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Nayak SPRR, Boopathi S, Chandrasekar M, Yamini B, Chitra V, Almutairi BO, Arokiyaraj S, Guru A, Arockiaraj J. Indole-3 acetic acid induced cardiac hypertrophy in Wistar albino rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 486:116917. [PMID: 38555004 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most widely utilized plant growth regulator. Despite its extensive usage, IAA is often overlooked as an environmental pollutant. Due to its protein-binding nature, it also functions as a uremic toxin, contributing to its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD). While in vitro and epidemiological research have demonstrated this association, the precise impact of IAA on cardiovascular disease in animal models is unknown. The main objective of this study is to conduct a mechanistic analysis of the cardiotoxic effects caused by IAA using male Wistar albino rats as the experimental model. Three different concentrations of IAA (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) were administered for 28 days. The circulating IAA concentration mimicked previously observed levels in CKD patients. The administration of IAA led to a notable augmentation in heart size and heart-to-body weight ratio, indicating cardiac hypertrophy. Echocardiographic assessments supported these observations, revealing myocardial thickening. Biochemical and gene expression analyses further corroborated the cardiotoxic effects of IAA. Dyslipidemia, increased serum c-Troponin-I levels, decreased SOD and CAT levels, and elevated lipid peroxidation in cardiac tissue were identified. Moreover, increased expression of cardiac inflammatory biomarkers, including ANP, BNP, β-MHC, Col-III, TNF-α, and NF-κB, was also found in the IAA-treated animals. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardiotoxic nature of IAA, providing additional evidence of its adverse effects on cardiovascular health. These results offer insights into the potential negative impact of IAA on cardiovascular function, and elucidating the underlying mechanisms of its cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Ramya Ranjan Nayak
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Seenivasan Boopathi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Munisamy Chandrasekar
- Resident Veterinary Services Section, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Yamini
- International Center for Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Diseases, Dr K M Cherian Heart Foundation, Anna Nagar, Chennai 600040, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vellapandian Chitra
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bader O Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Gatin E, Iordache SM, Gatin DI, Nagy P, Iordache AM, Luculescu C. Periodontal Disease Monitoring by Raman Spectroscopy of Phosphates: New Insights into Pyrophosphate Activity. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 14:66. [PMID: 38201375 PMCID: PMC10802175 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The intent of this survey was to investigate the quality of the alveolar bone by revealing the different phases for calcified tissues independent of the medical history of the patient in relation to periodontal disease by means of Raman spectroscopy and then to correlate the results by suggesting a possible mechanism for the medical impairment; (2) Methods: The investigation was mainly based on Raman spectroscopy that was performed in vivo during surgery for the selected group of patients. The targeted peaks for the Raman spectra were according to the reference compounds (e.g., calcium phosphates, other phosphates); (3) Results: The variation in the intensity of the spectrum correlated to the specific bone constituents' concentrations highlights the bone quality, while some compounds (such as pyrophosphate, PPi) are strongly related to the patient's medical status, and they provide information regarding a physiological process that occurred in the calcified tissues. Moreover, bone sample fluorescence is related to the collagen (Col) content, enabling a complete evaluation of bone quality, revealing the importance of collagen matrix acting as a load-bearing element for Calcium phosphate (CaP) deposition during the complex bone mineralization process; (4) Conclusions: We highlight that Raman spectroscopy can be considered a viable investigative method for in vivo and rapid bone quality valuation through oral health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Gatin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Blv. Eroii Sanitari 8, Sector 5, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, DMSPA Department, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor Str. 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Stefan Marian Iordache
- Optospintronics Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics—INOE 2000, Atomistilor Str. 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (S.M.I.); (A.-M.I.)
| | - Dina Ilinca Gatin
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Medicine “Carol Davila”, Calea Plevnei 17-23, Sector 5, 0110221 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Pal Nagy
- Faculty of Dentistry, Periodontology Department, Semmelweiss University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ana-Maria Iordache
- Optospintronics Department, National Institute for Research and Development for Optoelectronics—INOE 2000, Atomistilor Str. 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (S.M.I.); (A.-M.I.)
