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Raidt J, Loges NT, Olbrich H, Wallmeier J, Pennekamp P, Omran H. Primary ciliary dyskinesia. Presse Med 2023; 52:104171. [PMID: 37516247 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2023.104171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD, ORPHA:244) is a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by dysfunction of motile cilia. It is phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous, with more than 50 genes involved. Thanks to genetic, clinical, and functional characterization, immense progress has been made in the understanding and diagnosis of PCD. Nevertheless, it is underdiagnosed due to the heterogeneous phenotype and complexity of diagnosis. This review aims to help clinicians navigate this heterogeneous group of diseases. Here, we describe the broad spectrum of phenotypes associated with PCD and address pitfalls and difficult-to-interpret findings to avoid misinterpretation. METHOD Review of literature CONCLUSION: PCD diagnosis is complex and requires integration of history, clinical picture, imaging, functional and structural analysis of motile cilia and, if available, genetic analysis to make a definitive diagnosis. It is critical that we continue to expand our knowledge of this group of rare disorders to improve the identification of PCD patients and to develop evidence-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Raidt
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Niki Tomas Loges
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Rabiasz A, Ziętkiewicz E. Schmidtea mediterranea as a Model Organism to Study the Molecular Background of Human Motile Ciliopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054472. [PMID: 36901899 PMCID: PMC10002865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are evolutionarily conserved organelles that form protrusions on the surface of many growth-arrested or differentiated eukaryotic cells. Due to the structural and functional differences, cilia can be roughly classified as motile and non-motile (primary). Genetically determined dysfunction of motile cilia is the basis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a heterogeneous ciliopathy affecting respiratory airways, fertility, and laterality. In the face of the still incomplete knowledge of PCD genetics and phenotype-genotype relations in PCD and the spectrum of PCD-like diseases, a continuous search for new causative genes is required. The use of model organisms has been a great part of the advances in understanding molecular mechanisms and the genetic basis of human diseases; the PCD spectrum is not different in this respect. The planarian model (Schmidtea mediterranea) has been intensely used to study regeneration processes, and-in the context of cilia-their evolution, assembly, and role in cell signaling. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the use of this simple and accessible model for studying the genetics of PCD and related diseases. The recent rapid development of the available planarian databases with detailed genomic and functional annotations prompted us to review the potential of the S. mediterranea model for studying human motile ciliopathies.
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Negative impact of anesthesia with midazolam, sufentanil, and propofol used in pediatric flexible bronchoscopy on the tracheal ciliary beat frequency in guinea pigs. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 142:165-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Kempeneers C, Seaton C, Garcia Espinosa B, Chilvers MA. Ciliary functional analysis: Beating a path towards standardization. Pediatr Pulmonol 2019; 54:1627-1638. [PMID: 31313529 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia is an inherited disorder in which respiratory cilia are stationary, or beat in a slow or dyskinetic manner, leading to impaired mucociliary clearance and significant sinopulmonary disease. One diagnostic test is ciliary functional analysis using digital high-speed video microscopy (DHSV), which allows real-time analysis of complete ciliary function, comprising ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat pattern (CBP). However, DHSV lacks standardization. In this paper, the current knowledge of DHSV ciliary functional analysis is presented, and recommendations given for a standardized protocol for ciliary sample collection and processing. A proposal is presented for a quantitative and qualitative CBP evaluation system, to be used to develop international consensus agreement, and future DHSV research areas are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Kempeneers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Claire Seaton
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bernardo Garcia Espinosa
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark A Chilvers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Bottier M, Blanchon S, Pelle G, Bequignon E, Isabey D, Coste A, Escudier E, Grotberg JB, Papon JF, Filoche M, Louis B. A new index for characterizing micro-bead motion in a flow induced by ciliary beating: Part I, experimental analysis. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005605. [PMID: 28708889 PMCID: PMC5510807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is one of the major lines of defense of the respiratory system. The mucus layer coating the pulmonary airways is moved along and out of the lung by the activity of motile cilia, thus expelling the particles trapped in it. Here we compare ex vivo measurements of a Newtonian flow induced by cilia beating (using micro-beads as tracers) and a mathematical model of this fluid flow, presented in greater detail in a second companion article. Samples of nasal epithelial cells placed in water are recorded by high-speed video-microscopy and ciliary beat pattern is inferred. Automatic tracking of micro-beads, used as markers of the flow generated by cilia motion, enables us also to assess the velocity profile as a function of the distance above the cilia. This profile is shown to be essentially parabolic. The obtained experimental data are used to feed a 2D mathematical and numerical model of the coupling between cilia, fluid, and micro-bead motion. From the model and the experimental measurements, the shear stress exerted by the cilia is deduced. Finally, this shear stress, which can easily be measured in the clinical setting, is proposed as a new index for characterizing the efficiency of ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Bottier
