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Torabi R, Harris A, Siesky B, Zukerman R, Oddone F, Mathew S, Januleviciene I, Vercellin ACV. Prevalence Rates and Risk Factors for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in the Middle East. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 2021; 16:644-656. [PMID: 34840687 PMCID: PMC8593541 DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v16i4.9755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Current data has demonstrated the approximate distribution of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in patients of European, African, Hispanic, and Eastern Asian descent. However, a significant gap in the literature exists regarding the prevalence of POAG in Middle Eastern (ME) populations. Current studies estimate ME POAG prevalence based on a European model. Herein we screened 65 total publications on ME prevalence of POAG and specific risk factors using keywords: "glaucoma", "prevalence", "incidence", "risk factor", "Middle East", "Mideast", "Persian", "Far East", as well as searching by individual ME countries through PubMed, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, and Trip searches with additional reference list searches from relevant articles published up to and including March 1, 2021. Fifty qualifying records were included after 15 studies identified with low statistical power, confounding co-morbid ophthalmic diseases, and funding bias were excluded. Studies of ME glaucoma risk factors that identify chromosomes, familial trend, age/gender, socioeconomic status, lifestyle, intraocular pressure, vascular influences, optic disc hemorrhage, cup-to-disc ratio, blood pressure, obstructive sleep apnea, and diabetes mellitus were included in this systematic review. We conclude that the prevalence of POAG in the ME is likely higher than the prevalence rate that European models suggest, with ME specific risk factors likely playing a role. However, these findings are severely limited by the paucity of population-level data in the ME. Well-designed, longitudinal population-based studies with rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria are ultimately needed to accurately assess the epidemiology and specific mechanistic risk factors of glaucoma in ME populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Torabi
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alon Harris
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brent Siesky
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan Zukerman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Sunu Mathew
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ingrida Januleviciene
- Eye Clinic of Medical Academy of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Alobaidan AS, Sultan T, Osman EA, Almobarak FA, Lobo GP, Al-Obeidan SA. Lack of Association Between Polymorphisms in TXNRD2 and LMX1B and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in a Saudi Cohort. Front Genet 2021; 12:690780. [PMID: 34408771 PMCID: PMC8365832 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.690780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Recent studies have demonstrated an association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B genes in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) among Europeans. We performed a retrospective, case-control study to investigate the association between the rs35934224 (TXNRD2) and rs6478746 (LMX1B) and POAG in a middle-eastern population from Saudi Arabia. Methods: DNA from 399 participants consisting of 150 POAG cases (83 males and 67 females) and 249 controls (135 males and 114 females) were genotyped using TaqMan® real-time PCR. Statistical tests were performed to evaluate genetic association with POAG and related clinical indices. Results: The minor allele frequency (MAF) of rs35934224[T] was 0.19 and 0.20 in POAG and controls, respectively. The difference was non-significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.55, p = 0.663). Likewise, rs6478746[G] MAF was 0.12 in both cases and controls with no statistical significance (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.67-1.56, p = 0.910). Genotype analysis showed no association with POAG for both the SNPs in combined and gender-stratified groups. Regression analysis showed no significant effect of risk factors such as age, sex, rs35934224, and rs6478746 genotypes on POAG outcome. Furthermore, both the SNPs showed no significant genotype effect on clinical indices such as intraocular pressure (IOP) and cup/disc ratio in POAG patients. Conclusions: Rs35934224 in TXNRD2 and rs6478746 near LMX1B genes are not associated with POAG or related clinical indices such as IOP and cup/disc ratio in a Saudi cohort. Since the study is limited by sample size further investigations are needed to confirm these results in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Saleh A Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Molecular Genetics of Glaucoma: Subtype and Ethnicity Considerations. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010055. [PMID: 33396423 PMCID: PMC7823611 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a complex disease, with differential presentation as well as ethnic and geographic disparities. The multifactorial nature of glaucoma complicates the study of genetics and genetic involvement in the disease process. This review synthesizes the current literature on glaucoma and genetics, as stratified by glaucoma subtype and ethnicity. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common cause of glaucoma worldwide, with the only treatable risk factor (RF) being the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). Genes associated with elevated IOP or POAG risk include: ABCA1, AFAP1, ARHGEF12, ATXN2, CAV1, CDKN2B-AS1, FOXC1, GAS7, GMDS, SIX1/SIX6, TMCO1, and TXNRD2. However, there are variations in RF and genetic factors based on ethnic and geographic differences; it is clear that unified molecular pathways accounting for POAG pathogenesis remain uncertain, although inflammation and senescence likely play an important role. There are similar ethnic and geographic complexities in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), but several genes have been associated with this disorder, including MMP9, HGF, HSP70, MFRP, and eNOS. In exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), genes implicated include LOXL1, CACNA1A, POMP, TMEM136, AGPAT1, RBMS3, and SEMA6A. Despite tremendous progress, major gaps remain in resolving the genetic architecture for the various glaucoma subtypes across ancestries. Large scale carefully designed studies are required to advance understanding of genetic loci as RF in glaucoma pathophysiology and to improve diagnosis and treatment options.
