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Ni H, Xue J, Qin J, Zhang Y. Accurate identification of individuals with subjective cognitive decline using 3D regional fractal dimensions on structural magnetic resonance imaging. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 254:108281. [PMID: 38924798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Accurate identification of individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is crucial for early intervention and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Fractal dimensionality (FD) has emerged as a robust and replicable measure, surpassing traditional geometric metrics, in characterizing the intricate fractal geometrical properties of brain structure. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of FD in identifying individuals with SCD remains largely unclear. A 3D regional FD method can be suggested to characterize and quantify the spatial complexity of the precise gray matter, providing insights into cognitive aging and aiding in the automated identification of individuals with SCD. METHODS This study introduces a novel integer ratio based 3D box-counting fractal analysis (IRBCFA) to quantify regional fractal dimensions (FDs) in structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The innovative method overcomes limitations of conventional box-counting techniques by accommodating arbitrary box sizes, thereby enhancing the precision of FD estimation in small, yet neurologically significant, brain regions. RESULTS The application of IRBCFA to two publicly available datasets, OASIS-3 and ADNI, consisting of 520 and 180 subjects, respectively. The method identified discriminative regions of interest (ROIs) predominantly within the limbic system, fronto-parietal region, occipito-temporal region, and basal ganglia-thalamus region. These ROIs exhibited significant correlations with cognitive functions, including executive functioning, memory, social cognition, and sensory perception, suggesting their potential as neuroimaging markers for SCD. The identification model trained on these ROIs demonstrated exceptional performance achieving over 93 % accuracy on the discovery dataset and exceeding 87 % on the independent testing dataset. Furthermore, an exchange experiment between datasets revealed a substantial overlap in discriminative ROIs, highlighting the robustness of our method across diverse populations. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that IRBCFA can serve as a valuable tool for quantifying the spatial complexity of gray matter, providing insights into cognitive aging and aiding in the automated identification of individuals with SCD. The demonstrated generalizability and robustness of this method position it as a promising tool for neurodegenerative disease research and offer potential for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangjing Ni
- School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Jing Xue
- School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210003, China
| | - Jiaolong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China.
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Li CY, Chang WC, Chen MH, Tu PC, Chen TL, Chen CC, Chang YT, Chen YY, Bai YM. Correlation of Disease Severity, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Reduced Brain Gray Matter Volumes in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatitis 2024; 35:489-497. [PMID: 38634841 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. However, few studies have investigated brain changes associated with chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that chronic inflammation might be related to brain structural alterations in patients with AD. Objectives: To investigate the association between disease severity (Eczema Area and Severity Index [EASI]), proinflammatory cytokines, and differences in brain gray matter (GM) volume in patients with AD. Methods: Nineteen patients with AD and 19 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. All participants underwent clinical assessment and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-based morphometry was performed to analyze GM volume differences. Results: Patients with AD exhibited significantly decreased GM volume in many brain regions, such as bilateral precentral gyrus, right frontal pole, and right middle temporal gyrus (P < 0.001), compared with healthy subjects. Notably, in patients with AD, the GM volume in right middle temporal gyrus was negatively associated with both EASI score and proinflammatory cytokines (sIL-2R [soluble interleukin 2 receptor] and TNF-α receptor-1), whereas the GM volume in left precentral gyrus was negatively associated with both EASI score and proinflammatory cytokines (sIL-2R and CRP). Conclusion: Patients with AD demonstrated significant brain GM volume reduction in many brain regions, which is related to disease severity and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yuan Li
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chen
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chen
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mulet-Pons L, Solé-Padullés C, Cabello-Toscano M, Abellaneda-Pérez K, Perellón-Alfonso R, Cattaneo G, Solana Sánchez J, Alviarez-Schulze V, Bargalló N, Tormos-Muñoz JM, Pascual-Leone A, Bartrés-Faz D, Vaqué-Alcázar L. Impact of repetitive negative thinking on subjective cognitive decline: insights into cognition and brain structure. