and slack positions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2024-A roller massager (RM) is a type of foam rolling device, which previous studies have shown to be effective for acutely decreasing tissue hardness and increasing range of motion (ROM). However, these effects may differ with the RM intervention position (i.e., knee flexion or knee extension). Therefore, this study aimed to compare the acute effects of an RM intervention on the rectus femoris (RF) in the knee flexed and extended positions. The subjects were 14 healthy male college students (age, 22.6 ± 0.8 years). The RF of the dominant leg was tested. Three conditions were compared: a control condition with no intervention (CON), an RM intervention in knee extension (i.e., RM_extension), and a RM intervention in knee flexion (i.e., RM_flexion). The measurements were tissue hardness in the proximal (TH_pro), middle (TH_mid), and distal (TH_dis) portions of the RF, knee flexion ROM, pain pressure threshold (PPT), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC-ISO) torque, and maximal voluntary concentric contraction (MVC-CON) torque in the RF before and immediately after the intervention. There were significant interaction effects of TH_mid and knee flexion ROM. Both RM_extension and RM_flexion conditions showed a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in TH_mid and an increase in knee flexion ROM, but there were no significant differences between conditions. There was a main effect for TH_pro and PPT (p < 0.05) but no significant interaction effect or main effect for TH_dis, MVC-ISO torque, and MVC-CON torque. The results showed that the RM intervention can effectively decrease tissue hardness and increase ROM, regardless of limb position (i.e., knee extension or flexion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kasahara
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andreas Konrad
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, Graz University, Graz, Austria
| | - Yuta Murakami
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; and
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nishi Kyushu University, Saga, Japan
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Warneke K, Plöschberger G, Lohmann LH, Lichtenstein E, Jochum D, Siegel SD, Zech A, Behm DG. Foam rolling and stretching do not provide superior acute flexibility and stiffness improvements compared to any other warm-up intervention: A systematic review with meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:509-520. [PMID: 38244921 PMCID: PMC11184403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute improvement in range of motion (ROM) is a widely reported effect of stretching and foam rolling, which is commonly explained by changes in pain threshold and/or musculotendinous stiffness. Interestingly, these effects were also reported in response to various other active and passive interventions that induce responses such as enhanced muscle temperature. Therefore, we hypothesized that acute ROM enhancements could be induced by a wide variety of interventions other than stretching or foam rolling that promote an increase in muscle temperature. METHODS After a systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus databases, 38 studies comparing the effects of stretching and foam rolling with several other interventions on ROM and passive properties were included. These studies had 1134 participants in total, and the data analysis resulted in 140 effect sizes (ESs). ES calculations were performed using robust variance estimation model with R-package. RESULTS Study quality of the included studies was classified as fair (PEDro score = 4.58) with low to moderate certainty of evidence. Results showed no significant differences in ROM (ES = 0.01, p = 0.88), stiffness (ES = 0.09, p = 0.67), or passive peak torque (ES = -0.30, p = 0.14) between stretching or foam rolling and the other identified activities. Funnel plots revealed no publication bias. CONCLUSION Based on current literature, our results challenge the established view on stretching and foam rolling as a recommended component of warm-up programs. The lack of significant difference between interventions suggests there is no need to emphasize stretching or foam rolling to induce acute ROM, passive peak torque increases, or stiffness reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria.
| | - Gerit Plöschberger
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee 9020, Austria
| | - Lars H Lohmann
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07749, Germany
| | - Eric Lichtenstein
- Department Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Jochum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Stanislav D Siegel
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07749, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Motion Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 07749, Germany
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Hamada Y, Akasaka K, Otsudo T, Sawada Y, Hattori H, Kikuchi Y, Hall T. Golfers' Performance Is Improved More by Combining Foam Rolling and Dynamic Stretch to the Lead Hip Than Practice Golf Swinging. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e391-e397. [PMID: 38662947 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hamada, Y, Akasaka, K, Otsudo, T, Sawada, Y, Hattori, H, Kikuchi, Y, and Hall, T. Golfers' performance is improved more by combining foam rolling and dynamic stretch to the lead hip than practice golf swinging. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): e391-e397, 2024-Warming up is considered effective in improving performance and preventing injury. Despite this, there have been few studies investigating warm-up programs in golf and whether specific factors contribute to improved performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the immediate effects of combined foam rolling and dynamic stretch (FR + DS) to the lead hip on golf swing performance, hip range of motion (ROM), and muscle strength in amateur golfers using a randomized crossover design. The study sample comprised 22 men (mean ± SD ; age, 32.6 ± 8.5 years, body mass index (BMI), 23.4 ± 2.7 kg·m -2 ). Subjects were assigned to receive either FR + DS or repetitive golf swing practice (SW) before crossing over to the other intervention for another day. Measurements included golf swing performance (ball speed, club head speed, flight distance ["carry"], spin rate, and launch angle), hip internal rotation (IR), and external rotation (ER) ROM, as well as hip IR and ER muscle strength. Comparisons between groups were made before and after each intervention. For golf swing performance, FR + DS improved "carry" significantly more than SW ( p < 0.05). No significant differences in golf swing performance other than "carry" were found. In addition, IR ROM and IR muscle strength of the lead hip were significantly increased in the FR + DS group ( p < 0.05). FR + DS has effects on improving lead hip IR ROM and IR muscle strength, which may facilitate golfers' swing and "carry." FR + DS shows promise as a warm-up method for amateur golfers who want to improve golf performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hamada
