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Narsi K, Tomita A, Ramlall S. Neuropsychological functioning and cognitive reserve in newly HIV diagnosed antiretroviral-naïve South African adults from peri-urban and informal settlements. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260260. [PMID: 34874966 PMCID: PMC8651099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite lower incidences of HIV-associated dementia due to antiretroviral therapy, neuropsychological impairment (NPI) remains a persistent challenge in sub-Saharan Africa. Improving cognitive reserve (CR) can mitigate NPI, but there are few investigations on neuropsychological (NP) performance, and its association with CR in newly diagnosed ART-naïve HIV-positive individuals to inform early treatment strategies. A comprehensive battery of tests were administered to assess various NP domains (International HIV Dementia Scale [for memory, motor speed, psychomotor speed], Digit Span Test [for attention], Action Fluency Test [for language] and Clock Drawing Test [for executive/visuospatial function]), and CR (using Cognitive Reserve Index Questionnaire) among 211 newly diagnosed ART-naïve HIV-positive participants from two clinics that serve peri-urban and informal settlement communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Regression models were fitted to assess the association between NP performance and CR controlling for socioeconomic and clinical factors. Test results revealed high levels of impairment across NP domains: language (96.7%), memory and psychomotor speed (82.5%), concentration (17.5%), executive function (15.2%) and visuo-spatial function (3.3%). Low CR and educational attainment were the only factors consistently associated with poor NP performance based on regression. High levels of impairment were found in certain NP domains in a relatively young group of newly diagnosed ART-naïve HIV-positive individuals. Residents of peri-urban and informal settlements face multitude of complex challenges in South Africa. An early multilevel intervention targeting clinical- (e.g. CR) and structural-level challenges (e.g. access to education) is needed for mitigating HIV-associated NPI and promoting long-term healthy living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpesh Narsi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andrew Tomita
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing (KRISP), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Suvira Ramlall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Naicker M, Dessai F, Singh R, Mitchev N, Tinarwo P, Abbai NS. ' Mycoplasma hominis does not share common risk factors with other genital pathogens': Findings from a South African pregnant cohort. S Afr J Infect Dis 2021; 36:207. [PMID: 34485492 PMCID: PMC8377787 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v36i1.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) as a genital tract pathogen was still debatable. This study identified the risk factors associated with the prevalence of M. hominis in South African pregnant women. Methods This was a cross-sectional analysis of n = 221 prenatal patients attending a Durban hospital during November 2017 to April 2018. M. hominis was detected from urine samples using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The population characteristics were described using frequencies stratified by the infection status of M. hominis. In addition, a univariate analysis was used to assess the relationship between each risk factor and infection status. The analysis further considered logistic regression to assess the influence of these risk factors univariately and in the presence of other factors. The coinfection rate between M. hominis and bacterial vaginosis (BV), Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium) and Candida species was also determined. All the tests were conducted at 5% level of significance. Results The prevalence of M. hominis in this study population was 48% (106/221). In the univariate analysis, factors significantly associated with M. hominis positivity included having past abnormal vaginal discharge (p = 0.037), having current abnormal vaginal discharge (p = 0.010) and a borderline significance (p = 0.052), which were noted for previous pre-term delivery. However, none of these factors were sustained in the multivariate analysis. There was a statistically significant association between M. hominis and BV positivity (p < 0.001). Similarly, M. hominis and M. genitalium positivity was significant (p = 0.006). Conclusion This study showed that M. hominis does not share common risk factors with known genital tract pathogens in a population of pregnant women and therefore cannot be considered a genital tract pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meleshni Naicker
- School of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fazana Dessai
- School of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nireshni Mitchev
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Partson Tinarwo
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nathlee S Abbai
- Department of Clinical Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: The prevalence of HSV in the population is high with an increased HSV-2 infection in women. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: There is a significant positive association between HSV-2 and HIV-1 in the study population. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from the North-West and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are highly pervasive and show a strong synergistic interaction with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). High prevalence of HSV type 1 (HSV-1) has been reported in Africa with a prevalence rate of 20-80% in women and 10-50% in men. Studies on the prevalence of HSV in South Africa are few considering the rate of HIV infection in the country. Our focus was to determine the molecular prevalence of HSV-DNA in HIV-1 sera. Methods: In total, 44 convenience samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The results of PCR with type specific primers showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions: High prevalence of HSV-2 recorded in HIV-1 sera corroborate with similar studies conducted within different cohorts in the continent. SPSS Pearson's chi-squared test established that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission.
