Are caveolin-1 minor alleles more likely to be risk alleles in insulin resistance mechanisms in metabolic diseases?

Dietary Insulin Index (DII) and Dietary Insulin load (DIL) and Caveolin gene variant interaction on cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Studies have shown that Caveolin gene polymorphisms (CAV-1) are involved in chronic diseases, such as metabolic syndrome. Moreover, the dietary insulin index (DII) and dietary insulin load (DIL) have been shown to potentially elicit favorable effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Therefore, this study sought to investigate the effect of DII DIL and CAV-1 interaction on CVD risk factors.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study consisted of 333 overweight and obese women aged 18-48 years. Dietary intakes, DII, and DIL were evaluated using the 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Serum profiles were measured by standard protocols. The CAV-1 rs 3,807,992 and anthropometric data were measured by the PCR-RFLP method and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), respectively. Participants were also divided into three groups based on DII, DIL score, and rs3807992 genotype.

RESULTS

This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 333 women classified as overweight or obese. Participants with A allele for the caveolin genotype and higher DII score showed significant interactions with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P for AA = 0.006 and P for AG = 0.019) and CRI-I (P for AA < 0.001 and P for AG = 0.024). In participants with AA genotype and greater DII score, interactions were observed in weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol, CRI-II, fat-free mass (FFM), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (P < 0.079). Those with higher DIL scores and AA genotype had higher weight (P = 0.033), FFM (P = 0.022), and SMM (P = 0.024). In addition, DIL interactions for waist/hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), triglyceride (TG), CRI-I, and body fat mass (BFM) among individuals with AA genotype, while an HDL interaction was observed in individuals with AG and AA (P < 0.066).

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study indicate that people who carry the caveolin rs3807992 (A) allele and have greater DII and DIL scores are at higher risk for several cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome biomarkers. These results highlight that diet, gene variants, and their interaction, should be considered in the risk evaluation of developing CVD.

Deep learning on resting electrocardiogram to identify impaired heart rate recovery

Background and Objective

Postexercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is an important indicator of cardiac autonomic function and abnormal HRR is associated with adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that deep learning on resting electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings may identify individuals with impaired HRR.

Methods

We trained a deep learning model (convolutional neural network) to infer HRR based on resting ECG waveforms (HRR_pred) among UK Biobank participants who had undergone exercise testing. We examined the association of HRR_pred with incident cardiovascular disease using Cox models, and investigated the genetic architecture of HRR_pred in genome-wide association analysis.

Results

Among 56,793 individuals (mean age 57 years, 51% women), the HRR_pred model was moderately correlated with actual HRR (r = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.48). Over a median follow-up of 10 years, we observed 2060 incident diabetes mellitus (DM) events, 862 heart failure events, and 2065 deaths. Higher HRR_pred was associated with lower risk of DM (hazard ratio [HR] 0.79 per 1 standard deviation change, 95% CI 0.76-0.83), heart failure (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.83-0.95), and death (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.79-0.86). After accounting for resting heart rate, the association of HRR_pred with incident DM and all-cause mortality were similar. Genetic determinants of HRR_pred included known heart rate, cardiac conduction system, cardiomyopathy, and metabolic trait loci.

Conclusion

Deep learning-derived estimates of HRR using resting ECG independently associated with future clinical outcomes, including new-onset DM and all-cause mortality. Inferring postexercise heart rate response from a resting ECG may have potential clinical implications and impact on preventive strategies warrants future study.

Interactions between Caveolin-1 polymorphism and Plant-based dietary index on metabolic and inflammatory markers among women with obesity