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1441359. [PMID: 39193493 PMCID: PMC11347316 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1441359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) express concern about self-perceived cognitive decline despite no objective impairment and are at higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Despite documented links between SCD and repetitive negative thinking (RNT), the specific impact of RNT on brain integrity and cognition in exacerbating the SCD condition remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the influence of RNT on global cognition and brain integrity, and their interrelationships among healthy middle-aged and older adults experiencing SCD. Methods Out of 616 individuals with neuroimaging and neuropsychological data available, 89 (mean age = 56.18 years; 68.54% females) met SCD criteria. Eighty-nine non-SCD individuals matched by age, sex, and education were also selected and represented the control group (mean age = 56.09 years; 68.54% females). Global cognition was measured using the preclinical Alzheimer's cognitive composite (PACC5), which includes dementia screening, episodic memory, processing speed, and category fluency tests. RNT was calculated through three questionnaires assessing intrusive thoughts, persistent worry, and rumination. We generated cortical thickness (CTh) maps and quantified the volume of white matter lesions (WML) in the whole brain, as grey and white matter integrity measures, respectively. Results SCD individuals exhibited higher RNT scores, and thinner right temporal cortex compared to controls. No differences were observed in PACC5 and WML burden between groups. Only the SCD group demonstrated positive associations in the CTh-PACC5, CTh-RNT, and WML-RNT relationships. Discussion In this cross-sectional study, RNT was exclusively associated with brain integrity in SCD. Even though our findings align with the broader importance of investigating treatable psychological factors in SCD, further research may reveal a modulatory effect of RNT on the relationship between cognition and brain integrity in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Mulet-Pons
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Solé-Padullés
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cabello-Toscano
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kilian Abellaneda-Pérez
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Guttmann Institute, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ruben Perellón-Alfonso
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Guttmann Institute, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Gabriele Cattaneo
- Guttmann Institute, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Solana Sánchez
- Guttmann Institute, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Alviarez-Schulze
- Guttmann Institute, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Nuria Bargalló
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology, Diagnostic Image Center, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Tormos-Muñoz
- Guttmann Institute, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Harvard Medical School, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Bartrés-Faz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Guttmann Institute, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació, affiliated to the Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lídia Vaqué-Alcázar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Pau Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau-Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Liu S, Luo X, Chong JSX, Jiaerken Y, Youn SH, Zhang M, Zhou JH. Brain structure, amyloid, and behavioral features for predicting clinical progression in subjective cognitive decline. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26765. [PMID: 38958401 PMCID: PMC11220833 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
As a potential preclinical stage of Alzheimer's dementia, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) reveals a higher risk of future cognitive decline and conversion to dementia. However, it has not been clear whether SCD status increases the clinical progression of older adults in the context of amyloid deposition, cerebrovascular disease (CeVD), and psychiatric symptoms. We identified 99 normal controls (NC), 15 SCD individuals who developed mild cognitive impairment in the next 2 years (P-SCD), and 54 SCD individuals who did not (S-SCD) from ADNI database with both baseline and 2-year follow-up data. Total white matter hyperintensity (WMH), WMH in deep (DWMH) and periventricular (PWMH) regions, and voxel-wise grey matter volumes were compared among groups. Furthermore, using structural equation modelling method, we constructed path models to explore SCD-related brain changes longitudinally and to determine whether baseline SCD status, age, and depressive symptoms affect participants' clinical outcomes. Both SCD groups showed higher baseline amyloid PET SUVR, baseline PWMH volumes, and larger increase of PWMH volumes over time than NC. In contrast, only P-SCD had higher baseline DWMH volumes and larger increase of DWMH volumes over time than NC. No longitudinal differences in grey matter volume and amyloid was observed among NC, S-SCD, and P-SCD. Our path models demonstrated that SCD status contributed to future WMH progression. Further, baseline SCD status increases the risk of future cognitive decline, mediated by PWMH; baseline depressive symptoms directly contribute to clinical outcomes. In conclusion, both S-SCD and P-SCD exhibited more severe CeVD than NC. The CeVD burden increase was more pronounced in P-SCD. In contrast with the direct association of depressive symptoms with dementia severity progression, the effects of SCD status on future cognitive decline may manifest via CeVD pathologies. Our work highlights the importance of multi-modal longitudinal designs in understanding the SCD trajectory heterogeneity, paving the way for stratification and early intervention in the preclinical stage. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Both S-SCD and P-SCD exhibited more severe CeVD at baseline and a larger increase of CeVD burden compared to NC, while the burden was more pronounced in P-SCD. Baseline SCD status increases the risk of future PWMH and DWMH volume accumulation, mediated by baseline PWMH and DWMH volumes, respectively. Baseline SCD status increases the risk of future cognitive decline, mediated by baseline PWMH, while baseline depression status directly contributes to clinical outcome.