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kawagoe Clinic, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Akasaka
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Otsudo
- Major of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo University of Technology, Kamata, Japan; and
| | - Yutaka Sawada
- School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hattori
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- School of Physical Therapy, Saitama Medical University, Moroyama, Japan
| | - Yuto Kikuchi
- Saitama Medical University Graduate School of Medicine, Moroyama, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kawagoe Clinic, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Toby Hall
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Warneke K, Behm DG, Alizadeh S, Hillebrecht M, Konrad A, Wirth K. Discussing Conflicting Explanatory Approaches in Flexibility Training Under Consideration of Physiology: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2024; 54:1785-1799. [PMID: 38819597 PMCID: PMC11258068 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying range of motion enhancements via flexibility training discussed in the literature show high heterogeneity in research methodology and study findings. In addition, scientific conclusions are mostly based on functional observations while studies considering the underlying physiology are less common. However, understanding the underlying mechanisms that contribute to an improved range of motion through stretching is crucial for conducting comparable studies with sound designs, optimising training routines and accurately interpreting resulting outcomes. While there seems to be no evidence to attribute acute range of motion increases as well as changes in muscle and tendon stiffness and pain perception specifically to stretching or foam rolling, the role of general warm-up effects is discussed in this paper. Additionally, the role of mechanical tension applied to greater muscle lengths for range of motion improvement will be discussed. Thus, it is suggested that physical training stressors can be seen as external stimuli that control gene expression via the targeted stimulation of transcription factors, leading to structural adaptations due to enhanced protein synthesis. Hence, the possible role of serial sarcomerogenesis in altering pain perception, reducing muscle stiffness and passive torque, or changes in the optimal joint angle for force development is considered as well as alternative interventions with a potential impact on anabolic pathways. As there are limited possibilities to directly measure serial sarcomere number, longitudinal muscle hypertrophy remains without direct evidence. The available literature does not demonstrate the necessity of only using specific flexibility training routines such as stretching to enhance acute or chronic range of motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Department of Movement Sciences, Institute of Sport Science, University of Klagenfurt, Universitatsstraße 65, 9020, Klagenfurt Am Wörthersee, Austria.
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
| | - David G Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Konrad
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- University Sports Center, Carl Von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria
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Kerautret Y, Guillot A, Daligault S, Di Rienzo F. Foam Rolling Elicits Neuronal Relaxation Patterns Distinct from Manual Massage: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sci 2021; 11:818. [PMID: 34203036 PMCID: PMC8234052 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present double-blinded, randomized controlled study sought to compare the effects of a full-body manual massage (MM) and a foam rolling (FR) intervention on subjective and objective indexes of performance and well-being. A total of 65 healthy individuals were randomly allocated to an FR, MM, or a control group who received a cognitively oriented relaxation routine. Self-report ratings of perceived anxiety, muscle relaxation, and muscle pain were used to index changes in affect and physical sensations. The sit-and-reach and toe-touch tests, as well as a mental calculation task, were used to index motor and cognitive performances, respectively. We also conducted resting-state electroencephalography and continuous skin conductance recordings before and after the experimental intervention. Both FR and MM groups exhibited neural synchronization of alpha and beta oscillations during the posttest. Skin conductance increased from the pretest to the posttest in the relaxation group, but decreased in the FR group. All interventions improved range of motion, although only the MM group outperformed the relaxation group for the toe-touch performance. MM was associated with reduced muscle pain and increased muscle relaxation. Reduced perceived anxiety after the intervention was observed in the FR group only. Overall, MM and FR both improved objective and subjective indexes of performance and well-being. Differences between the two massage interventions are discussed in relation to the effects of pressure stimulation on autonomic regulations and the proactive vs. retroactive nature of FR, compared to MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Kerautret
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (Y.K.); (A.G.)
- CAPSIX, 69002 Lyon, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (Y.K.); (A.G.)
- Institut Universitaire de France, F-75000 Paris, France
| | | | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, EA 7424, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France; (Y.K.); (A.G.)
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