1
|
Li C, Bishop TRP, Imamura F, Sharp SJ, Pearce M, Brage S, Ong KK, Ahsan H, Bes-Rastrollo M, Beulens JWJ, den Braver N, Byberg L, Canhada S, Chen Z, Chung HF, Cortés-Valencia A, Djousse L, Drouin-Chartier JP, Du H, Du S, Duncan BB, Gaziano JM, Gordon-Larsen P, Goto A, Haghighatdoost F, Härkänen T, Hashemian M, Hu FB, Ittermann T, Järvinen R, Kakkoura MG, Neelakantan N, Knekt P, Lajous M, Li Y, Magliano DJ, Malekzadeh R, Le Marchand L, Marques-Vidal P, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Maskarinec G, Mishra GD, Mohammadifard N, O'Donoghue G, O'Gorman D, Popkin B, Poustchi H, Sarrafzadegan N, Sawada N, Schmidt MI, Shaw JE, Soedamah-Muthu S, Stern D, Tong L, van Dam RM, Völzke H, Willett WC, Wolk A, Yu C, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. Meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes: an individual-participant federated meta-analysis of 1·97 million adults with 100 000 incident cases from 31 cohorts in 20 countries. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:619-630. [PMID: 39174161 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meat consumption could increase the risk of type 2 diabetes. However, evidence is largely based on studies of European and North American populations, with heterogeneous analysis strategies and a greater focus on red meat than on poultry. We aimed to investigate the associations of unprocessed red meat, processed meat, and poultry consumption with type 2 diabetes using data from worldwide cohorts and harmonised analytical approaches. METHODS This individual-participant federated meta-analysis involved data from 31 cohorts participating in the InterConnect project. Cohorts were from the region of the Americas (n=12) and the Eastern Mediterranean (n=2), European (n=9), South-East Asia (n=1), and Western Pacific (n=7) regions. Access to individual-participant data was provided by each cohort; participants were eligible for inclusion if they were aged 18 years or older and had available data on dietary consumption and incident type 2 diabetes and were excluded if they had a diagnosis of any type of diabetes at baseline or missing data. Cohort-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated for each meat type, adjusted for potential confounders (including BMI), and pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis, with meta-regression to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. FINDINGS Among 1 966 444 adults eligible for participation, 107 271 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified during a median follow-up of 10 (IQR 7-15) years. Median meat consumption across cohorts was 0-110 g/day for unprocessed red meat, 0-49 g/day for processed meat, and 0-72 g/day for poultry. Greater consumption of each of the three types of meat was associated with increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, with HRs of 1·10 (95% CI 1·06-1·15) per 100 g/day of unprocessed red meat (I2=61%), 1·15 (1·11-1·20) per 50 g/day of processed meat (I2=59%), and 1·08 (1·02-1·14) per 100 g/day of poultry (I2=68%). Positive associations between meat consumption and type 2 diabetes were observed in North America and in the European and Western Pacific regions; the CIs were wide in other regions. We found no evidence that the heterogeneity was explained by age, sex, or BMI. The findings for poultry consumption were weaker under alternative modelling assumptions. Replacing processed meat with unprocessed red meat or poultry was associated with a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes. INTERPRETATION The consumption of meat, particularly processed meat and unprocessed red meat, is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes across populations. These findings highlight the importance of reducing meat consumption for public health and should inform dietary guidelines. FUNDING The EU, the Medical Research Council, and the National Institute of Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Li
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom R P Bishop
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Pearce
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soren Brage
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ken K Ong
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Habibul Ahsan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- University of Navarra, Idisna, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, CIBEROBN-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joline W J Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole den Braver
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Scheine Canhada
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hsin-Fang Chung
- Australian Women and Girls' Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian Cortés-Valencia
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Luc Djousse
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Huaidong Du
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shufa Du
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bruce B Duncan
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fahimeh Haghighatdoost
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Tommi Härkänen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maryam Hashemian
- Heart Disease Phenomics Laboratory, Epidemiology and Community Health Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ritva Järvinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria G Kakkoura
- Clinical Trial Service Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nithya Neelakantan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Paul Knekt
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Lajous
- Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yanping Li
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA
| | | | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Martinez-Gonzalez
- University of Navarra, Idisna, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, CIBEROBN-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Gita D Mishra
- Australian Women and Girls' Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gráinne O'Donoghue
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal O'Gorman
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barry Popkin
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Norie Sawada
- Division of Cohort Research, National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria Inês Schmidt
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jonathan E Shaw
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabita Soedamah-Muthu
- Centre of Research on Psychological Disorders and Somatic Diseases (CORPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Dalia Stern
- CONAHCyT - Center for Research on Population Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Lin Tong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Walter C Willett
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking University Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness and Response, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bergeron J, Avraam D, Calas L, Fraser W, Harris JR, Heude B, Mandhane P, Moraes TJ, Muckle G, Nader J, Séguin JR, Simons E, Subbarao P, Swertz MA, Tough S, Turvey SE, Fortier I, Rod NH, Andersen AMN. Stress and anxiety during pregnancy and length of gestation: a federated study using data from five Canadian and European birth cohorts. Eur J Epidemiol 2024; 39:773-783. [PMID: 38805076 PMCID: PMC11344005 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-024-01126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