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Grants
- U01 AG024904 NIA NIH HHS
- W81XWH-12-2-0012 DoD Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (Department of Defense)
- A20G8b0102 Research, Innovation and Enterprise (RIE) 2020 Advanced Manufacturing and Engineering (AME) Programmatic Fund (Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore)
- NMRC/OFLCG19May-0035 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/CIRG/1485/2018 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/CSA-SI/0007/2016 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/MOH-00707-01 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- NMRC/CG/435M009/2017-NUH/NUHS National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- CIRG21nov-0007 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- HLCA23Feb-0004 National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Research Core Funding (National University of Singapore, Singapore)
- 82271936 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022ZQ057 Zhejiang Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine - Youth Talent Fund Project
- MOE-T2EP40120-0007 Ministry of Education, Singapore
- T2EP2-0223-0025 Ministry of Education, Singapore
- MOE-T2EP20220-0001 Ministry of Education, Singapore
- Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (National Institutes of Health)
- DoD Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (Department of Defense)
- National Medical Research Council, Singapore
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Ministry of Education, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Liu
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Joanna Su Xian Chong
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yeerfan Jiaerken
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Shim Hee Youn
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Juan Helen Zhou
- Centre for Sleep and CognitionCentre for Translational Magnetic Resonance Research, Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Human Potential Translational Research ProgramDepartment of MedicineNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringIntegrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), NUS Graduate SchoolNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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Amland R, Selbæk G, Brækhus A, Edwin TH, Engedal K, Knapskog AB, Olsrud ER, Persson K. Clinically feasible automated MRI volumetry of the brain as a prognostic marker in subjective and mild cognitive impairment. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1425502. [PMID: 39011362 PMCID: PMC11248186 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1425502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aims The number of patients suffering from cognitive decline and dementia increases, and new possible treatments are being developed. Thus, the need for time efficient and cost-effective methods to facilitate an early diagnosis and prediction of future cognitive decline in patients with early cognitive symptoms is becoming increasingly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an MRI based software, NeuroQuant® (NQ), producing volumetry of the hippocampus and whole brain volume (WBV) could predict: (1) conversion from subjective cognitive decline (SCD) at baseline to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia at follow-up, and from MCI at baseline to dementia at follow-up and (2) progression of cognitive and functional decline defined as an annual increase in the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) score. Methods MRI was performed in 156 patients with SCD or MCI from the memory clinic at Oslo University Hospital (OUH) that had been assessed with NQ and had a clinical follow-up examination. Logistic and linear regression analyses were performed with hippocampus volume and WBV as independent variables, and conversion or progression as dependent variables, adjusting for demographic and other relevant covariates including Mini-Mental State Examination-Norwegian Revised Version score (MMSE-NR) and Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4) carrier status. Results Hippocampus volume, but not WBV, was associated with conversion to MCI or dementia, but neither were associated with conversion when adjusting for MMSE-NR. Both hippocampus volume and WBV were associated with progression as measured by the annual change in CDR-SB score in both unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Conclusion The results indicate that automated regional MRI volumetry of the hippocampus and WBV can be useful in predicting further cognitive decline in patients with early cognitive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Amland
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Selbæk
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Brækhus
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine H. Edwin
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Engedal
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Ellen Regine Olsrud
- Department of Radiography Ullevål, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karin Persson
- The Norwegian National Centre for Ageing and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Riverol M, Ríos-Rivera MM, Imaz-Aguayo L, Solis-Barquero SM, Arrondo C, Montoya-Murillo G, Villino-Rodríguez R, García-Eulate R, Domínguez P, Fernández-Seara MA. Structural neuroimaging changes associated with subjective cognitive decline from a clinical sample. Neuroimage Clin 2024; 42:103615. [PMID: 38749146 PMCID: PMC11109886 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functions. Some individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are in the early phase of the disease and subsequently progress through the AD continuum. Although neuroimaging biomarkers could be used for the accurate and early diagnosis of preclinical AD, the findings in SCD samples have been heterogeneous. This study established the morphological differences in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings between individuals with SCD and those without cognitive impairment based on