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Pella-Saavedra P, Ramos-Vallejos F, del Valle-Mendoza J, Becerra-Goicochea L, Silva-Caso W, Pinillos-Vilca L, Cornejo-Tapia A, Martins-Luna J, Aquino-Ortega R, Carrillo-Ng H, Aguilar-Luis MA. Prevalence of coinfections in a cross-sectional cohort of women screened for multiple pathogens in Peru. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14257. [PMID: 36950601 PMCID: PMC10025105 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the prevalence and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitalium among asymptomatic women with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 842 asymptomatic women from Cajamarca, Peru. The pathogens were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the results were analyzed according to the HPV status: high-risk HPV, low-risk HPV and negative for HPV. Demographical and gyneco-obstetric data was analyzed to identify risk factors. Results We found that 23.99% (202/842) women were positive for HPV, of whom 79.21% (160/202) were infected with a high-risk genotype. Co-infections were evaluated and 14.38% (23/160) were positive for Ureaplasma urealyticum, 9.38% (15/160) for Chlamydia trachomatis and 1.25% (2/160) for Mycoplasma genitalium. We found a significant association between HPV genotype and the number of children, partners, and history of sexual abuse. The co-infection between high-risk HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis was associated with number of abortions, number of sexual partners and no use of condom. Finally, co-infection between high-risk HPV and Ureaplasma urealyticum was associated with no use of condom and history of STIs. Conclusion HPV infection continues to be a highly relevant problem in Peru, particularly due to the high prevalence of high-risk genotypes. In addition, we report high rates of co-infections with other STIs, such as U. urealyticum and C. trachomatis. We highlight the importance of active surveillance to promptly diagnose these infections, since they may lead to persistent HPV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Pella-Saavedra
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Fatima Ramos-Vallejos
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Juana del Valle-Mendoza
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
- Corresponding authors. School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
| | - Lorena Becerra-Goicochea
- Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Wilmer Silva-Caso
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Luis Pinillos-Vilca
- Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
| | - Angela Cornejo-Tapia
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Johanna Martins-Luna
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Ronald Aquino-Ortega
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Carrillo-Ng
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
| | - Miguel Angel Aguilar-Luis
- School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Peru
- Corresponding authors. School of Medicine, Research Center of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
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Review Article: Immune Landscape and Immunotherapy Options in Cervical Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184458. [PMID: 36139618 PMCID: PMC9496890 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers with a high mortality rate, especially in women of reproductive age. A lot of treatment modalities are being used in clinical practice but they come with a wide range of toxic side effects, the relapse of cancer, and a low disease-free survival rate. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape of cervical cancer as it focuses majorly on agents that stimulate the body’s own immune system against tumor cells. A deeper understanding of immune system players and immune perturbations in the onset and progression of cervical cancer can pave the way to better treatment with zero relapse. Immunotherapy holds the key to a cancer-free future. This review summarizes the immune players that are perturbed in cervical cancer, and immunotherapy options that are being exploited, alone or in combination, for the treatment of cervical carcinoma in women. Abstract Carcinoma of the cervix is one of the most common cancers that claims women’s lives every year. Despite preventive HPV vaccines and conventional cancer treatments, approximately 273,000 women succumb to cervical carcinoma every year. Immune system perturbations help malignant cells in immune evasion, tumor establishment, invasion, and metastasis. An insight into immune system players that promote or suppress cervical cancer is important for the development of more targeted therapies with the fewest side effects. Immunotherapy has emerged as the most compliant approach to target cancer because it utilizes a natural course of action to stimulate the immune system against cancer cells. The major immunotherapy approaches for cervical carcinoma include monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint blockade therapy, adoptive cell transfer therapies, and oncolytic viruses. In October 2021 the FDA approved pembrolizumab in combination with chemotherapy or bevacizumab as a first-line treatment for cervical cancer. A recent breakthrough has been made in the cancer immunotherapy regimen in which a monoclonal antibody dostarlimab was able to completely cure all colorectal cancer patients, with disease-free progression after 6 months and counting. This creates hope that immunotherapy may prove to be the final nail in the coffin of this centuries-long prevalent disease of “cancer”.
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