While its etiology is not fully elucidated, preterm birth represents a major public health concern as it is the leading cause of child mortality and morbidity. Stress is one of the most common perinatal conditions and may increase the risk of preterm birth. In this paper we aimed to investigate the association of maternal perceived stress and anxiety with length of gestation. We used harmonized data from five birth cohorts from Canada, France, and Norway. A total of 5297 pregnancies of singletons were included in the analysis of perceived stress and gestational duration, and 55,775 pregnancies for anxiety. Federated analyses were performed through the DataSHIELD platform using Cox regression models within intervals of gestational age. The models were fit for each cohort separately, and the cohort-specific results were combined using random effects study-level meta-analysis. Moderate and high levels of perceived stress during pregnancy were associated with a shorter length of gestation in the very/moderately preterm interval [moderate: hazard ratio (HR) 1.92 (95%CI 0.83, 4.48); high: 2.04 (95%CI 0.77, 5.37)], albeit not statistically significant. No association was found for the other intervals. Anxiety was associated with gestational duration in the very/moderately preterm interval [1.66 (95%CI 1.32, 2.08)], and in the early term interval [1.15 (95%CI 1.08, 1.23)]. Our findings suggest that perceived stress and anxiety are associated with an increased risk of earlier birth, but only in the earliest gestational ages. We also found an association in the early term period for anxiety, but the result was only driven by the largest cohort, which collected information the latest in pregnancy. This raised a potential issue of reverse causality as anxiety later in pregnancy could be due to concerns about early signs of a possible preterm birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bergeron
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Demetris Avraam
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lucinda Calas
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - William Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrook, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Harris
- Centre for Fertility and Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara Heude
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Piush Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanna Nader
- Centre for Fertility and Health, The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jean R Séguin
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal and CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elinor Simons
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Morris A Swertz
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Tough
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Isabel Fortier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Naja Hulvej Rod
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reinikainen J, Kuulasmaa K, Oskarsson V, Amouyel P, Biasch K, Brenner H, De Ponti R, Donfrancesco C, Drygas W, Ferrieres J, Grassi G, Grimsgaard S, Iacoviello L, Jousilahti P, Kårhus LL, Kee F, Linneberg A, Luksiene D, Mariño J, Moitry M, Palmieri L, Peters A, Piwonska A, Quarti-Trevano F, Salomaa V, Sans S, Schmidt CO, Schöttker B, Söderberg S, Tamosiunas A, Thorand B, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Vanuzzo D, Veronesi G, Woodward M, Lekadir K, Niiranen T. Regional and temporal differences in the associations between cardiovascular disease and its classic risk factors: An analysis of 49 cohorts from 11 European countries. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023:zwad359. [PMID: 37976098 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The regional and temporal differences in the associations between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its classic risk factors are unknown. The current study examined these associations in different European regions over a 30-year period. METHODS The study sample comprised 553818 individuals from 49 cohorts in 11 European countries (baseline: 1982-2012) who were followed up for a maximum of 10 years. Risk factors (sex, smoking, diabetes, non-HDL [high-density lipoprotein] cholesterol, systolic blood pressure [BP], and body mass index [BMI]) and CVD events (coronary heart disease or stroke) were harmonized across cohorts. Risk factor-outcome associations were analysed using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models, and differences in associations were assessed using meta-regression. RESULTS The differences in the risk factor-CVD associations between central Europe, northern Europe, southern Europe, and the United Kingdom were generally small. Men had a slightly higher hazard ratio (HR) in southern Europe (p = 0.043 for overall difference) and those with diabetes had a slightly lower HR in central Europe (p = 0.022 for overall difference) compared with the other regions. Of the six CVD risk factors, minor HR decreases per decade were observed for non-HDL cholesterol (7% per mmol/L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3-10%) and systolic BP (4% per 20 mmHg; 95% CI, 1-8%), while a minor HR increase per decade was observed for BMI (7% per 10 kg/m2; 95% CI, 1-13%). CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that all classic CVD risk factors are still relevant in Europe, irrespective of regional area. Preventive strategies should focus on risk factors with the greatest population attributable risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Reinikainen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Viktor Oskarsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Katia Biasch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roberto De Ponti
- Research center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Chiara Donfrancesco
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Heart Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
- Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Department of Cardiology, Toulouse University School of Medicine, Rangueil Hospital, INSERM UMR 1027, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Guido Grassi
- Clinica Medica, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Sameline Grimsgaard
- Department of Community Medicine, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine-EPIMED, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Line L Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Kee
- Centre for Public Health, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dalia Luksiene
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Joany Mariño
- Unit Quality in the Health Sciences (QIHS), Department SHIP-KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marie Moitry
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Piwonska
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Heart Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susana Sans
- Catalan Department of Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carsten Oliver Schmidt
- Unit Quality in the Health Sciences (QIHS), Department SHIP-KEF, Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Network Aging Research, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Abdonas Tamosiunas
- Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London UK
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karim Lekadir
- Artifcial Intelligence in Medicine Lab (BCN AIM), Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teemu Niiranen
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|