A series of recent studies have indicated that the Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene variant may be associated with metabolic and inflammatory markers and anthropometric measures. Furthermore, it has been shown that a plant-based dietary index (PDI) can elicit a positive impact on these metabolic markers. Therefore, we sought to examine whether PDI intakes may affect the relationship between CAV-1 (rs3807992) and metabolic factors, as well as serum inflammatory markers and anthropometric measures, in women with obesity. This current study consisted of 400 women with overweight and obesity, with a mean (SD) age of 36.67 ± 9.10 years. PDI was calculated by a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The anthropometric measurements and serum profiles were measured by standard protocols. Genotyping of the CAV-1(rs3807992) was conducted by the PCR–RFLP method. The following genotypic frequencies were found among the participants: GG (47.8%), AG (22.3%), and AA (2.3%). In comparison to GG homozygotes, risk-allele carriers (AA + AG) with higher PDI intake had lower ALT (P: 0.03), hs-CRP (P: 0.008), insulin (P: 0.01) and MCP-1 (P: 0.04). Furthermore, A-allele carriers were characterized by lower serum ALT (P: 0.04), AST (P: 0.02), insulin (P: 0.03), and TGF-β (P: 0.001) when had the higher following a healthful PDI compared to GG homozygote. Besides, risk-allele carriers who consumed higher unhealthful PDI had higher WC (P: 0.04), TC/HDL (P: 0.04), MCP-1 (P: 0.03), and galactin-3 (P: 0.04). Our study revealed that A-allele carriers might be more sensitive to PDI composition compared to GG homozygotes. Following a healthful PDI in A-allele carriers may be associated with improvements in metabolic and inflammatory markers and anthropometric measures.

Caveolin-1 genetic polymorphism interacts with PUFA to modulate metabolic syndrome risk

Several studies have reported a significant association between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and mortality around the world. Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) has been widely studied in dyslipidaemia, and several studies have indicated that CAV-1 genetic variations may correlate with dietary intake of fatty acids. This study aimed to investigate the interaction of CAV-1 rs3807992 with types of dietary fatty acid in the MetS risk. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 404 overweight and obese females. Dietary intake was obtained from a 147-item FFQ. The CAV-1 genotype was measured using the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Anthropometric values and serum levels (TC, LDL, HDL, TAG and FBS) were measured by standard methods. It was observed that the (AA + AG) group had significantly higher BMI, waist circumference and DBP (P = 0·02, P = 0·02, and P = 0·01, respectively) and lower serum LDL, HDL and TC (P < 0·05) than the GG group. It was found that A allele carriers were at higher odds of the MetS (P = 0·01), abdominal obesity (P = 0·06), increased TAG concentration (P = 0·01), elevated blood pressure (BP) (P = 0·01), increased glucose concentration (P = 0·45) and decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration (P = 0·03). Moreover, the interaction of CAV-1 and SFA intake was significant in terms of the MetS (P = 0·03), LDL (P = 0·03) and BP (P = 0·01). Additionally, the (AA + AG) group was significantly related to PUFA intake in terms of the MetS (P = 0·04), TAG (P = 0·02), glucose (P = 0·02) and homoeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (P = 0·01). Higher PUFA consumption might attenuate the CAV-1 rs3807992 associations with the MetS, and individuals with greater genetic predisposition appeared to have a higher risk of the MetS, associated with higher SFA consumption.

A Pilot Study of Gene Expression Analysis in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Response to a Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet

Background

Few studies have examined gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after a dietary intervention.

Objective

Our study is aimed at evaluating in a pilot study the peripheral blood gene expression in obese patients after weight loss secondary to a hypocaloric Mediterranean diet.

Design

A sample of 11 obese subjects without metabolic syndrome was enrolled. Biochemical, anthropometric parameters and microarray analysis were performed at baseline and after 6 months of dietary intervention.

Results

The mean age was 43.1 ± 6.3 years, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 38.6 ± 8.1 kg/m². All the next improvements were statistically significant: body weight −7.4 ± 1.9 kg, BMI -2.5 ± 0.2 kg, fat mass −5.7 ± 1.2 kg, waist circumference −5.8 ± 1.2 cm, triglycerides −17.4 ± 6.5 mg/dl, C-reactive protein −3.1 ± 1.5 mg/dL, insulin −2.1 ± 1.0 mUI/L, and HOMA-IR −0.7 ± 0.2 units. We identified 634 differentially expressed genes: 262 genes with relative higher expression levels and 372 with lower expression levels. Cluster analysis showed 35 genes in nutritional disease and 17 genes in endocrine system. The most relevant gene was thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and this gene was overexpressed, and the next genes carbonic anhydrase VI (CA6), caveolin protein 1 (CAV1) and solute carrier family type 12 (SLLC12A3), soluble carrier family type 12 (SLLC12A3), beta 3 receptor (ADRB3), and glutamate receptor ionotropic N methyl D aspartate 2 A (GRIN2A) were all underexpressed.

Conclusion

In PBMC from obese patients after a diet with a Mediterranean pattern, the expression of 634 genes, of the endocrine system and of nutritional disease, is modified.

