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Skrzypiec-Spring M, Pokrywka A, Bombała W, Berezovska D, Rozmus J, Brawańska K, Nowicki K, Abu Faraj G, Rynkowski M, Szeląg A. Illegal Use of Testosterone and Other Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids in the Population of Amateur Athletes in Wrocław, Poland-An Unfavorable Lifestyle Trend in the Population of Men of Reproductive Age. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3719. [PMID: 38999285 PMCID: PMC11242149 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: One factor that may negatively impact male reproductive health is the illegal use of testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of testosterone use in recreational athletes, as well as factors associated with its use, and to determine the profile of a person using testosterone. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of data from an anonymous, online questionnaire of men recruited from gyms, randomly selected in Wrocław, Poland, has been performed. The minimal sample size was evaluated with the univariate logistic regression model. The association between testosterone use and other factors was also evaluated with the univariate logistic regression model. Results: A total of 35% of respondents used testosterone. The main purposes of testosterone use were the improvement of training effects and the improvement of body shape. The respondents most likely to use testosterone and other anabolic-androgenic steroids were men aged 26-35, whose earnings were at the level of the middle class or higher, who were married, had children, had training experience of at least 6 months, exercised at least once a week, took part in weightlifting competitions, were managers in a corporation or enterprise, or were self-employed. Most of the people using testosterone had self-treated side effects. Conclusions: The profile of the person most likely to use testosterone corresponds to the characteristics of men in optimal socio-demographic conditions for reproduction. These results indicate that this is a significant social problem that may impact male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Skrzypiec-Spring
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Polish Anti-Doping Agency, Fabryczna 5A, 00-446 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bombała
- Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, K. Marcinkowskiego 2-6, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daria Berezovska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Julia Rozmus
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Brawańska
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Nowicki
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Gina Abu Faraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland
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dos Santos JC, de Souza E, Meneses-Santos D, Carvalho CRDO, dos Santos JL, Aidar FJ, Marçal AC. The Use of Anabolic Steroids by Bodybuilders in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:1451-1469. [PMID: 38785594 PMCID: PMC11120124 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Bodybuilding, as a high-performance sport, requires regular strength and resistance exercises with the principal objective of increasing muscle hypertrophy. However, many bodybuilders resort to the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) to improve their performance in a short period of time. This study employs a survey-type, cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical method to evaluate the profile of bodybuilding athletes in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, and verify the level of knowledge/awareness about the health risks and impacts resulting from the use of such substances. Finite- and convenience-type populations are assessed, including individuals of both sexes, aged older than 18 years, self-declared bodybuilding athletes residing in the State of Sergipe, Brazil, and participating in regional and/or state competitions. As a result, no significant relationships were determined between sex (p = 0.492), age (p = 0.460), family income (p = 0.141), and medical follow-up sessions. For the variables level of education and medical follow-up vs. no follow-up sessions, a significant result was achieved (p = 0.01), with 74.3% of individuals reporting having follow-up treatment and 25.7% responding that they had no follow-up treatment, a percentage representing the group that completed their higher education. The substances most used by the athletes were Sustanon 250 or Durateston, Nandrolone Decanoate (Deca or Deca-Durabolin), and Testosterone. The most-reported acute side effects were acne at 33.8% (n = 20), irritability at 32.1% (n = 19), alopecia (hair loss), and nervousness at 23.7% (n = 14). The most-reported chronic side effects were arterial hypertension at 36.0% (n = 9), liver disease at 28.0% (n = 7), and cancer (non-specific) at 8.0% (n = 2). We concluded that, regardless of the athletes' socioeconomic profiles, the use of AASs was high, with two or more substances being used in combination and for a prolonged period. Thus, it is necessary to promote awareness campaigns regarding the use of AASs and their effects on high-performance and recreational athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Cruz dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil; (J.C.d.S.); (E.d.S.); (J.L.d.S.)
| | - Erivaldo de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil; (J.C.d.S.); (E.d.S.); (J.L.d.S.)
| | - Daniela Meneses-Santos
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Jymmys Lopes dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil; (J.C.d.S.); (E.d.S.); (J.L.d.S.)