a clinical sample of patients defined according to SCD-Initiative recommendations. Moreover, we investigated baseline structural changes in the brains of participants who remained stable or progressed to mild cognitive impairment or dementia. METHODS This study included 309 participants with SCD and 43 healthy controls (HCs) with high-quality brain MRI at baseline. Among the 99 subjects in the SCD group who were followed clinically, 32 progressed (SCDp) and 67 remained stable (SCDnp). A voxel-wise statistical comparison of gray and white matter (WM) volume was performed between the HC and SCD groups and between the HC, SCDp, and SCDnp groups. XTRACT ATLAS was used to define the anatomical location of WM tract damage. Region-of-interest (ROI) analyses were performed to determine brain volumetric differences. White matter lesion (WML) burden was established in each group. RESULTS Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis revealed that the SCD group exhibited gray matter atrophy in the middle frontal gyri, superior orbital gyri, superior frontal gyri, right rectal gyrus, whole occipital lobule, and both thalami and precunei. Meanwhile, ROI analysis revealed decreased volume in the left rectal gyrus, bilateral medial orbital gyri, middle frontal gyri, superior frontal gyri, calcarine fissure, and left thalamus. The SCDp group exhibited greater hippocampal atrophy (p < 0.001) than the SCDnp and HC groups on ROI analyses. On VBM analysis, however, the SCDp group exhibited increased hippocampal atrophy only when compared to the SCDnp group (p < 0.001). The SCD group demonstrated lower WM volume in the uncinate fasciculus, cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, and callosum forceps than the HC group. However, no significant differences in WML number (p = 0.345) or volume (p = 0.156) were observed between the SCD and HC groups. CONCLUSIONS The SCD group showed brain atrophy mainly in the frontal and occipital lobes. However, only the SCDp group demonstrated atrophy in the medial temporal lobe at baseline. Structural damage in the brain regions was anatomically connected, which may contribute to early memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Riverol
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain.
| | - Mirla M Ríos-Rivera
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí, David 4001, Chiriquí, Panama
| | - Laura Imaz-Aguayo
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Carlota Arrondo
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | | | | | - Reyes García-Eulate
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Pablo Domínguez
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
| | - Maria A Fernández-Seara
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Navarra, Spain
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Tang X, Guo Z, Chen G, Sun S, Xiao S, Chen P, Tang G, Huang L, Wang Y. A Multimodal Meta-Analytical Evidence of Functional and Structural Brain Abnormalities Across Alzheimer's Disease Spectrum. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102240. [PMID: 38395200 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous neuroimaging studies have reported that Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum have been linked to alterations in intrinsic functional activity and cortical thickness (CT) of some brain areas. However, the findings have been inconsistent and the correlation with the transcriptional profile and neurotransmitter systems remain largely unknown. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis to identify multimodal differences in the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF)/fractional ALFF (fALFF) and CT in patients with AD and preclinical AD compared to healthy controls (HCs), using the Seed-based d Mapping with Permutation of Subject Images software. Transcriptional data were retrieved from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. The atlas-based nuclear imaging-derived neurotransmitter maps were investigated by JuSpace toolbox. RESULTS We included 26 ALFF/fALFF studies comprising 884 patients with AD and 1,020 controls, along with 52 studies comprising 2,046 patients with preclinical AD and 2,336 controls. For CT, we included 11 studies comprising 353 patients with AD and 330 controls. Overall, compared to HCs, patients with AD showed decreased ALFF/fALFF in the bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC)/precuneus and right angular gyrus, as well as increased ALFF/fALFF in the bilateral parahippocampal gyrus (PHG). Patients with peclinical AD showed decreased ALFF/fALFF in the left precuneus. Additionally, patients with AD displayed decreased CT in the bilateral PHG, left PCC, bilateral orbitofrontal cortex, sensorimotor areas and temporal lobe. Furthermore, gene sets related to brain structural and functional changes in AD and preclincal AD were enriched for G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, ion gated channel activity, and components of biological membrane. Functional and structural alterations in AD and preclinical AD were spatially associated with dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neurotransmitter systems. CONCLUSIONS The multimodal meta-analysis demonstrated that patients with AD exhibited convergent functional and structural alterations in the PCC/precuneus and PHG, as well as cortical thinning in the primary sensory and motor areas. Furthermore, patients with preclinical AD showed reduced functional activity in the precuneus. AD and preclinical AD showed genetic modulations/neurotransmitter deficits of brain functional and structural impairments. These findings may provide new insights into the pathophysiology of the AD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Tang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zixuan Guo
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guanmao Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shilin Sun