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Obisesan OS, Sithebe NP, Mufhandu HT. Seroprevalence and characterisation of herpes simplex virus from human immunodeficiency virus in samples collected from two provinces in South Africa: a retrospective study. F1000Res 2021; 10:105. [PMID: 34853674 PMCID: PMC8591517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28105.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widely distributed human pathogen that is known for its ulcerative lesions at the infection site. HSV can cause persistent infection in the host that is often followed by a period of latency within the neurons. Considering the high rate of HIV infection in South Africa, it is important to assess the seroprevalence of HSV with a focus to determine the epidemiological association between HSV-DNA and HIV-1 in the population. Methods: A total of 44 sera samples were screened for HSV and HIV-1 using the highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA positive samples were characterized using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm the positivity of both viruses and to further differentiate HSV into HSV-1 and -2. Thereafter, the samples were analysed for relatedness using phylogenetic analysis. Results: Of the 44 samples, 36 (81.8%) were positive for HIV-1, while 35 (79.5%) were positive for HSV when screened with ELISA kits. The PCR results, with the use of type specific primers, showed that 4/35 (11.4%) samples were specific for HSV-1 while 30/35 (85.7%) were specific for HSV-2. Statistical analysis performed using the chi-squared goodness-of-fit test showed that there is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 transmission. Conclusions:There is a significant relationship between HSV-2 and HIV-1 in the study population. Our study shows that some of the HSV-2 isolates are not related to the clinical isolate SD90e from South Africa, suggesting diversity in HSV-2 viral transmission.
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Naicker M, Singh R, van der Westhuizen D, Tinarwo P, Abbai NS. Lack of resistance to macrolides in Mycoplasma genitalium detected in South African pregnant women. S Afr J Infect Dis 2021; 36:209. [PMID: 34549049 PMCID: PMC8447758 DOI: 10.4102/sajid.v36i1.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Azithromycin regimens have been considered first-line treatment for Mycoplasma genitalium (M. genitalium), a sexually transmitted infection (STI) associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, recent years have seen rapid emergence of macrolide resistance in M. genitalium as a result of widespread administration of azithromycin. Currently, there are limited data on macrolide resistance in pregnant women from KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa. This study investigated the prevalence of M. genitalium and emerging patterns of macrolide resistance in pregnant women from KZN. METHODS This was a sub-study of a larger study which involved laboratory-based detection of STIs in pregnant women. In the main study, pregnant women provided urine samples for detection of STIs. For this study, deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) extracted from stored urine was used to determine emerging macrolide resistance by amplification of the 23S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene of M. genitalium by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing of amplicons to identify mutations associated with resistance. The Allplex™ MG & AziR assay was used as a confirmatory assay. RESULTS The prevalence of M. genitalium in pregnant women was 5.9% (13 out of 221). Sequencing of PCR amplicons did not reveal the presence of the A2059G and A2058G mutations associated with macrolide resistance. These findings were confirmed by the Allplex™ MG & AziR assay. CONCLUSION Despite the lack of resistance to macrolides in this study population, continued antimicrobial resistance surveillance for M. genitalium in pregnant women is important because azithromycin is now part of the South African national STI syndromic management guidelines for vaginal discharge syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meleshni Naicker
- School of Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ravesh Singh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KwaZulu-Natal Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Partson Tinarwo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nathlee S Abbai
- School of Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Govender S, Mbambo L, Nyirenda M, Sebitloane M, Abbai N. Herpes simplex virus-2 infections in pregnant women from South Africa: Evaluation of the ImmunoFLOW rapid test. Afr J Lab Med 2020; 9:854. [PMID: 32934909 PMCID: PMC7479370 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic performance of ImmunoFLOW, a rapid test for detecting herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infections, was investigated in 248 antenatal women. Approximately one hundred and seventy-seven (71%) of the enrolled women were infected with HSV-2. Sero-positivity was associated with older age ([≥ 30 years] 104/177, 58%), having a secondary level of education but not tertiary level of education (125/177, 70.6%), and being unmarried (150/177, 84.7%). The sensitivity of the ImmunoFLOW test in relation to the HerpeSelect HSV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 89.7% and specificity was 96.2%. The ImmunoFLOW therefore can serve as a valuable test in screening for HSV-2 infections in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthie Govender
