Risk factors for chronic periodontitis in Sri Lankan adults: a population based case-control study

Passive smoking and early childhood caries: when adult addiction affects children's oral health

DATA SOURCES

Medline via EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Scopus up to February 2023.

STUDY SELECTION

Observational studies in the English language published in peer-reviewed journals, encompassing children aged 0 to 6 years exposed to environmental tobacco smoke and passive smoking, with a focus on oral health conditions in deciduous dentition.

DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS

Data were extracted from 25 papers, encompassing study details, oral health, and smoking exposure. Confounding factors such as parental education, income, diet, fluoride exposure, gender, and oral hygiene practices were also identified. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Frequency effect size was calculated for health variables and smoking exposure.

RESULTS

Most studies identified a correlation between passive smoking and an increased prevalence of dental caries. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and dental caries risk were influenced by factors such as low parental education, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, oral hygiene, and gender.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this systematic review strongly indicate a significant association between dental caries in deciduous dentition and passive smoking.

Systemic and Local Effects Among Patients With Betel Quid-Related Oral Cancer

The major predisposing factors of developing oral cancer include smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel quid chewing. Betel quid chewing could cause the abrasion and damage of oral mucosa by crude fibers, chemical insults by additive slaked lime, and arecoline from areca nut. These would lead to the local consequence of oral submucosal fibrosis, which is regarded clinically as a precancer lesion and a major cause of trismus. In addition, the components and additives in betel quid contain chemical toxins and carcinogens, which would further affect the oral mucosa and gradually develop a malignancy. Following literature review, aside from having a greater total tumor burden and more local diseases in the oral cavity and digestive tract, patients with betel quid-related oral cancer also have more systemic diseases from metabolic syndrome, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes mellitus, and obesity than those without this habit. In conclusion, those patients who have the history of smoking, alcohol drinking, and betel quid chewing would present much more unique clinical characteristics than those who only have a history of smoking and alcohol drinking. More attention should therefore be paid to pretreatment evaluation, treatment strategy, and posttreatment follow-up among betel quid chewers.

Modifiable risk factors for the development and progression of periodontal tissue diseases

In this review, an analysis of modifiable risk factors for the development and progression of periodontal tissue diseases was carried out. The review highlights the data on the relationship of periodontal infection, tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, drug-induced periodontal tissue damage, stress, and obesity with the risk of developing and progression of periodontal tissue diseases. A rather detailed analysis of the mechanisms of pathogenic influence of the microflora of the oral cavity, including in the subgingival plaque, was carried out. The mechanisms of the pathological effect of smoking on the state of periodontal tissues are described. Data on the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus are presented. The article emphasizes the importance of the presence of periodontal diseases as a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, describes the mechanisms of the mutual influence of cardiovascular pathology and the inflammatory process in the periodontium. In addition, the article presents the possibilities of the iatrogenic effect of systemic drugs on the state of periodontal tissues. The data on the influence of stress loads on the development of dental diseases are presented. The review article describes in detail the mechanisms of influence of overweight and obesity on the risks of development and progression of periodontal tissue diseases. Based on the results of the scientific research publications presented in the article, it can be stated that not only the dentist, but also doctors of other specialties need to work to change the modifiable risk factors for the development and progression of periodontal diseases.

Comparison of self-rated oral symptoms and periodontal status among cigarette smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems

Objective: The aim was to compare the self-rated oral symptoms (OS) and clinical and radiographic periodontal status among cigarette smokers and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) users.Participants: Self-reported cigarette smokers and electronic cigarette and JUUL users were included.Methods: Self-rated OS and demographic data were recorded. Clinical attachment loss (AL), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), number of missing teeth, and bleeding on probing (BOP) were determined. p Values<.05 were deemed significant.Results: Bad breath (p<.001) and pain in gums (p<.001) were more often reported by cigarette-smokers than ENDS users. Compared with never-smokers, pain in teeth (p<.001), bad-breath (p<.001), and pain in gums (p<.001) were higher among cigarette smokers. There was no significant difference in pain in teeth, bleeding gums, bad breath, and pain in gums when JUUL users were compared with never-smokers and electronic cigarette users. PI (p<.05) and PD (p<.05) were increased in cigarette smokers than ENDS users and never-smokers.Conclusions: Pain in teeth and gums are more often perceived by cigarette smokers than electronic cigarette and JUUL users and never-smokers.

Self-rated peri-implant oral symptoms and clinicoradiographic characteristics in Narghile-smokers, cigarette-smokers, and nonsmokers with peri-implantitis

BACKGROUND

The hypothesis is that self-rated peri-implant oral symptoms (OS) and clinical (plaque index [PI] and probing depth [PD]) and radiographic (crestal bone loss [CBL]) are higher in (cigarette-smokers [CS]) and (waterpipe-users) than (nonsmokers [NS]). The aim was to relate peri-implant self-perceived OS with clinico-radiographic parameters among CS, waterpipe-users, and NS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was performed on self-reported CS, waterpipe-users, and NS with peri-implantitis. A questionnaire was used to record peri-implant self-perceived OS (pain in gums, bleeding gums, bad breath, and loose implant) and demographic data (age, sex, duration of smoking and waterpipe usage, duration of implants in function, duration since diagnosis of peri-implantitis). Clinico-radiographic parameters (CBL, PD, PI, and bleeding on probing [BOP]) were also measured; and compared with the self-perceived OS. Group comparisons were done for perceived OS and clinico-radiographic variables, and significant differences were deemed when P-values were under .05.

RESULTS

One hundred male participants (35 CS, 33 waterpipe-users, and 32 NS) with peri-implantitis were included. Pain in gums (P < .05) and bad breath (P < .05) were more frequently perceived by CS and waterpipe-users than NS. There was no significant difference in perceived bleeding gums around the implant or loose implant among all groups. The CBL (P < .01), PI (P < .001), and PD (P < .01) were significantly high in CS and waterpipe-users than NS. NS (P < .05) had significantly higher BOP than waterpipe-users and CS. There was no significant difference in CBL, PI, PD, and BOP among waterpipe-users and CS.

CONCLUSION

Tobacco-smokers present with worse peri-implant perceived OS and clinicoradiograhic parameters than nonsmokers with peri-implantitis.

Salivary LL-37 and periodontal health in children exposed to passive smoking

BACKGROUND

Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in the local defence of oral cavity. Cigarette smoke has detrimental effects on immune defence mechanisms. The effect of passive smoking on salivary LL-37, as an antimicrobial peptide, in children has not yet been reported.

AIM

The aims of this study were to evaluate salivary LL-37 levels in PS-exposed and PS-unexposed children and to investigate the association between salivary LL-37 levels and periodontal clinical parameters.

DESIGN

Unstimulated salivary samples were collected from 180 children (90 PS-exposed [38 girls and 52 boys; mean age: 9.36 ± 1.60 years] and 90 PS-unexposed [43 girls and 47 boys; mean age: 9.02 ± 1.71 years]) in this study. Periodontal clinical parameters, including plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), were recorded in all children. Salivary cotinine and LL-37 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

PI and GI values in PS-exposed children were significantly higher than those in PS-unexposed children. The mean salivary cotinine concentration was significantly higher in PS-exposed children than in control subjects. The mean salivary LL-37 concentration of PS-exposed children was significantly lower (100.71 ± 72.14 pg/mL) than that of PS-unexposed children (151.84 ± 107.89 pg/mL).

CONCLUSION

Passive smoking could suppress salivary LL-37 concentrations in children.