The interactions between dietary fats intake and Caveolin 1 rs 3807992 polymorphism with fat distribution in overweight and obese women: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that dietary fats and genetic factors in individuals are associated with the pattern of fat distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between dietary fats intake and Caveolin1 (CAV-1) rs 3807s992 polymorphism with fat distribution in overweight and obese women.

METHODS

A total of 221 participants were included in the current cross-sectional study. Body composition, biochemical parameters were evaluated by body composition analyzer and Pars Azmoon kits and genotypes determination was performed by PCR-RFLP, dietary fats were measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FAQ).

RESULTS

The frequency of GG, AA and AG genotypes were 53.1, 24.6, and 22.3%, respectively, and the mean intake of total dietary fat intake was 97.47 ± 36.87 g. There was positive significant interaction between total fat intake and AA genotype on visceral fat level (p = 0.001), trunk fat (p = 0.01) and waist circumference (p = 0.05), positive significant interaction between total fat intake and AG genotype on the waist to hip ratio (WHR) (p = 0.02) and visceral fat level (p = 0.05), positive borderline significant interaction between saturated fatty acid and AA genotype on the trunk fat (p = 0.06), and between trans-fatty acids and AG genotype on WHR (p = 0.04), visceral fat level (p = 0.01), and between monounsaturated fatty acid and AG genotype on WHR (p = 0.04), and a borderline interaction between polyunsaturated fatty acid and AA genotypes on visceral fat level (p = 0.06), negative significant interaction between AG genotypes and linolenic acid on WHR (p = 0.04), borderline significant interaction between ALA and AG genotype on WHR (p = 0.06).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings showed that CAV-1 rs 3807992 polymorphism and dietary fats were associated with fat distributions in individuals.

Interactions between caveolin 1 polymorphism and the Mediterranean and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet (MIND) diet on metabolic dyslipidemia in overweight and obese adult women: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The increased prevalence of metabolic dyslipidemia (MD) and its association with a variety of disorders raised a lot of attention to its management. Caveolin 1 (CAV1) the key protein in the caval structure of plasma membranes is many cell types that play an important role in its function. (CAV1) is a known gene associated with obesity. Today, a novel diet recognized as the Mediterranean and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet (MIND) is reported to have a positive effect on overall health. Hence, we aimed to investigate the interactions between CAV1 polymorphism and MIND diet on the MD in overweight and obese patients.

RESULTS

Remarkably, there was a significant interaction between the MIND diet and CAV1 rs3807992 for dyslipidemia (β = - 0.25 ± 132, P = 0.05) in the crude model. Whereby, subjects with dominant alleles had a lower risk of dyslipidemia and risk allele carriers with higher adherence to the MIND diet may exhibit the lower dyslipidemia. This study presented the CAV1 gene as a possible genetic marker in recognizing people at higher risks for metabolic diseases. It also indicated that using the MIND diet may help in improving dyslipidemia through providing a probable interaction with CAV1 rs3807992 polymorphism.

Mediation role of body fat distribution (FD) on the relationship between CAV1 rs3807992 polymorphism and metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in almost all chronic diseases. The most frequent methods for the calculation of a continuous MetS (cMetS) score have used the standardized residuals in linear regression (z-score). Recently, emerging data suggest that one of the main genetic targets is the CAV1, which plays a crucial role in regulating body fat distribution. This study is designed to investigate the relationship between CAV1 rs3807992 genotypes and cMetS, and to determine whether body fat distribution plays a mediating role in this regard.

METHODS

The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 386 overweight and obese females. The CAV1 rs3807992 and body composition were measured by the PCR-RFLP method and bioelectrical impedance analysis, respectively. Serum profile of HDL-C, TGs, FPG, and Insulin were measured by standard protocols.

RESULTS

GG allele carriers had significantly lowered Z-MAP (p = 0.02), total cMetS (p = 0.03) and higher Z-HDL (p = 0.001) compared with (A) allele carriers. There was a significant specific indirect effect (standardized coefficient = 0.19; 95% CI 0.01-0.4) of Visceral fat level (VFL). Although, total body fat was significantly associated with CAV1 rs3807992 and cMetS, the specific indirect effect was not significant (standardized coefficient = 0.21; 95% CI - 0.006, 0.44). VFL contributed to significant indirect effects of 35% on the relationship between CAV1 and cMetS.