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil;
| | - Anderson Carlos Marçal
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil;
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Thomas D, Shabeek AA, Ahmed H, Mohammed M, Kawaguchi-Suzuki M, Anderson A, Gopakumar A, Alhosani R, Khalifa S, Mottram D. Impact of an educational flyer and sensitization on performance-enhancement attitudes of bodybuilders in United Arab Emirates. F1000Res 2024; 12:208. [PMID: 38533422 PMCID: PMC10964001 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130700.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A high proportion of bodybuilders use supplements to improve performance, with some turning to prohibited substances and methods. The attitudes of bodybuilders towards performance enhancement may be gauged through surveys such as the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scales (PEAS). Educational interventions are recommended as part of anti-doping measures. The objective of this project was to assess the impact of a pharmacy-led intervention using an antidoping educational flyer and the performance enhancement attitude scale to measure the attitude of bodybuilders in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Methods The PEAS eight-item short form questionnaire was administered to male bodybuilders in the UAE. The PEAS was conducted before and after administration of an educational flyer concerning the problems associated with supplement use among bodybuilders. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank and Kruskal Wallis tests were used for data analysis. Results A total of 218 bodybuilders, who reported taking dietary supplements, filled out the survey both pre and post viewing the antidoping educational flyer. A difference was observed between the full-time professional bodybuilders, students, and part-time bodybuilders with other primary occupations (p-value <0.05). In addition, PEAS score decreased among the study population for all eight PEAS items (p-value <0.05). Conclusions The pharmacy-led intervention using an antidoping educational flyer and sensitization by PEAS achieved more favorable scores, suggesting a significant shift of opinion toward avoiding use of performance enhancing substances among the bodybuilder study population. More research is required on sustaining the attitude and demonstrating the impact on doping behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixon Thomas
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Hala Ahmed
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Malak Mohammed
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Aji Gopakumar
- Department of Research, Emirates Health Services, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Sherief Khalifa
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Mottram
- Pharmacy and pharmaceutical science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Jiménez-Martínez P, Alix-Fages C, Helms ER, Espinar S, González-Cano H, Baz-Valle E, Janicijevic D, García-Ramos A, Colado JC. Dietary supplementation habits in international natural bodybuilders during pre-competition. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26730. [PMID: 38434302 PMCID: PMC10907779 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Bodybuilding is characterized by high-rates of sport supplementation. This is the first study to compare the supplementation patterns of winners (WB) and non-winners (NWB) among international natural bodybuilders during contest preparation. Fifty-six natural bodybuilders (5 women) (age = 28.85 ± 8.03 years; final body mass = 71.50 ± 10.28 kg), 19 WB (athletes who had achieved victory in an official natural bodybuilding championship at least once) and 37 NWB (athletes who never achieved victory), from 18 countries (55.36% from Spain) responded to this cross-sectional online survey related to their nutritional habits, strategies and supplementation practices. WB were significantly older (p = 0.024), completed more competitive seasons (p = 0.027) and participated in more competitions in the last contest year (p = 0.011). There were no significant differences between WB and NWB for years training for bodybuilding (p = 0.055), weeks of dieting for competition (p = 0.392), and body weight at the start (p = 0.553) and end (p = 0.330) of the season. Beverage and supplement consumption, purchasing patterns, and information sources did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, natural bodybuilding WB tended to be older and had more competitive experience, but shared similar supplementation protocols to NWB. Athletes' supplementation patterns were influenced by different sources of information. However, these natural bodybuilders mainly purchased their supplements through the internet without guidance from a coach or dietitian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jiménez-Martínez
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Applied Biomechanics and Sport Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric R. Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ) at AUT Millennium, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Sergio Espinar
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Eneko Baz-Valle
- ICEN Institute, Madrid, Spain
- University of País Vasco, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Spain
| | - Danica Janicijevic
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Research Academy of Human Biomechanics, The Affiliated hospital of medical school of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan C. Colado
- Research Group in Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Siddiqui SA, Bhowmik S, Afreen M, Ucak İ, Ikram A, Gerini F, Mehdizadeh M, Ayivi RD, Castro-Muñoz R. Bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers' behavior towards rabbit, beef, chicken, turkey, and lamb meat: A comparative review. Nutrition 2024; 119:112305. [PMID: 38199031 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In bodybuilders' diets, protein plays a crucial role in supporting muscle growth and repairing damaged muscle tissue. These individuals meet their protein needs by combining dietary sources with supplements. Animal-based proteins are often preferred over plant-based proteins because they are believed to better support muscle protein synthesis. This review explores the meat consumption patterns of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers, focusing on rabbit, beef, chicken, turkey, and lamb. We describe and compare the types of meat bodybuilders commonly consume and provide an overview of protein supplements, including meat-based options, plant-based alternatives, and whey-based products. Our aim is to gain insight into the dietary preferences of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers, considering their nutritional requirements and the potential effect on the meat industry. We conducted an extensive search across various databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We found that individual choices vary based on factors such as attitudes, trust, taste, texture, nutritional content, ethical considerations, and cultural influences. Nutritional factors, including protein content, amino acid profiles, and fat levels, significantly influence the preferences of bodybuilders and high-level meat consumers. However, it is crucial to maintain a balance by incorporating other essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals to ensure a complete and balanced diet. The findings from this review can inform strategies and product development initiatives tailored to the needs of bodybuilders and discerning meat enthusiasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Biotechnology and Sustainability, Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Maliha Afreen
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Animal Production and Technologies Department, Niğde, Turkey
| | - İlknur Ucak
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Animal Production and Technologies Department, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Ali Ikram
- University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Francesca Gerini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohammad Mehdizadeh
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Raphael D Ayivi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA; Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Roberto Castro-Muñoz
- Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Department of Sanitary Engineering, 80 - 233, Gdansk, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, Poland.