- School of Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lungile Mbambo
- School of Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Makandwe Nyirenda
- South African Medical Research Council, HIV Prevention Research, Durban, South Africa
| | - Motshedisi Sebitloane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nathlee Abbai
- School of Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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James C, Harfouche M, Welton NJ, Turner KM, Abu-Raddad LJ, Gottlieb SL, Looker KJ. Herpes simplex virus: global infection prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bull World Health Organ 2020; 98:315-329. [PMID: 32514197 PMCID: PMC7265941 DOI: 10.2471/blt.19.237149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To generate global and regional estimates for the prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 infection for 2016. Methods To obtain data, we undertook a systematic review to identify studies up to August 2018. Adjustments were made to account for HSV test sensitivity and specificity. For each World Health Organization (WHO) region, we applied a constant incidence model to pooled prevalence by age and sex to estimate the prevalence and incidence of HSV types 1 and 2 infections. For HSV type 1, we apportioned infection by anatomical site using pooled estimates of the proportions that were oral and genital. Findings In 2016, an estimated 491.5 million people (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 430.4 million–610.6 million) were living with HSV type 2 infection, equivalent to 13.2% of the world’s population aged 15–49 years. An estimated 3752.0 million people (95% UI: 3555.5 million–3854.6 million) had HSV type 1 infection at any site, equivalent to a global prevalence of 66.6% in 0–49-year-olds. Differing patterns were observed by age, sex and geographical region, with HSV type 2 prevalence being highest among women and in the WHO African Region. Conclusion An estimated half a billion people had genital infection with HSV type 2 or type 1, and several billion had oral HSV type 1 infection. Millions of people may also be at higher risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), particularly women in the WHO African Region who have the highest HSV type 2 prevalence and exposure to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte James
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, England
| | | | - Nicky J Welton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, England
| | | | | | - Sami L Gottlieb
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katharine J Looker
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, England
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Abbai NS, Govender S, Nyirenda M. Herpes simplex virus-2 infections in pregnant women from Durban, South Africa: prevalence, risk factors and co-infection with HIV-1. S Afr J Infect Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/23120053.2018.1531479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathlee S Abbai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Shanthie Govender
- School of Clinical Medicine, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Makandwe Nyirenda
- South African Medical Research Council, HIV Prevention Research Unit, Durban, South Africa
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Abbai NS, Nyirenda M, Naidoo S, Ramjee G. Prevalent Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Increases the Risk of Incident Bacterial Vaginosis in Women from South Africa. AIDS Behav 2018; 22:2172-2180. [PMID: 28956191 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-017-1924-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that women diagnosed with herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) have a higher risk for bacterial vaginosis (BV) infection. We investigated the presence of HSV-2 infections as a risk factor for incident BV infections in high risk, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uninfected women enrolled in a HIV prevention trial in Durban, South Africa. The Vaginal and Oral Interventions to Control the Epidemic trial was a multicentre, double blinded, randomized controlled trial which was designed to estimate the effectiveness of daily treatment with vaginal tenofovir gel, oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and oral Truvada in preventing HIV-1 infection in women. Women provided samples for the diagnosis of HSV-2 and BV. The presence of HSV-2 antibodies was detected using HerpeSelect™ ELISA IgG. Bacterial vaginosis was diagnosed using the Nugent scoring system. To assess the risk of BV incidence, modelled as a time-dependent variable, we used the Andersen-Gill model with robust variance estimation and Efron methods for ties. Overall, 2750 women were enrolled in the VOICE trial at our study sites. Women who had a HSV-2 infection at enrolment were shown to be at increased risk for incident BV infections (adjusted hazard ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.08, 1.27, p ≤ 0.001). In addition, being of a young age, being unmarried and having a partner that has other partners were significantly associated with subsequent BV infection. Our findings therefore advocate the need for strengthening STI prevention efforts among women in high burden STI settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathlee S Abbai
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, 3630, South Africa.
