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Wang F, Zhu L, Wei Y, Gao P, Liu Y, Zhou K, Sun Z, Lai Q, Yao Z. Intestinal ion regulation exhibits a daily rhythm in Gymnocypris przewalskii exposed to high saline and alkaline water. Sci Rep 2022; 12:807. [PMID: 35039520 PMCID: PMC8764090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked carp (Gymnocypris przewalskii), endemic to the saline-alkaline Lake Qinghai, have the capacity to tolerate combinations of high salinity and alkalinity, but migrate to spawn in freshwater rivers each year. In this study, we measured the drinking rate over a 24 h period for naked carp exposed to saline-alkaline lake waters with salinities of 15 (L15) and 17 (L17). We also assessed the daily feed intakes of naked carp exposed to L15 and fresh water (FW). Additionally, we studied the daily expression of acid–base regulation and osmoregulation related genes and proteins in the intestine of naked carp exposed to saline-alkaline lake waters. Our results revealed that the drinking rate at night was significantly higher than in daytime when exposed to either L15 or L17, while feed intakes in daytime were significantly higher than at night. The relative expression of Na+/K+-ATPase α (NKA-α), solute carrier family members 26A6 (SLC26A6) and 4A4 (SLC4A4) in the intestine of naked carp exposed to L17 at night was higher than in daytime. Specifically, NKA-α mRNA expression at 4:00 was 7.22-fold and 5.63-fold higher than that at 10:00 and 16:00, respectively, and the expression at 22:00 was 11.29-fold and 8.80-fold higher than that at 10:00 and 16:00, respectively. Similarly, SLC26A6 mRNA expression was greatest at 22:00, exceeding that observed at 4:00, 10:00 and 16:00 by 3.59, 4.44 and 11.14-fold, respectively. Finally, the expression of NKA-α and SLC26A6 protein at the single cell level was also higher at night than during the day, which was 1.65-fold and 1.37-fold higher at 22:00 respectively compared to 16:00. Overall, the present findings revealed that naked carp drinks at night and feeds during the day, demonstrating that intestinal ion regulation exhibits a daily rhythm when exposed to high saline and alkaline lake water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxing Wei
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimeng Liu
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qifang Lai
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zongli Yao
- Engineering Research Center for Saline-alkaline Fisheries, Sino-US Joint Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Mo Z, Li L, Ying L, Xiaolong G. Effects of Sudden Drop in Salinity on Osmotic Pressure Regulation and Antioxidant Defense Mechanism of Scapharca subcrenata. Front Physiol 2020; 11:884. [PMID: 32765306 PMCID: PMC7379902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is an important ecological factor that impacts the growth and survival of aquatic organisms. The salinity of seawater in coastal and estuarine areas is often subject to dynamic changes because of seasonal rainfall and continental runoff. Thus, the current study investigated the effects of sudden changes in salinity on the survival rate and osmotic pressure regulation mechanisms of bottom-sowing seedlings of the economically important ark shell, Scapharca subcrenata. By simulating the sudden changes that occur in seawater salinity after rainstorms, the results showed that the osmotic pressure of the hemolymph and Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl– concentrations first decreased and then increased. When the salinity decreased from 30 to 14‰, hemoglobin, soluble total protein, taurine, and total free amino acid gradually increased; maximum levels of hemoglobin, soluble total protein, and taurine occurred once the salinity increased to 22‰ at 96 h. After 96 h, the total free amino acid content increased until 144 h. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) peaked at 96 h, whereas the expression levels of Mn-superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and catalase (CAT) increased earlier, indicating that, with continuous ROS generation, antioxidant defense mechanisms were activated to avoid oxidative damage. Expression levels of cathepsin C (CTSC), cathepsin D (CTSD), heat shock protein 20 (HSP20), and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were significantly higher than in the control group at 48 h (salinity level 14‰); the expression levels of HSP20, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), MnSOD, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) remained high, indicating that they were still required for osmotic pressure regulation to maintain the dynamic balance between the generation and removal of ROS as the salinity level increased. These results not only add to our basic understanding of the aquatic ecology of S. subcrenata, but also provide a theoretical ground for improving the survival rate of bottom-sowing, propagation, and release of S. subcrenata seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Marine Biology Institute of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Liu Ying
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Gao Xiaolong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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