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de Almeida FN, da Cunha Nascimento D, Moura RF, Peixoto DL, de Moraes WMAM, Schoenfeld BJ, Neto IVDS, Prestes J. Training, Pharmacological Ergogenic Aids, Dehydration, and Nutrition Strategies during a Peak Week in Competitive Brazilian Bodybuilders: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study in a Non-World Anti-Doping Agency Competitive Environment. Sports (Basel) 2023; 12:11. [PMID: 38251285 PMCID: PMC10819153 DOI: 10.3390/sports12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND this observational and cross-sectional study aimed to describe training, pharmacological ergogenic aids, dehydration, and nutrition strategies during a peak week in competitive bodybuilders and monitor changes that occurred across this period. METHODS Ten amateur bodybuilders were followed during a peak week phase and one day post-contest. Training, diet, dehydration protocol, anabolic steroid use, and nonsteroidal agents were recorded, prescribed, and supervised by the same coach in charge. Body composition, resting metabolic rate, and circumferences were assessed by the research team. RESULTS Overall, during the peak week phase, the use of anabolic steroids, diuretics, and other pharmacological aids was high among athletes, and the dose and frequency were similar between competitors. Despite the use of supraphysiological doses of drugs, bodybuilders displayed a statistical reduction of lean mass markers, resting metabolic rate, and fat mass markers, possibly influenced by the performance of high volumes of aerobic exercise combined with dietary energy restriction. CONCLUSIONS The main findings of this study display that the coach in charge of Brazilian bodybuilders applied the same anabolic steroid, diuretic, and other pharmacological protocols for all competitors. Moreover, the protocols employed by bodybuilders did not fully attenuate the loss of lean mass during the peak week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Noronha de Almeida
- Post graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília 71966900, Brazil; (F.N.d.A.); (D.d.C.N.); (R.F.M.); (D.L.P.); (W.M.A.M.d.M.)
| | - Dahan da Cunha Nascimento
- Post graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília 71966900, Brazil; (F.N.d.A.); (D.d.C.N.); (R.F.M.); (D.L.P.); (W.M.A.M.d.M.)
| | - Ronaldo Ferreira Moura
- Post graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília 71966900, Brazil; (F.N.d.A.); (D.d.C.N.); (R.F.M.); (D.L.P.); (W.M.A.M.d.M.)
| | - Douglas Leão Peixoto
- Post graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília 71966900, Brazil; (F.N.d.A.); (D.d.C.N.); (R.F.M.); (D.L.P.); (W.M.A.M.d.M.)
| | - Wilson Max Almeida Monteiro de Moraes
- Post graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília 71966900, Brazil; (F.N.d.A.); (D.d.C.N.); (R.F.M.); (D.L.P.); (W.M.A.M.d.M.)
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, New York, NY 10468, USA;
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 14040900, Brazil;
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Post graduation Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília 71966900, Brazil; (F.N.d.A.); (D.d.C.N.); (R.F.M.); (D.L.P.); (W.M.A.M.d.M.)