CONCLUSION

Higher visceral adipose tissue may affect the relationship between CAV1 and cMetS. Although CAV1 rs3807992 is linked to VFL in our study, the influence of this polymorphism on MetS is not via total fat.

High carbohydrate intakes may predict more inflammatory status than high fat intakes in pre-menopause women with overweight or obesity: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The associations between dietary carbohydrate, fat intake, and inflammation are controversial. Most existing data are from industrialized societies which low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet is common and so their attribution to other populations remains unclear. We evaluated the association of fat and carbohydrate intakes with inflammatory markers in pre-menopause women with overweight or obesity in Iran.

RESULTS

Three hundred and sixty women with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 were included to this study. The levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) indicated a trend towards significance across tertiles of total dietary carbohydrate. We found that the levels of galectin-3 were negatively associated with dietary carbohydrate in adjusted model. In addition, the levels of MCP-1 and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) were positively correlated to dietary carbohydrate. No significant relationship was demonstrated between inflammatory parameters and total fat intake). However, there was a borderline significant negative association between total fat intake and TGF-β level in adjusted model. Therefore, a total dietary carbohydrate were related to elevated inflammation risk, while a total fat intake were not associated to higher inflammation. This study suggests reconsideration of applying global dietary guidelines in societies with high carbohydrate diet.

Interactions between Caveolin-1 (rs3807992) polymorphism and major dietary patterns on cardio-metabolic risk factors among obese and overweight women

BACKGROUND

Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a cholesterol-dependent essential component located in caveolae. Several studies have been CAV-1 related to cardio-metabolic parameters in animal models, however, there are few studies in humans. Importantly, there is no study has investigated the interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 gene and dietary patterns (DPs) on cardio-metabolic risk factors.

METHODS

The current cross-sectional study was conducted on 404 overweight and obese women. Dietary intake was obtained from FFQ with 147 items. The CAV-1 genotype was measured by the PCR-RFLP method. The anthropometric measurements, serum lipid profile, and inflammatory markers were measured by standard protocols.

RESULTS

There was a significant interaction between CAV-1 rs3807992 and healthy DP on high-density cholesterol (HDL) (P-interaction = 0.03), TC/HDL (P-interaction = 0.03) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (P-interaction = 0.04); in A-allele carriers, higher following a healthy DP was related to a higher level of HDL and lower TC/HDL and hs-CRP. As well as, the significant interactions were observed between CAV-1 rs3807992 and unhealthy DP in relation to triglyceride (TG) (P-interaction = 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P-interaction = 0.01) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) (P-interaction = 0.01); A-allele carriers were more following the unhealthy DP had lower levels of TG, AST and MCP-1.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed a significant gene-diet interaction between rs3807992 SNPs and DPs in relation to cardio-metabolic risk factors; A-allele carriers might be more sensitive to dietary composition compared to GG homozygotes. Following a healthy DP in A-allele-carriers may be improved their genetic association with cardio-metabolic risk factors.

Caveolin-1 Is Essential for the Improvement of Insulin Sensitivity through AKT Activation during Glargine Treatment on Diabetic Mice

Insulin treatment was confirmed to reduce insulin resistance, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a functional protein of the membrane lipid rafts, known as caveolae, and is widely expressed in mammalian adipose tissue. There is increasing evidence that show the involvement of Cav-1 in the AKT activation, which is responsible for insulin sensitivity. Our aim was to investigate the effect of Cav-1 depletion on insulin sensitivity and AKT activation in glargine-treated type 2 diabetic mice. Mice were exposed to a high-fat diet and subject to intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Next, glargine was administered to treat T2DM mice for 3 weeks (insulin group). The expression of Cav-1 was then silenced by injecting lentiviral-vectored short hairpin RNA (shRNA) through the tail vein of glargine-treated T2DM mice (CAV1-shRNA group), while scramble virus injection was used as a negative control (Ctrl-shRNA group). The results showed that glargine was able to upregulate the expression of PI3K and activate serine phosphorylation of AKT through the upregulation of Cav-1 expression in paraepididymal adipose tissue of the insulin group. However, glargine treatment could not activate AKT pathway in Cav-1 silenced diabetic mice. These results suggest that Cav-1 is essential for the activation of AKT and improving insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic mice during glargine treatment.