| | - Catalin Luculescu
- CETAL Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Atomistilor Str. 409, 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Delavarian F, Ghorbanzadeh R, Salehi-Vaziri A. Effects of nano-micelles curcumin-based photodynamic therapy on expression of RUNX2 as an indicator of bone regeneration in orthodontic tooth movement. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103775. [PMID: 37652179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to evaluate the impact of nano-micelles curcumin (NMCur) based photodynamic therapy (PDT) during compressive force application on human PDL-derived fibroblasts (HPDFs) in vitro for up to 6 days on the expression of RUNX2 as an indicator of bone development and remodeling. MATERIALS AND METHODS HPDFs viability during 2 g/cm2 compressive force application was investigated using membrane-impermeable DNA-binding stain propidium iodide (PI) in flow cytometry. Gene and protein expressions of RUNX2 were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and flow cytometry, respectively, following NMCur-PDT at different concentrations of NMCur (25, 50, and 75 µM plus irradiation of 180 mW/cm2 diode laser at the wavelength of 450 ± 10 nm for 5 min) during the static compressive force of 2 g/cm2 on HPDFs via weight approach-based in-vitro loading model up to 6 days. One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at a p-value equal to/or less than 0.05 were used to analyze the obtained data. RESULTS After 6 days of application of compressive force, 99.21 ± 6.12% of HPDFs were PI negative and therefore considered alive, while only 0.89 ± 0.06% of the population were PI positive and considered dead. In comparison with controls (loaded HPDFs), expression of RUNX2 gene was dose-dependent and the highest expression (14.38-fold; P < 0.01) was observed at a concentration of 75 µM NMCur following 5 min of diode laser irradiation (i.e., 75 µM NMCur-PDT) during compressive force application on day 5. The greatest and lowest upregulations of RUNX2 protein were observed in 75 µM NMCur-PDT during compressive force application on HPDFs, on day 5 (3.19-fold; P < 0.01) and day 6 (2.09-fold; P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSION NMCur-PDT during weight approach-based in-vitro loading model can promote orthodontic tooth movement by upregulating RUNX2 signaling pathway in HPDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Delavarian
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Salehi-Vaziri
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Yong J, Gröger S, von Bremen J, Ruf S. Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) Inhibits In Vitro Cementoblast Mineralization and Induces Autophagy, in Part by STAT3/ERK Commitment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169311. [PMID: 36012576 PMCID: PMC9408951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models, the administration of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was demonstrated to reduce bone mass and to participate in bone remodeling. Cementoblasts, a cell type embedded in the cementum, are the main cells to produce and mineralize the extracellular matrix. The effect of CNTF on cementoblasts has not yet been addressed. Thus, the goal of this in vitro study was to investigate possible influences of exogenous CNTF on cementogenesis, as well as autophagy regulation and subsequent mechanisms in cementoblasts. Cementoblasts (OCCM-30) were stimulated with exogenous CNTF. Alizarin Red staining was performed to analyze the functional differentiation (mineralization) of OCCM-30 cells. The release of OPG was quantified by ELISA. The expression of cementogenesis markers (RUNX-2, OCN, BMP-7, BSP, and SPON-2) was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Western blotting (WB) was performed for the protein expression of STAT3, COX-2, SHP-2, cPLAα, cPLAβ; ERK1/2, P38, and JNK. The autophagic flux was assessed using WB and RT-qPCR analysis of LC3A/B, Beclin-1, and Atg-5, and the autophagosome was investigated by immunofluorescence staining (IF). The ERK1/2 (FR180204) or STAT3 (sc-202818) antagonist was added, and the cellular response was analyzed using flow cytometry. Exogenous CNTF significantly attenuated mineralized nodule formation, impaired OPG release, and downregulated the mRNA levels of RUNX-2, OCN, BMP-7, and BSP. Moreover, CNTF induced the phosphorylation of STAT3 and activated a transient activation of SHP-2, cPLAβ, ERK1/2, P38, and JNK protein. CNTF also induced autophagosome formation and promoted autophagy-associated gene and protein expressions. Additionally, the inhibition of ERK1/2 or STAT3 reversed a CNTF-induced mineralization impairment and had regulatory effects on CNTF-induced autophagosome formation. Our data revealed that CNTF acts as a potent inhibitor of cementogenesis, and it can trigger autophagy, in part by ERK1/2 and STAT3 commitment in the cementoblasts. Thus, it may play an important role in inducing or facilitating inflammatory root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +49-641-99-46131
| | - Sabine Gröger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia von Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Yong J, Gröger S, von Bremen J, Meyle J, Ruf S. Immunorthodontics: PD-L1, a Novel Immunomodulator in Cementoblasts, Is Regulated by HIF-1α under Hypoxia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152350. [PMID: 35954195 PMCID: PMC9367578 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that hypoxia alters the PD-L1 expression in periodontal cells. HIF-1α is a key regulator for PD-L1. As hypoxia presents a hallmark of an orthodontically induced microenvironment, hypoxic stimulation of PD-L1 expression may play vital roles in immunorthodontics and orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). This study aims to investigate the hypoxic regulation of PD-L1 in cementoblasts, and its interaction with hypoxia-induced HIF-1α expression. The cementoblast (OCCM-30) cells (M. Somerman, NIH, NIDCR, Bethesda, Maryland) were cultured in the presence and absence of cobalt (II) chloride (CoCl2). Protein expression of PD-L1 and HIF-1α as well as their gene expression were evaluated by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. Immunofluorescence was applied to visualize the localization of the proteins within cells. The HIF-1α inhibitor (HY-111387, MedChemExpress) was added, and CRISPR/Cas9 plasmid targeting HIF-1α was transferred for further investigation by flow cytometry analysis. Under hypoxic conditions, cementoblasts undergo an up-regulation of PD-L1 expression at protein and mRNA levels. Silencing of HIF-1α using CRISPR/Cas9 indicated a major positive correlation with HIF-1α in regulating PD-L1 expression. Taken together, these findings show the influence of hypoxia on PD-L1 expression is modulated in a HIF-1α dependent manner. The HIF-1α/PD-L1 pathway may play a role in the immune response of cementoblasts. Thus, combined HIF-1α/PD-L1 inhibition could be of possible therapeutic relevance for OIIRR prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +49-641-99-46131
| | - Sabine Gröger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Julia von Bremen
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.G.); (J.v.B.); (S.R.)
