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Hiramatsu Y, Asano K, Kotera Y, Endo A, Shimizu E, Matos M. Development of the external and internal shame scale: Japanese version. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:297. [PMID: 34344429 PMCID: PMC8329630 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Shame contains external and internal aspects. However, a Japanese language scale for simultaneously assessing both aspects of shame has not been developed to date. This study aimed to standardize the Japanese version of the External and Internal Shame Scale (EISS-J). An online survey was conducted among university students (N = 203) at six universities in Japan (Study 1). A retest questionnaire was sent to the participants by email three weeks after the first survey (Study 2). Study 1 examined the internal consistency, factor structure, and criterion-related validity of the EISS-J, while Study 2 examined its test-retest reliability. Moreover, an additional study was conducted to examine the criterion-related validity of the scale. Results Study 1 demonstrated the high internal consistency of the EISS-J. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis indicated a two-factor model: external and internal shame. However, exploratory factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure. Study 2 confirmed the test-retest reliability of the scale. Furthermore, both studies indicated correlations between the EISS-J and fear of compassion, anger, humiliation, depression, anxiety, and stress. In addition, the study established the criterion-related validity of the scale. These results confirmed adequate reliability and validity of the EISS-J. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05698-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hiramatsu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,The Japanese Centre for Compassionate Mind Research and Training, Tokyo, Japan. .,Komachi Clinical Psychology Office, 2-11-1, Minamisaiwai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama-MS Bldg., Yokohama, Kanagawa, 220-0005, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Asano
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,The Japanese Centre for Compassionate Mind Research and Training, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Psychological Counseling, Faculty of Psychology, Mejiro University, 4-31-1 Nakaochiai, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 161-0032, Japan.,National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kotera
- Human Sciences Research Centre University of Darby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, United Kingdom
| | - Ayumu Endo
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Komazawa University, 1-23-1, Komazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 154-8525, Japan
| | - Eiji Shimizu
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Marcela Matos
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Rua do Colégio Novo 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
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