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Montuori P, Gioia M, Sorrentino M, Di Duca F, Pennino F, Messineo G, Maccauro ML, Riello S, Trama U, Triassi M, Nardone A. Determinants Analysis Regarding Household Chemical Indoor Pollution. TOXICS 2023; 11:264. [PMID: 36977029 PMCID: PMC10059753 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Indoor household pollution is not yet sufficiently studied in the general population. Over 4 million people die prematurely every year due to air pollution in households. This study aimed to propose quantitative data research through the administration of a KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices) Survey Questionnaire. This cross-sectional study administered questionnaires to adults from the metropolitan city of Naples (Italy). Three Multiple Linear Regression Analyses (MLRA) were developed, including Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior regarding household chemical air pollution and the related risks. One thousand six hundred seventy subjects received a questionnaire to be filled out and collected anonymously. The mean age of the sample was 44.68 years, ranging from 21-78 years. Most of the people interviewed (76.13%) had good attitudes toward house cleaning, and 56.69% stated paying attention to cleaning products. Results of the regression analysis indicated that positive attitudes were significantly higher among subjects who graduated, with older age, male and non-smokers, but they were correlated with lower knowledge. In conclusion, a behavioral and attitudinal program targeted those with knowledge, such as younger subjects with high educational levels, but do not engage in correct practices towards household indoor chemical pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Gioia
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Sorrentino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Di Duca
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Messineo
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Maccauro
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simonetta Riello
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Trama
- General Directorate of Health, Campania Region, Centro Direzionale Is. C3, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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8
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Smoliga JM, Wilber ZT, Robinson BT. Premature Death in Bodybuilders: What Do We Know? Sports Med 2023; 53:933-948. [PMID: 36715876 PMCID: PMC9885939 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Premature deaths in bodybuilders regularly make headlines and are cited as evidence that bodybuilding is a dangerous activity. A wealth of research has revealed elite athletes typically enjoy lower mortality rates than non-athletes, but research on bodybuilder lifespan is surprisingly limited. Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is commonly cited as a key contributor to morbidity and premature mortality in bodybuilders, but this area of research is highly nuanced and influenced by numerous confounders unique to bodybuilding. It is quite possible that bodybuilders are at elevated risk and that AAS use is the primary reason for this, but there remains much unknown in this realm. As global participation in bodybuilding increases, and healthcare providers play a more active role in monitoring bodybuilder health, there is a need to identify how numerous factors associated with bodybuilding ultimately influence short- and long-term health and mortality rate. In this Current Opinion, we discuss what is currently known about the bodybuilder lifespan, identify the nuances of the literature regarding bodybuilder health and AAS use, and provide recommendations for future research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Smoliga
- Department of Physical Therapy, One University Parkway, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268 USA
| | - Z. Taggart Wilber
- Department of Physical Therapy, One University Parkway, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268 USA ,Helix Performance Recovery, Wellington, FL USA
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9
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Daher J, Mallick M, El Khoury D. Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among Athletes Worldwide: A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194109. [PMID: 36235761 PMCID: PMC9570738 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes represent a major part of dietary supplement users. This scoping review aims to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes worldwide, most commonly used supplements, sources of information on dietary supplements and their reasons for use of these supplements. PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo were searched for original research articles. Studies were included if they involved athletes, identified the prevalence of dietary supplement use, and were published after 2017. A total of 26 articles were reviewed. Prevalence of dietary supplement use varied among articles, but sex-based differences related to the types of used dietary supplements existed. Generally, the findings were consistent in terms of reasons for use and sources of information. Unfortunately, the lack of homogeneity regarding the definition of dietary supplements, definition of use, reporting timeframes, and data collection methods complicates the attempt to compare the findings among studies.
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Dietary Supplements Use among Athletes in Lebanon: Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, and Correlates. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101521. [PMID: 35627091 PMCID: PMC9140456 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Athletes are under the utmost pressure to reach excellence in their performance and achieve the desired outcomes in competitions, prompting them to use dietary supplements. Given the threats to both health and eligibility, it is crucial to observe the prevalence, sources of information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among Lebanese athletes practicing their sports for at least two years. In the present paper, a cross-sectional study is performed using the snowball sampling method, in which a self-administered KAP questionnaire is used to collect data from 455 athletes (mean age: 27.4 ± 7.9 years; men: 73.1%) participating in four sports categories (ball games, combat sports, endurance sports, and weightlifting). Among the Lebanese athletes, the prevalence of dietary supplement (DS) use was 74%, where half of them had predominately used sports supplements. Athletes in Lebanon heavily rely on coaches (74%) and online sources, including webpages and social media (64%), as key information sources for DSs. The findings suggest that significant proportions of athletes show knowledge deficits and unsatisfactory attitudes towards multiple aspects related to supplementation. Moreover, education and sports type modulate the use of DSs among athletes. Furthermore, 34% reported using supplements without a recommendation from specialists, and 69% admitted to not reading the supplement's nutrition facts. This study urges the need for the regulation of concerned authorities and education programs to help overcome the existing challenges.
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