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
| | - Sylvain Blanchon
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital des Enfants, Service de pneumologie-allergologie pédiatrique, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Pelle
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
| | - Emilie Bequignon
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d’ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Créteil, France
| | - Daniel Isabey
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
| | - André Coste
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Service d’ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Créteil, France
- Hôpital intercommunal, Service d’ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Créteil, France
| | - Estelle Escudier
- Inserm, U933, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, U933, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Service de génétique et d’embryologie médicale, Paris, France
| | - James B. Grotberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jean-François Papon
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’ORL et de chirurgie cervico-faciale, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marcel Filoche
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Inserm U955, Equipe 13, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, France
- CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Abitbul R, Amirav I, Blau H, Alkrinawi S, Aviram M, Shoseyov D, Bentur L, Avital A, Springer C, Lavie M, Prais D, Dabbah H, Elias N, Elizur A, Goldberg S, Hevroni A, Kerem E, Luder A, Roth Y, Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Ben Ami M, Mandelberg A, Livnat G, Picard E, Rivlin J, Rotschild M, Soferman R, Loges NT, Olbrich H, Werner C, Wolter A, Herting M, Wallmeier J, Raidt J, Omran H, Mussaffi H. Primary ciliary dyskinesia in Israel: Prevalence, clinical features, current diagnosis and management practices. Respir Med 2016; 119:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kempeneers C, Seaton C, Chilvers MA. Variation of Ciliary Beat Pattern in Three Different Beating Planes in Healthy Subjects. Chest 2016; 151:993-1001. [PMID: 27693596 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Digital high-speed video microscopy (DHSV) allows analysis of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary beat pattern (CBP) of respiratory cilia in three planes. Normal reference data use a sideways edge to evaluate ciliary dyskinesia and calculate CBF using the time needed for a cilium to complete 10 beat cycles. Variability in CBF within the respiratory epithelium has been described, but data concerning variation of CBP is limited in healthy epithelium. This study aimed to document variability of CBP in normal samples, to compare ciliary function in three profiles, and to compare CBF calculated over five or 10 beat cycles. METHODS Nasal brushing samples from 13 healthy subjects were recorded using DHSV in three profiles. CBP and CBF over a 10-beat cycle were evaluated in all profiles, and CBF was reevaluated over five-beat cycles in the sideways edges. RESULTS A uniform CBP was seen in 82.1% of edges. In the sideways profile, uniformity within the edge was lower (uniform normal CBP, 69.1% [sideways profile]; 97.1% [toward the observer], 92.0% [from above]), and dyskinesia was higher. Interobserver agreement for dyskinesia was poor. CBF was not different between profiles (P = .8097) or between 10 and five beat cycles (P = .1126). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a lack of uniformity and consistency in manual CBP analysis of samples from healthy subjects, emphasizing the risk of automated CBP analysis in limited regions of interest and of single and limited manual CBP analysis. The toward the observer and from above profiles may be used to calculate CBF but may be less sensitive for evaluation of ciliary dyskinesia and CBP. CBF can be measured reliably by evaluation of only five-beat cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Kempeneers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Claire Seaton
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark A Chilvers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Amirav I, Roduta Roberts M, Mussaffi H, Mandelberg A, Roth Y, Abitbul R, Luder A, Blau H, Alkrinawi S, Aviram M, Ben-Ami M, Rotschild M, Bentur L, Shoseyov D, Cohen-Cymberknoh M, Kerem E, Avital A, Springer C, Hevroni A, Dabbah H, Elizur A, Picard E, Goldberg S, Rivlin J, Livnat G, Lavie M, Alias N, Soferman R, Olbrich H, Raidt J, Wallmeier J, Werner C, Loges NT, Omran H. Collecting clinical data in primary ciliary dyskinesia- challenges and opportunities. F1000Res 2016; 5:2031. [PMID: 27781089 PMCID: PMC5022703 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.9323.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is under diagnosed and underestimated. Most clinical research has used some form of questionnaires to capture data but none has been critically evaluated particularly with respect to its end-user feasibility and utility. Objective: To critically appraise a clinical data collection questionnaire for PCD used in a large national PCD consortium in order to apply conclusions in future PCD research. Methods: We describe the development, validation and revision process of a clinical questionnaire for PCD and its evaluation during a national clinical PCD study with respect to data collection and analysis, initial completion rates and user feedback. Results: 14 centers participating in the consortium successfully completed the revised version of the questionnaire for 173 patients with various completion rates for various items. While content and internal consistency analysis demonstrated validity, there were methodological deficiencies impacting completion rates and end-user utility. These deficiencies were addressed resulting in a more valid questionnaire. Conclusions: Our experience may be useful for future clinical research in PCD. Based on the feedback collected on the questionnaire through analysis of completion rates, judgmental analysis of the content, and feedback from experts and end users, we suggest a practicable framework for development of similar tools for various future PCD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Amirav
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Ziv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Huda Mussaffi
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Yehudah Roth