| | - Makandwe Nyirenda
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, 3630, South Africa
| | - Sarita Naidoo
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, 3630, South Africa
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, 3630, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Daniels B, Wand H, Ramjee G. Prevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) infection and associated risk factors in a cohort of HIV negative women in Durban, South Africa. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:510. [PMID: 27955706 PMCID: PMC5154041 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2319-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide and is a risk factor for the acquisition and transmission of other STIs, including HIV. We determined the prevalence and predictors of HSV-2 infection among women screened for a HIV prevention trial in Durban, South Africa. Univariate and multivariate logistic and Cox regression models were used to determine the correlates and predictors of HSV-2 infection at enrolment and seroconversion during the study respectively. Results Prevalence of HSV-2 at screening was 65% and crude incidence was 22.3 per 100 person-years (PY) (95% CI 20.4–24.3). The HIV seroconversion was significantly higher among those testing positive for HSV-2 at baseline compared to women who were negative [8.7 per 100 person years (PY) versus 5.2 per 100 PY; (p < 0.001)]. In univariate analysis, age was determined to be the most significant predictor for HSV-2 diagnosis, while co-infection with syphilis was also a significant predictor, while age and co-infection with syphilis remained the two most significant predictors of having HSV-2 in multivariate analysis at baseline. Consistent with these results, along with HIV seroconversion, age was also identified as a significant predictor for incidence of HSV-2. Conclusion Given the unacceptably high prevalence and incidence rates of HSV-2 infection reported here, HSV-2 and general STI education needs to be reinforced in these communities, with a focus on condom education for prevention. HSV-2 has emerged as the most prevalent STI which is most often asymptomatic and unrecognized, and which increases women’s risk of acquiring other STIs, including HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brodie Daniels
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa.
| | | | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
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Abbai NS, Wand H, Ramjee G. Biological factors that place women at risk for HIV: evidence from a large-scale clinical trial in Durban. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2016; 16:19. [PMID: 26992693 PMCID: PMC4799526 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-016-0295-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well documented that the mucosal linings of the female genital tract (FGT) usually provides a robust barrier that protects against sexually acquired infections. However, to the best of our knowledge there are limited South African studies that have investigated the association between damage to the mucosal linings and the acquisition of HIV infections. We hypothesize that in this cohort of women, a higher rate of HIV seroconversions will be observed for women who present with evidence of mucosal damage. METHODS We undertook a secondary analysis of the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) trial that assessed the effectiveness of the latex diaphragm and lubricant gel on HIV prevention among women. Participants underwent a physical examination which included a pelvic examination to detect the presence of mucosal abnormalities. During the physical examinations, the study clinicians examined the genitalia, cervix and vagina for signs of epithelial disruptions and abnormal vaginal discharge. The association between the various genital factors and HIV seroconversion was modeled using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS In this cohort of 1485 women that had enrolled to participate in the study, women that had presented with genital epithelial disruptions and abnormal vaginal discharge were shown to be at highest risk for HIV acquisition (Hazard Ratio (HR): 4.30, 95% CI: 2.25, 8.22, p <0001, HR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.69, 3.33, p <0.001) respectively. In addition, the Kaplan Meier analysis showed that the highest number of seroconversions was observed in women that had disrupted genital epithelia (27 per 100/py, 95% CI: 15.0, 50.7) and abnormal vaginal discharge (12 per 100/py, 95% CI: 9.70, 16.7). Other significant factors included: genital signs and symptoms (HR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.61, p = 0.02) and genital ulcers/sores (HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.05, 3.06, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION We have shown that damage to the mucosal epithelial lining increases a women's risk of HIV seroconversion. Future studies that provide an in depth understanding of the mechanisms associated with the FGT and mucosal immunity will be most valuable. An understanding of all of these mechanisms will be key in directing the advancement of products most suitable for combating HIV infection in women. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov,number NCT00121459 on the 28th February 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathlee Samantha Abbai
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, 3630, South Africa.
| | - Handan Wand
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, Medical Research Council, 123 Jan Hofmeyr Road, Westville, Durban, 3630, South Africa.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Ramjee G, Abbai NS, Naidoo S. Women and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojog.2015.57056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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