1
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Kheirvari M, Liu H, Tumban E. Virus-like Particle Vaccines and Platforms for Vaccine Development. Viruses 2023; 15:1109. [PMID: 37243195 PMCID: PMC10223759 DOI: 10.3390/v15051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have gained a lot of interest within the past two decades. The use of VLP-based vaccines to protect against three infectious agents-hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis E virus-has been approved; they are very efficacious and offer long-lasting immune responses. Besides these, VLPs from other viral infectious agents (that infect humans, animals, plants, and bacteria) are under development. These VLPs, especially those from human and animal viruses, serve as stand-alone vaccines to protect against viruses from which the VLPs were derived. Additionally, VLPs, including those derived from plant and bacterial viruses, serve as platforms upon which to display foreign peptide antigens from other infectious agents or metabolic diseases such as cancer, i.e., they can be used to develop chimeric VLPs. The goal of chimeric VLPs is to enhance the immunogenicity of foreign peptides displayed on VLPs and not necessarily the platforms. This review provides a summary of VLP vaccines for human and veterinary use that have been approved and those that are under development. Furthermore, this review summarizes chimeric VLP vaccines that have been developed and tested in pre-clinical studies. Finally, the review concludes with a snapshot of the advantages of VLP-based vaccines such as hybrid/mosaic VLPs over conventional vaccine approaches such as live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ebenezer Tumban
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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2
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Srivastava V, Nand KN, Ahmad A, Kumar R. Yeast-Based Virus-like Particles as an Emerging Platform for Vaccine Development and Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020479. [PMID: 36851356 PMCID: PMC9965603 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are empty, nanoscale structures morphologically resembling viruses. Internal cavity, noninfectious, and particulate nature with a high density of repeating epitopes, make them an ideal platform for vaccine development and drug delivery. Commercial use of Gardasil-9 and Cervarix showed the usefulness of VLPs in vaccine formulation. Further, chimeric VLPs allow the raising of an immune response against different immunogens and thereby can help reduce the generation of medical or clinical waste. The economically viable production of VLPs significantly impacts their usage, application, and availability. To this end, several hosts have been used and tested. The present review will discuss VLPs produced using different yeasts as fermentation hosts. We also compile a list of studies highlighting the expression and purification of VLPs using a yeast-based platform. We also discuss the advantages of using yeast to generate VLPs over other available systems. Further, the issues or limitations of yeasts for producing VLPs are also summarized. The review also compiles a list of yeast-derived VLP-based vaccines that are presently in public use or in different phases of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Kripa N. Nand
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Aijaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
- Infection Control, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
- Correspondence:
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3
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Gupta R, Arora K, Roy SS, Joseph A, Rastogi R, Arora NM, Kundu PK. Platforms, advances, and technical challenges in virus-like particles-based vaccines. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123805. [PMID: 36845125 PMCID: PMC9947793 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases threaten human health and global stability. Several vaccine platforms, such as DNA, mRNA, recombinant viral vectors, and virus-like particle-based vaccines have been developed to counter these viral infectious diseases. Virus-like particles (VLP) are considered real, present, licensed and successful vaccines against prevalent and emergent diseases due to their non-infectious nature, structural similarity with viruses, and high immunogenicity. However, only a few VLP-based vaccines have been commercialized, and the others are either in the clinical or preclinical phases. Notably, despite success in the preclinical phase, many vaccines are still struggling with small-scale fundamental research owing to technical difficulties. Successful production of VLP-based vaccines on a commercial scale requires a suitable platform and culture mode for large-scale production, optimization of transduction-related parameters, upstream and downstream processing, and monitoring of product quality at each step. In this review article, we focus on the advantages and disadvantages of various VLP-producing platforms, recent advances and technical challenges in VLP production, and the current status of VLP-based vaccine candidates at commercial, preclinical, and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Prabuddha K. Kundu
- Department of Research and Development, Premas Biotech Pvt Ltd., Sector IV, Industrial Model Township (IMT), Manesar, Gurgaon, India
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4
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Bello AM, Roshorm YM. Recent progress and advances towards developing enterovirus 71 vaccines for effective protection against human hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Biologicals 2022; 79:1-9. [PMID: 36089444 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main pathogen causing severe and neurotrophic hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is enterovirus A71 (EV71). EV71 infection is among the major cause of serious public health burden and economic loss especially in the Asia-pacific region. Yet, no specific anti-viral treatment against this life-threatening infection is currently available. Thus, the best way to control EV71 infection is by vaccination with an effective and safe vaccine. Several strategies are being employed to develop vaccines against EV71. These include conventional and modern recombinant vaccine strategies. Conventional vaccines such as inactivated EV71 vaccines are the most studied and advanced vaccines against HFMD. Recombinant HFMD vaccines developed based on the recombinant DNA technology have been employed but are mostly at early or late preclinical development stage. In this article, we discuss the recent progress and advances in modern recombinant strategies of EV71 vaccine development including subunit, VLP, epitope-based, DNA, and vector-based vaccines, as well as conventional approaches, focusing on their various prospects, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyu Maje Bello
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, 700241, Nigeria
| | - Yaowaluck Maprang Roshorm
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresource and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10140, Thailand.