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Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF) and Its Receptors Signal Regulate Cementoblasts Apoptosis through a Mechanism of ERK1/2 and Caspases Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158335. [PMID: 35955469 PMCID: PMC9369201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) was identified as a survival factor in various types of peripheral and central neurons, glia and non-neural cells. At present, there is no available data on the expression and localization of CNTF-receptors in cementoblasts as well as on the role of exogenous CNTF on this cell line. The purpose of this study was to determine if cementoblasts express CNTF-receptors and analyze the mechanism of its apoptotic regulation effects on cementoblasts. OCCM-30 cementoblasts were cultivated and stimulated kinetically using CNTF protein (NBP2-35168, Novus Biologicals). Quantified transcriptional (RT-qPCR) and translational (WB) products of CNTFRα, IL-6Rα (CD126), LIFR, p-GP130, GP130, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2, Caspase-8, -9, -3 and cleaved-caspase-3 were evaluated. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining was applied to visualize the localization of the CNTF-receptors within cells. The apoptosis ratio was measured with an Annexin-V FITC/PI kit. The ERK1/2 antagonist (FR180204, Calbiochem) was added for further investigation by flow cytometry analysis. The CNTF-receptor complex (CNTFRα, LIFR, GP130) was functionally up-regulated in cementoblasts while cultivated with exogenous CNTF. CNTF significantly attenuated cell viability and proliferation for long-term stimulation. Flow cytometry analysis shows that CNTF enhanced the apoptosis after prolonged duration. However, after only a short-term period, CNTF halts the apoptosis of cementoblasts. Further studies revealed that CNTF activated phosphorylated GP130 and the anti-apoptotic molecule ERK1/2 signaling to participate in the regulation of the apoptosis ratio of cementoblasts. In conclusion, CNTF elicited the cellular functions through a notable induction of its receptor complex in cementoblasts. CNTF has an inhibitory effect on the cementoblast homeostasis. These data also elucidate a cellular mechanism for an exogenous CNTF-triggered apoptosis regulation in a mechanism of ERK1/2 and caspase signaling and provides insight into the complex cellular responses induced by CNTF in cementoblasts.
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Immunorthodontics: Role of HIF-1α in the Regulation of (Peptidoglycan-Induced) PD-L1 Expression in Cementoblasts under Compressive Force. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136977. [PMID: 35805974 PMCID: PMC9266671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with periodontitis undergoing orthodontic therapy may suffer from undesired dental root resorption. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms resulting in PD-L1 expression of cementoblasts in response to infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) peptidoglycan (PGN) and compressive force (CF), and its interaction with hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α molecule: The cementoblast (OCCM-30) cells were kinetically infected with various concentrations of P. gingivalis PGN in the presence and absence of CF. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were performed to examine the protein expression of PD-L1 and HIF-1α as well as their gene expression. Immunofluorescence was applied to visualize the localization of these proteins within cells. An HIF-1α inhibitor was added for further investigation of necroptosis by flow cytometry analysis. Releases of soluble GAS-6 were measured by ELISA. P. gingivalis PGN dose dependently stimulated PD-L1 upregulation in cementoblasts at protein and mRNA levels. CF combined with P. gingivalis PGN had synergistic effects on the induction of PD-L1. Blockade of HIF-1α inhibited the P. gingivalis PGN-inducible PD-L1 protein expression under compression, indicating an HIF-1α dependent regulation of PD-L1 induction. Concomitantly, an HIF-1α inhibitor decreased the GAS-6 release in the presence of CF and P. gingivalis PGN co-stimulation. The data suggest that PGN of P. gingivalis participates in PD-L1 up-regulation in cementoblasts. Additionally, the influence of compressive force on P. gingivalis PGN-induced PD-L1 expression occurs in HIF-1α dependently. In this regard, HIF-1α may play roles in the immune response of cementoblasts via immune-inhibitory PD-L1. Our results underline the importance of molecular mechanisms involved in bacteria-induced periodontics and root resorption.
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