- The Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Holon, Israel
| | - Revital Abitbul
- Department of Pediatrics, Ziv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Anthony Luder
- Department of Pediatrics, Ziv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Hannah Blau
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Marta Ben-Ami
- Department of Pediatrics, Ziv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | | | - David Shoseyov
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Eitan Kerem
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham Avital
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim Springer
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avigdor Hevroni
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Husein Dabbah
- Galilee Medical Center, Naharia, Bar Ilan Faculty of Medicine, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Elie Picard
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Moran Lavie
- Sheba Medical Center , Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Johanna Raidt
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Niki T Loges
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Chen JJ, Lemieux BT, Wong BJF. A Low-Cost Method of Ciliary Beat Frequency Measurement Using iPhone and MATLAB: Rabbit Study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155:252-6. [PMID: 27048675 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816640219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To determine ciliary beat frequency (CBF) using a consumer-grade cellphone camera and MATLAB and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. STUDY DESIGN Prospective animal study. SETTING Academic otolaryngology department research laboratory. METHODS Five ex vivo tracheal samples were extracted from 3 freshly euthanized (<3 hours postmortem) New Zealand white rabbits and incubated for 30 minutes in buffer at 23°C, buffer at 37°C, or 10% formalin at 23°C. Samples were sectioned transversely and observed under a phase-contrast microscope. Cilia movement was recorded through the eyepiece using an iPhone 6 at 240 frames per second (fps). Through MATLAB programming, the video of the 23°C sample was downsampled to 120, 60, and 30 fps, and Fourier analysis was performed on videos of all frame rates and conditions to determine CBF. CBF of the 23°C sample was also calculated manually frame by frame for verification. RESULTS Recorded at 240 fps, the CBF at 23°C was 5.03 ± 0.4 Hz, and the CBF at 37°C was 9.08 ± 0.49 Hz (P < .001). The sample with 10% formalin did not display any data beyond DC noise. Compared with 240 fps, the means of other frame rates/methods (120, 60, 30 fps; manual counting) at 23°C all showed no statistical difference (P > .05). CONCLUSION There is no significant difference between CBF measured via visual inspection and that analyzed by the developed program. Furthermore, all tested acquisition rates are shown to be effective, providing a fast and inexpensive alternative to current CBF measurement protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bryan T Lemieux
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Haarman EG, Schmidts M. Accuracy of diagnostic testing in primary ciliary dyskinesia: are we there yet? Eur Respir J 2016; 47:699-701. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01914-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Amirav I, Wallmeier J, Loges NT, Menchen T, Pennekamp P, Mussaffi H, Abitbul R, Avital A, Bentur L, Dougherty GW, Nael E, Lavie M, Olbrich H, Werner C, Kintner C, Omran H. Systematic Analysis of CCNO Variants in a Defined Population: Implications for Clinical Phenotype and Differential Diagnosis. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:396-405. [PMID: 26777464 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reduced generation of multiple motile cilia (RGMC) is a novel chronic destructive airway disease within the group of mucociliary clearance disorders with only few cases reported. Mutations in two genes, CCNO and MCIDAS, have been identified as a cause of this disease, both leading to a greatly reduced number of cilia and causing impaired mucociliary clearance. This study was designed to identify the prevalence of CCNO mutations in Israel and further delineate the clinical characteristics of RGMC. We analyzed 170 families with mucociliary clearance disorders originating from Israel for mutations in CCNO and identified two novel mutations (c.165delC, p.Gly56Alafs*38; c.638T>C, p.Leu213Pro) and two known mutations in 15 individuals from 10 families (6% prevalence). Pathogenicity of the missense mutation (c.638T>C, p.Leu213Pro) was demonstrated by functional analyses in Xenopus. Combining these 15 patients with the previously reported CCNO case reports revealed rapid deterioration in lung function, an increased prevalence of hydrocephalus (10%) as well as increased female infertility (22%). Consistent with these findings, we demonstrate that CCNO expression is present in murine ependyma and fallopian tubes. CCNO is mutated more frequently than expected from the rare previous clinical case reports, leads to severe clinical manifestations, and should therefore be considered an important differential diagnosis of mucociliary clearance disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Amirav
- Ziv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bar IIan University, Safed 13100, Israel
| | - Julia Wallmeier
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Niki T Loges
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Tabea Menchen
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Petra Pennekamp
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Huda Mussaffi
- Pulmonary Institute, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Revital Abitbul
- Ziv Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Bar IIan University, Safed 13100, Israel
| | - Avraham Avital
- Institute of Pulmonology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Gerard W Dougherty
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Elias Nael
- Saint Vincent De-Paul Hospital, Nazareth, Israel
| | - Moran Lavie
- Edmond & Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Heike Olbrich
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Claudius Werner
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
| | - Chris Kintner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, California, 92186
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, 48149, Germany
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