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5
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Kingston NJ, Shegdar M, Snowden JS, Fox H, Groppelli E, Macadam A, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ. Thermal stabilization of enterovirus A 71 and production of antigenically stabilized empty capsids. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:001771. [PMID: 35997623 PMCID: PMC10019091 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) infection can result in paralysis and may be fatal. In common with other picornaviruses, empty capsids are produced alongside infectious virions during the viral lifecycle. These empty capsids are antigenically indistinguishable from infectious virus, but at moderate temperatures they are converted to an expanded conformation. In the closely related poliovirus, native and expanded antigenic forms of particle have different long-term protective efficacies when used as vaccines. The native form provides long-lived protective immunity, while expanded capsids fail to generate immunological protection. Whether this is true for EVA71 remains to be determined. Here, we selected an antigenically stable EVA71 virus population using successive rounds of heating and passage and characterized the antigenic conversion of both virions and empty capsids. The mutations identified within the heated passaged virus were dispersed across the capsid, including at key sites associated with particle expansion. The data presented here indicate that the mutant sequence may be a useful resource to address the importance of antigenic conformation in EVA71 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Kingston
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mona Shegdar
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joseph S. Snowden
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Fox
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Present address: Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, Tooting, London, UK
| | - Andrew Macadam
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David J. Rowlands
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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6
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Zhang N, Zheng T, Chen Y, Zhu H, Qu Y, Zheng H, Liu H, Liu Q. Coxsackievirus B5 virus-like particle vaccine exhibits greater immunogenicity and immunoprotection than its inactivated counterpart in mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:5699-5705. [PMID: 34420787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B group 5 (CVB5) represents one of the major pathogens that cause diseases such as hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and aseptic meningitis et al. Currently, no specific drugs and vaccines are available, and a safe and effective CVB5 vaccine is of great value for control of the diseases. In this study, CVB5 P1 precursor and 3CD protease were co-expressed in Sf9 cells by using a baculovirus expression system. The P1 was processed by 3CD and self-assembled into CVB5 virus-like particles (VLPs). VP1 and VP3 capsid proteins of CVB5 could be detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the CVB5 VLPs were spherical particles with a diameter of about 30 nm, mimicking wild-type CVB5 virus. Our study showed that the total IgG and neutralizing antibodies induced by CVB5 VLPs were higher than those induced by inactivated vaccine. More importantly, the CVB5 VLPs conferred full protection to the CVB5-challenged suckling mice via passive immunity while protection efficiency of the inactivated vaccine was only 80%. The CVB5 VLPs vaccine could protect the limb muscles, brain, and heart tissues of suckling mice from CVB5-induced damage. These results demonstrated that the CVB5 VLPs vaccine possessed stronger immunogenicity and provided more robust immunoprotection than the inactivated CVB5 vaccine, suggesting that the CVB5 VLPs promise to be a CVB5 vaccine candidate in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Tianpeng Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongbei Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hanyu Zhu
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
| | - Qiliang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
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7
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Luo J, Huo C, Qin H, Hu J, Lei L, Pan Z. Chimeric enterovirus 71 virus-like particle displaying conserved coxsackievirus A16 epitopes elicits potent immune responses and protects mice against lethal EV71 and CA16 infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:4135-4143. [PMID: 34116877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease of infants and young children frequently caused by the enterovirus A species, mainly enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16). In this study, we prepared the EV71 virus-like particle (EV71-VLP) and its chimeras using recombinant baculovirus (Bac-P1-3CD) co-expressing EV71 P1 (under polyhedrin promoter) and 3CD (under CMV-IE promoter) proteins in Sf9 cells. EV71-VLP chimera ChiEV71(1E)-VLP or ChiEV71(4E)-VLP displayed single CA16 PEP71 epitope in VP1 or four conserved CA16 neutralizing epitopes (PEP71 in VP1, aa136-150 in VP2, aa176-190 in VP3 and aa48-62 in VP4) by substitution of the corresponding regions of EV71 structure proteins, respectively. In mice, EV71-VLP and its chimeras elicited similar EV71-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers compared to inactivated EV71. Expectedly, vaccination of ChiEV71(1E)-VLP or ChiEV71(4E)-VLP resulted in significantly increased CA16-specific IgG and NAb production and improved cross-protection against CA16 infection compared to EV71-VLP. Interestingly, the VLPs induced potent cellular immune responses and significantly decreased Th2 type (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines secretion in the splenocytes of immunized mice compared to inactivated EV71 or inactivated CA16. Neonatal mice born to dams immunized with the chimeric VLPs or neonatal mice passively transferred with sera of immunized mice were completely protected from lethal EV71 challenge and partially protected from lethal CA16 infection. Our study provides a novel bivalent or multivalent vaccine strategy to prevent EV71 and related-enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunling Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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8
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Zhang M, Wang Y, He W, Sun Y, Guo Y, Zhong W, Gao Q, Liao M, Wang X, Cai Y, Guo Y, Rao Z. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel Enterovirus 71 Inhibitors as Therapeutic Drug Leads for the Treatment of Human Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1233-1244. [PMID: 31939669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a serious public health threat with high infection rates in children and infants who reside in Asia and the Pacific regions, and no effective drugs are currently available. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 are the major etiological pathogens. Based on an essential hydrophobic pocket on the viral capsid protein VP1, we designed and synthesized a series of small molecular weight compounds as inhibitors of EV71. A potential drug candidate named NLD-22 exhibited excellent antiviral activity (with an EC50 of 5.056 nM and a 100% protection rate for mice at a dose of 20 mg/kg) and low toxicity. NLD-22 had a favorable pharmacokinetic profile. High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structural analysis confirmed NLD-22 bound to the hydrophobic pocket in VP1 to block viral infection. In general, NLD-22 was indicated to be a promising potential drug candidate for the treatment of HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , Tianjin 300353 , China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Wanli He
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , Tianjin 300353 , China
| | - Yao Sun
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , Tianjin 300353 , China
| | - Weilong Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease , Tianjin Medical University General Hospital , Tianjin 300052 , China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Mingyang Liao
- National Beijing Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research , Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 27 Taiping Road , Beijing 100850 , China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Yan Cai
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , Tianjin 300353 , China.,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine , Tianjin 300457 , China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zihe Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy , Nankai University , Tianjin 300353 , China.,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine , Tianjin 300457 , China.,National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics , Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100101 , China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Diseases , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
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9
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Sneaking Out for Happy Hour: Yeast-Based Approaches to Explore and Modulate Immune Response and Immune Evasion. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10090667. [PMID: 31480411 PMCID: PMC6770942 DOI: 10.3390/genes10090667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) have developed a wide variety of mechanisms to evade their host immune system. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has successfully been used to decipher some of these immune evasion strategies. This includes the cis-acting mechanism that limits the expression of the oncogenic Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA1 and thus of antigenic peptides derived from this essential but highly antigenic viral protein. Studies based on budding yeast have also revealed the molecular bases of epigenetic switching or recombination underlying the silencing of all except one members of extended families of genes that encode closely related and highly antigenic surface proteins. This mechanism is exploited by several parasites (that include pathogens such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Candida, or Pneumocystis) to alternate their surface antigens, thereby evading the immune system. Yeast can itself be a pathogen, and pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans, which is phylogenetically very close to S. cerevisiae, have developed stealthiness strategies that include changes in their cell wall composition, or epitope-masking, to control production or exposure of highly antigenic but essential polysaccharides in their cell wall. Finally, due to the high antigenicity of its cell wall, yeast has been opportunistically exploited to create adjuvants and vectors for vaccination.