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Guixian Tang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Li Huang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Institute of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Stolicyn A, Lyall LM, Lyall DM, Høier NK, Adams MJ, Shen X, Cole JH, McIntosh AM, Whalley HC, Smith DJ. Comprehensive assessment of sleep duration, insomnia, and brain structure within the UK Biobank cohort. Sleep 2024; 47:zsad274. [PMID: 37889226 PMCID: PMC10851840 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess for associations between sleeping more than or less than recommended by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF), and self-reported insomnia, with brain structure. METHODS Data from the UK Biobank cohort were analyzed (N between 9K and 32K, dependent on availability, aged 44 to 82 years). Sleep measures included self-reported adherence to NSF guidelines on sleep duration (sleeping between 7 and 9 hours per night), and self-reported difficulty falling or staying asleep (insomnia). Brain structural measures included global and regional cortical or subcortical morphometry (thickness, surface area, volume), global and tract-related white matter microstructure, brain age gap (difference between chronological age and age estimated from brain scan), and total volume of white matter lesions. RESULTS Longer-than-recommended sleep duration was associated with lower overall grey and white matter volumes, lower global and regional cortical thickness and volume measures, higher brain age gap, higher volume of white matter lesions, higher mean diffusivity globally and in thalamic and association fibers, and lower volume of the hippocampus. Shorter-than-recommended sleep duration was related to higher global and cerebellar white matter volumes, lower global and regional cortical surface areas, and lower fractional anisotropy in projection fibers. Self-reported insomnia was associated with higher global gray and white matter volumes, and with higher volumes of the amygdala, hippocampus, and putamen. CONCLUSIONS Sleeping longer than recommended by the NSF is associated with a wide range of differences in brain structure, potentially indicative of poorer brain health. Sleeping less than recommended is distinctly associated with lower cortical surface areas. Future studies should assess the potential mechanisms of these differences and investigate long sleep duration as a putative marker of brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleks Stolicyn
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laura M Lyall
- School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Donald M Lyall
- School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nikolaj Kjær Høier
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health CORE, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James H Cole
- Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Rodini M, Bonarota S, Serra L, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Could Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting Be a Feature of the Higher Rate of Memory Complaints Associated with Subjective Cognitive Decline? An Exploratory Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 100:1165-1182. [PMID: 39031357 DOI: 10.3233/jad-240218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Background Recently, subjective cognitive decline (SCD) was proposed as an early risk factor for future Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective In this study, we investigated whether accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF), assessed with extended testing intervals than those adopted in clinical practice, might be a cognitive feature of SCD. Using an explorative MRI analysis of the SCD sample, we attempted to investigate the areas most likely involved in the ALF pattern. Methods We recruited 31 individuals with SCD from our memory clinic and subdivided them based on their rate of memory complaints into mild SCDs (n = 18) and severe SCDs (n = 13). A long-term forgetting procedure, involving the recall of verbal and visuo-spatial material at four testing delays (i.e., immediate, 30 min, 24 h, and 7 days post-encoding) was used to compare the two sub-groups of SCDs with a healthy control group (HC; n = 16). Results No significant between-group difference was found on the standard neuropsychological tests, nor in the immediate and 30 min recall of the experimental procedure. By contrast, on the verbal test severe SCDs forgot significantly more than HCs in the prolonged intervals (i.e., 24 h and 7 days), with the greatest decline between 30 min and 24 h. Finally, in the whole SCD sample, we found significant associations between functional connectivity values within some cortical networks involved in memory (default mode network, salience network, and fronto-parietal network) and verbal long-term measures. Conclusions Our preliminary findings suggest that long-term forgetting procedures could be a sensitive neuropsychological tool for detecting memory concerns in SCDs, contributing to early AD detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rodini
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuropsychology of Memory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bonarota
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Serra
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuropsychology of Memory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Augusto Carlesimo
