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Radosinska D, Radosinska J. The Link Between Matrix Metalloproteinases and Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04315-0. [PMID: 38935232 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major contributor to dementia and the most common neurodegenerative disorder. In AD pathophysiology, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-proteolytic enzymes, best known to be responsible for remodeling and degradation of the extracellular matrix-were suggested to play an important role. Due to the diverse nature of the published data and frequent inconsistent results presented in available papers, it was considered essential to analyze all aspects of MMP literature with respect to AD pathophysiology and attempt to outline a unifying concept for understanding their role in AD. Thus, the main contribution of this review article is to summarize the most recent research on the participation of MMP in AD pathophysiology obtained using the cell cultures to understand the molecular principles of their action. Furthermore, an updated comprehensive view regarding this topic based exclusively on papers from human studies is provided as well. It can be concluded that determining the exact role of any particular MMPs in the AD pathophysiology holds promise for establishing their role as potential biomarkers reflecting the severity or progression of this disease or for developing new therapeutic agents targeting the processes that lead to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Radosinska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Radosinska
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 2, 81372, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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2
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Jia R, Solé-Guardia G, Kiliaan AJ. Blood-brain barrier pathology in cerebral small vessel disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1233-1240. [PMID: 37905869 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cerebral small vessel disease is a neurological disease that affects the brain microvasculature and which is commonly observed among the elderly. Although at first it was considered innocuous, small vessel disease is nowadays regarded as one of the major vascular causes of dementia. Radiological signs of small vessel disease include small subcortical infarcts, white matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensities, lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces, cerebral microbleeds, and brain atrophy; however, great heterogeneity in clinical symptoms is observed in small vessel disease patients. The pathophysiology of these lesions has been linked to multiple processes, such as hypoperfusion, defective cerebrovascular reactivity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Notably, studies on small vessel disease suggest that blood-brain barrier dysfunction is among the earliest mechanisms in small vessel disease and might contribute to the development of the hallmarks of small vessel disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a new foundation in the study of small vessel disease pathology. First, we discuss the main structural domains and functions of the blood-brain barrier. Secondly, we review the most recent evidence on blood-brain barrier dysfunction linked to small vessel disease. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on future perspectives and propose potential treatment targets and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Jia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behavior, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Xia H, Luan X, Bao Z, Zhu Q, Wen C, Wang M, Song W. A multi-cohort study of the hippocampal radiomics model and its associated biological changes in Alzheimer's Disease. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:111. [PMID: 38395947 PMCID: PMC10891125 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
There have been no previous reports of hippocampal radiomics features associated with biological functions in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). This study aims to develop and validate a hippocampal radiomics model from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data for identifying patients with AD, and to explore the mechanism underlying the developed radiomics model using peripheral blood gene expression. In this retrospective multi-study, a radiomics model was developed based on the radiomics discovery group (n = 420) and validated in other cohorts. The biological functions underlying the model were identified in the radiogenomic analysis group using paired MRI and peripheral blood transcriptome analyses (n = 266). Mediation analysis and external validation were applied to further validate the key module and hub genes. A 12 radiomics features-based prediction model was constructed and this model showed highly robust predictive power for identifying AD patients in the validation and other three cohorts. Using radiogenomics mapping, myeloid leukocyte and neutrophil activation were enriched, and six hub genes were identified from the key module, which showed the highest correlation with the radiomics model. The correlation between hub genes and cognitive ability was confirmed using the external validation set of the AddneuroMed dataset. Mediation analysis revealed that the hippocampal radiomics model mediated the association between blood gene expression and cognitive ability. The hippocampal radiomics model can accurately identify patients with AD, while the predictive radiomics model may be driven by neutrophil-related biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huwei Xia
- Center for Geriatric Medicine and Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research for Mental Disorders, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaoqian Luan
- Center for Geriatric Medicine and Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research for Mental Disorders, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Zhengkai Bao
- Center for Geriatric Medicine and Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research for Mental Disorders, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Qinxin Zhu
- Center for Geriatric Medicine and Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research for Mental Disorders, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Caiyun Wen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Meihao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Center for Geriatric Medicine and Institute of Aging, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research for Mental Disorders, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Chen J, Chen JS, Li S, Zhang F, Deng J, Zeng LH, Tan J. Amyloid Precursor Protein: A Regulatory Hub in Alzheimer's Disease. Aging Dis 2024; 15:201-225. [PMID: 37307834 PMCID: PMC10796103 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of research have demonstrated an incontrovertible role of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the overemphasis on the pathological impacts of Aβ may obscure the role of its metabolic precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP), as a significant hub in the occurrence and progression of AD. The complicated enzymatic processing, ubiquitous receptor-like properties, and abundant expression of APP in the brain, as well as its close links with systemic metabolism, mitochondrial function and neuroinflammation, imply that APP plays multifaceted roles in AD. In this review, we briefly describe the evolutionarily conserved biological characteristics of APP, including its structure, functions and enzymatic processing. We also discuss the possible involvement of APP and its enzymatic metabolites in AD, both detrimental and beneficial. Finally, we describe pharmacological agents or genetic approaches with the capability to reduce APP expression or inhibit its cellular internalization, which can ameliorate multiple aspects of AD pathologies and halt disease progression. These approaches provide a basis for further drug development to combat this terrible disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Jun-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Song Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Fengning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Ling-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang H, Liu D, Duan Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Bai N, Zhou Q, Xu Z, Li L, Liu H. Alpha 2-Macroglobulin Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Based on 62 Studies. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:1351-1370. [PMID: 38143774 PMCID: PMC10741958 DOI: 10.3233/adr-230131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between alpha 2-macroglobulin (A2M) gene and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been widely studied across populations; however, the results are inconsistent. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association of A2M gene with AD by the application of meta-analysis. Methods Relevant studies were identified by comprehensive searches. The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Allele and genotype frequencies were extracted from each of the included studies. Odds ratio (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model. The Cochran Q statistic and I2 metric was used to evaluate heterogeneity, and Egger's test and Funnel plot were used to assess publication bias. Results A total of 62 studies were identified and included in the current meta-analysis. The G allele of rs226380 reduced AD risk (OR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47-0.87, pFDR = 0.012), but carrier with the TT genotype was more likely to develop AD in Asian populations (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.12-2.19, pFDR = 0.0135). The V allele of the A2M-I/V (rs669) increased susceptibility to AD in female population (OR, 95% CI: 2.15, 1.38-3.35, pFDR = 0.0024); however, the II genotype could be a protective factor in these populations (OR, 95% CI: 0.43, 0.26-0.73, pFDR = 0.003). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the reliability of the original results. Conclusions Existing evidence indicate that A2M single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be associated with AD risk in sub-populations. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Duan
- Department of Neurology, the People’s Hospital of Mianyang, Mianyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianyu Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Na Bai
- Department of Neurology, the Sixth People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyao Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Medical College of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Linyan Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Santiago JA, Potashkin JA. Biological and Clinical Implications of Sex-Specific Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 282:181-197. [PMID: 37460661 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the female sex is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Decades of research suggest that sex-specific differences in genetics, environmental factors, hormones, comorbidities, and brain structure and function may contribute to AD development. However, although significant progress has been made in uncovering specific genetic factors and biological pathways, the precise mechanisms underlying sex-biased differences are not fully characterized. Here, we review several lines of evidence, including epidemiological, clinical, and molecular studies addressing sex differences in AD. In addition, we discuss the challenges and future directions in advancing personalized treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith A Potashkin
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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