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10
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Kumar R, Kumar P. Yeast-based vaccines: New perspective in vaccine development and application. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5298404. [PMID: 30668686 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In presently licensed vaccines, killed or attenuated organisms act as a source of immunogens except for peptide-based vaccines. These conventional vaccines required a mass culture of associated or related organisms and long incubation periods. Special requirements during storage and transportation further adds to the cost of vaccine preparations. Availability of complete genome sequence, well-established genetic, inherent natural adjuvant and non-pathogenic nature of yeast species viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris makes them an ideal model system for the development of vaccines both for public health and for on-farm consumption. In this review, we compile the work in this emerging field during last two decades with major emphases on S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris which are routinely used worldwide for expression of heterologous proteins with therapeutic value against infectious diseases along with possible use in cancer therapy. We also pointed towards the developments in use of whole recombinant yeast, yeast surface display and virus-like particles as a novel strategy in the fight against infectious diseases and cancer along with other aspects including suitability of yeast in vaccines preparations, yeast cell wall component as an immune stimulator or modulator and present status of yeast-based vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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11
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Wang X, Dong K, Long M, Lin F, Gao Z, Wang L, Zhang Z, Chen X, Dai Y, Wang H, Zhang H. Induction of a high-titered antibody response using HIV gag-EV71 VP1-based virus-like particles with the capacity to protect newborn mice challenged with a lethal dose of enterovirus 71. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1851-1861. [PMID: 29582164 PMCID: PMC5999152 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the most frequently detected causative agent in hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and is a serious threat to public health in the Asia-Pacific region. Many EV71 vaccines are under development worldwide, and although both inactivated virus vaccines and virus-like particles (VLPs) are considered to be effective, the main focus has been on inactivated EV71vaccines. There have been very few studies on EV71 VLPs. In this study, using a strategy based on HIV gag VLPs, we constructed a gag-VP1 fusion gene to generate a recombinant baculovirus expressing the EV71 structural protein VP1 together with gag, which was then used to infect TN5 cells to form VLPs. The VLPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, electrophoresis and staining with Coomassie blue, and Western blotting. Mice immunized with gag-VP1 VLPs showed strong humoral and cellular immune responses. Finally, immunization of female mice with gag-VP1 VLPs provided effective protection of their newborn offspring against challenge with a lethal dose EV71. These results demonstrate a successful approach for producing EV71 VP1 VLPs based on the ability of HIV gag to self-assemble, thus providing a good foundation for producing high-titered anti-EV71 antibody by immunization with VLP-based gag EV71 VP1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Min Long
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaowei Gao
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Dai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huizhong Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road No 569, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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12
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Incorporation of CD40 ligand enhances the immunogenicity of tumor‑associated calcium signal transducer 2 virus‑like particles against lung cancer. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:3671-3679. [PMID: 29568866 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein Trop‑2 is overexpressed in various types of cancer, including in lung cancer, and has recently been used as an effective immunotherapeutic target. CD40 ligand (CD40L), a tumor necrosis factor superfamily member, is a promising immune adjuvant. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gag‑based virus‑like particles (VLPs) are highly immunogenic, and foreign antigens can be incorporated onto their membrane envelope for cancer vaccine development. In the present study, a HIV gag‑based VLP strategy and Bac‑to‑Bac system were utilized to construct Trop‑2, CD40L and gag recombinant baculoviruses, which were then used to infect TN5 cells in order to form Trop‑2 VLPs or Trop‑2‑CD40L VLPs. These VLPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and western blot analysis methods. VLPs incorporating murine Trop‑2 only or incorporating Trop‑2 and CD40L were used to immunize C57BL/6 mice. Immunized mice demonstrated high humoral and cellular immunity responses, whereas the Trop‑2‑CD40L VLPs led to higher immune responses in comparison with Trop‑2 only VLPs. Immunization with Trop‑2‑CD40L VLPs also reduced tumor growth more effectively compared with Trop‑2 VLPs. Furthermore, Trop‑2‑CD40L VLP immunization increased the survival rate of Lewis tumor‑bearing mice more significantly when compared with Trop‑2 only VLPs. In conclusion, the present study provided a novel vaccine design by combination of a tumor antigen and an immune adjuvant based on a VLP strategy, which may be potentially applied as an alternative immunotherapeutic option in the treatment of lung cancer.
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Kim H, Kim HJ. Yeast as an expression system for producing virus-like particles: what factors do we need to consider? Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 64:111-123. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.J. Kim
- Laboratory of Virology; College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
| | - H.-J. Kim
- Laboratory of Virology; College of Pharmacy; Chung-Ang University; Seoul South Korea
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Hu G, Wang N, Yu W, Wang Z, Zou Y, Zhang Y, Wang A, Deng Z, Yang Y. Generation and immunogenicity of porcine circovirus type 2 chimeric virus-like particles displaying porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 epitope B. Vaccine 2016; 34:1896-903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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