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Laboratory of Neuropsychology of Memory, IRCSS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Yang J, Liang L, Wei Y, Liu Y, Li X, Huang J, Zhang Z, Li L, Deng D. Altered cortical and subcortical morphometric features and asymmetries in the subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1297028. [PMID: 38107635 PMCID: PMC10722314 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1297028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to evaluate morphological changes in cortical and subcortical regions and their asymmetrical differences in individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). These morphological changes may provide valuable insights into the early diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods We conducted structural MRI scans on a cohort comprising 62 SCD patients, 97 MCI patients, and 70 age-, sex-, and years of education-matched healthy controls (HC). Using Freesurfer, we quantified surface area, thickness, the local gyrification index (LGI) of cortical regions, and the volume of subcortical nuclei. Asymmetry measures were also calculated. Additionally, we explored the correlation between morphological changes and clinical variables related to cognitive decline. Results Compared to HC, patients with MCI exhibited predominantly left-sided surface morphological changes in various brain regions, including the transverse temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, insula, and pars opercularis. SCD patients showed relatively minor surface morphological changes, primarily in the insula and pars triangularis. Furthermore, MCI patients demonstrated reduced volumes in the anterior-superior region of the right hypothalamus, the fimbria of the bilateral hippocampus, and the anterior region of the left thalamus. These observed morphological changes were significantly associated with clinical ratings of cognitive decline. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that cortical and subcortical morphometric changes may contribute to cognitive impairment in MCI, while compensatory mechanisms may be at play in SCD to preserve cognitive function. These insights have the potential to aid in the early diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yang
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lingyan Liang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yichen Wei
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaocheng Li
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiazhu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Linling Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, China
| | - Demao Deng
- School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Radiology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Science, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Mieling M, Meier H, Bunzeck N. Structural degeneration of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease - Evidence from an MRI-based meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 154:105393. [PMID: 37717861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggest that neuropathological changes of the medial temporal lobe, especially entorhinal cortex, are preceded by degenerations of the cholinergic Nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM). Evidence from imaging studies in humans, however, is limited. Therefore, we performed an activation-likelihood estimation meta-analysis on whole brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) MRI data from 54 experiments and 2581 subjects in total. It revealed, compared to healthy older controls, reduced gray matter in the bilateral NbM in AD, but only limited evidence for such an effect in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which typically precedes AD. Both patient groups showed less gray matter in the amygdala and hippocampus, with hints towards more pronounced amygdala effects in AD. We discuss our findings in the context of studies that highlight the importance of the cholinergic basal forebrain in learning and memory throughout the lifespan, and conclude that they are partly compatible with pathological staging models suggesting initial and pronounced structural degenerations within the NbM in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Mieling
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannah Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nico Bunzeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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Goldstein FC, Okafor M, Yang Z, Thomas T, Saleh S, Hajjar I. Subjective cognitive complaints in White and African American older adults: associations with demographic, mood, cognitive, and neuroimaging features. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:957-970. [PMID: 37602758 PMCID: PMC10843657 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2023.2249181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Subjective cognitive complaints (SCC) in cognitively intact older adults have been investigated as a clinically important symptom that may portend the onset of a neurodegenerative disorder such as Alzheimer's disease. Few studies have concurrently incorporated demographic features, depressive symptoms, neuropsychological status, and neuroimaging correlates of SCC and evaluated whether these differ in White and African American older adults. In the current study, 131 (77 White, 54 African American) healthy participants ≥50 years old completed the Cognitive Function Instrument (CFI) to assess SCC, and they underwent objective cognitive testing, assessment of mood, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Pearson Product Moment correlations were performed to evaluate associations of the CFI self-ratings with the above measures for the combined group and separately for White and African American participants. SCC were associated with greater depressive symptoms in both White and African American participants in adjusted models controlling for overall cognitive status, education, and hypertension. Greater white matter hyperintensities, lower cortical thickness, older age, and slower set shifting speed were associated with increased SCC in White participants. Although the correlations were not significant for African Americans, the strength of the associations were comparable to White participants. Hippocampal volume was not associated with either total SCC or items specific to memory functioning in the entire group. Longitudinal studies are needed to further evaluate the clinical significance of these associations with risk of conversion to mild cognitive impairment and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen Okafor
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tiffany Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sabria Saleh
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ihab Hajjar
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas Texas
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