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Sultan T, Osman EA, Almobarak FA, Al-Obeidan SA. Association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene polymorphisms with primary open-angle glaucoma in a Saudi cohort. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227417. [PMID: 31914149 PMCID: PMC6948740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the association of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene polymorphisms in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) of Saudi origin. Methods This case-control study included 173 patients with POAG (94 men and 79 women) and 171 controls (98 men and 73 women). Genotyping of rs2070744 (T-786C) and rs1799983 (G894T) variants of the NOS3 gene was performed using TaqMan® assay. Results Rs1799983 genotypes showed a significant association with POAG but did not survive Bonferroni correction (pcorrection = 0.01). The minor ‘T’ allele was significantly associated with the risk of POAG among men (p = 0.025, odds ratio (OR) = 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–2.94). Likewise, the genotypes were significantly associated with POAG among men in dominant (p = 0.030, OR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.06–3.48) and log-additive models (p = 0.022, OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.08–3.07), and after adjustment for age and smoking. Genotype and allele frequencies of rs2070744 were not significantly different between POAG cases and controls, and after sex stratification. CG haplotype was significantly protective (p = 0.011, OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.32–0.87) and CT haplotype conferred significantly increased risk of POAG (p = 0.016, OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.16–5.82) among men. Rs1799983 showed trend (p = 0.054) towards risk of POAG independent of age, gender, smoking, and rs2070744 polymorphism in logistic regression analysis. Both the polymorphisms showed no association with POAG phenotypes such as intraocular pressure and cup/disc ratio. Conclusion Our results suggest that the polymorphism rs1799983 and the haplotypes of rs20707440 and rs1799983 in the NOS3 gene may significantly modulate the risk of POAG in Saudi’s, particularly among men. Further larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A. Kondkar
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Taif A. Azad
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahira Sultan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A. Osman
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A. Almobarak
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Al-Obeidan
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Glaucoma Research Chair in Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang Y, Shen S, Li P, Fan Y, Zhang L, Li W, Liu Y. PLEXIN-B2 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via activation of the RhoA signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2019; 62:109343. [PMID: 31176746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plexin-B2 (PLXNB2), a transmembrane protein is found in various tissues. Recent studies have indicated the presence of PLXNB2 in large quantity in the growth plates of Sprague-Dawley rats and are believed to be potentially involved in their skeletal development. This study endeavored to analyze the effect of PLXNB2 on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by using gene overexpression and knockdown assays. The results of our study revealed that PLXNB2 was upregulated during BMSCs differentiation into an osteoblastic lineage. By determining the expression levels of specific markers and mineral deposition, the study established that PLXNB2 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs through the activation of the RhoA signaling pathway. In conclusion, the study identified PLXNB2 as a novel regulator that enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of human BMSCs. The enhancing effect of PLXNB2 on osteogenesis of human BMSCs was mediated through activation of RhoA signaling. The results of our study imply that pharmacological targeting of PLXNB2 may initiate a possible improvement in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Sheng Shen
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Peifeng Li
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Yanan Fan
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China
| | - Wuyin Li
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China.
| | - Youwen Liu
- Medical Center of Hip, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Orthopedics Hospital of Henan Province, 82 Qiming South Road, Luoyang, Henan 471002, China.
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Kondkar AA, Azad TA, Almobarak FA, Abu-Amero KK, Al-Obeidan SA. Polymorphism rs7961953 in TMTC2 gene is not associated with primary open-angle glaucoma in a Saudi cohort. Ophthalmic Genet 2019; 40:74-76. [PMID: 30729851 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2019.1576210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Altaf A Kondkar
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Chair, College of Medicine , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Taif A Azad
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Chair, College of Medicine , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A Almobarak
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Chair, College of Medicine , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled K Abu-Amero
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Chair, College of Medicine , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Al-Obeidan
- a Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Chair, College of Medicine , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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