1
|
Narvaez-Rojas AR, Linhares S, Sedighim S, Klingbeil KD, Milikowski C, Elgart G, Jaimes N, Feun L, Lutzky J, De la Cruz Ku G, Avisar E, Möller MG. Is primary breast melanoma a true pathological entity? The argument against it. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37224. [PMID: 39309840 PMCID: PMC11414497 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have reported cases of primary melanoma of the breast parenchyma (PMBP), but the pathogenesis of this disease remains poorly understood. We review the presentation and outcomes of reported cases and provide detailed pathological analysis of four additional cases. Furthermore, we discuss potential theories regarding the pathogenesis of this clinical presentation. Results We identified 29 published studies (n = 95 patients) and report four new cases (n = 99). Ninety-one (92 %) patients were female, with a median age of 50 years. Previous skin melanomas were reported by 56 % of patients, with the trunk being the most common location (32.7 %) followed by the upper extremities (20 %). The most common tumor location reported (n = 73) was the right (49 %) upper outer quadrant (56 %). The median time from skin melanoma diagnosis to the presence of a breast mass was 65 months (1-192). Nodal status at presentation was reported in n = 67 (68 %) patients. Of these, positive nodal metastases were seen in 40.3 %, while distant metastatic disease at presentation was reported in 30 % of patients. Surgery was performed in 66 %, being partial mastectomy (PM) the most common procedure in 82 %. Adjuvant therapy was described in 38 patients. The reported (n = 12) median survival was 11.5 (1-70) months. Conclusion Melanomas identified in the breast parenchyma are likely the result of nodal or hematogenous spread from previously known or unknown melanomas, and should not be considered as PMBP. Management should be multidisciplinary, including surgical excision aimed at obtaining negative margins with lymphadenectomy of clinically positive nodes and neoadjuvant/adjuvant immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R. Narvaez-Rojas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Maimonides Cancer Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- International Coalition on Surgical Research, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, UNAN, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | - Shaina Sedighim
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Daniel Klingbeil
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Clara Milikowski
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Departments of Pathology, Division of Hematology Oncology at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - George Elgart
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Division of Hematology Oncology at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Natalia Jaimes
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Division of Hematology Oncology at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Lynn Feun
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jose Lutzky
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Hematology Oncology at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Eli Avisar
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mecker G. Möller
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rice-Canetto TE, Richard D, Kim G, Ramnot A, Siddiqi J. Melanoma of Unknown Primary With Metastasis to the Brain: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cureus 2024; 16:e67022. [PMID: 39280564 PMCID: PMC11402487 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We present the case of a 72-year-old male found to have melanoma of unknown primary (MUP) in the lung with brain metastasis. The patient has a history of prostate cancer with radical proctectomy in 1999, hypertension with right-sided heart failure, and bilateral cataracts treated operatively. He presented to their home hospital after an unwitnessed fall, with a history of left-sided weakness. He was found to have a parietal lobe mass and two lung masses, where he was transferred to our hospital for a higher level of care. Biopsy of the lung lesion revealed melanoma, and the patient did not have any skin or mucosal foci present to indicate a primary source. We present this case in conjunction with a review of the literature. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, our review resulted in 31 MUP case reports. Data was extracted on epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostics, treatment, and outcomes. The mean age was 57.5 with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.3. The greatest instances of MUP occurred in prior smokers and patients with comorbidities, accounting for 17.95% of cases each. Thirty-one percent of patients presented with a growing palpable mass, 21% with gastrointestinal symptoms, and 21% with B-symptoms. Biopsy was the diagnostic standard, and the majority of patients also underwent biomarker studies. Treatment varied widely, and many patients underwent multiple phases. Outcomes ranged from death within several months to a disease-free period of three years. Our paper highlights the complexity and nuances of diagnosing MUP and primary malignant melanoma of the lung (PMML) and calls for further investigations to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for rare presentations of melanoma. Despite limitations in sample size and data heterogeneity, this study highlights the diverse presentation and disease course of MUP, necessitating further studies to optimize patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler E Rice-Canetto
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
- Neurosurgery, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Drew Richard
- Family Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Oncology, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| | - Ajay Ramnot
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
| | - Javed Siddiqi
- Neurosurgery, Desert Regional Medical Center, Palm Springs, USA
- Neurosurgery, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Moreno Valley, USA
- Neurosurgery, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, USA
- Neurosurgery, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Boussios S, Rassy E, Samartzis E, Moschetta M, Sheriff M, Pérez-Fidalgo JA, Pavlidis N. Melanoma of unknown primary: New perspectives for an old story. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 158:103208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
4
|
Mastoraki A, Schizas D, Giannakodimos I, Rebakos A, Margaris I, Katsaros I, Vagios I, Vassiliu P, Pikoulis E. Malignant melanoma of the breast: controversies in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of a rare nosologic entity. Int J Dermatol 2020; 59:1057-1064. [PMID: 32115682 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma of the breast is an infrequent entity, presenting as either primary or metastatic from extramammary solid neoplasms. Depending on the involvement of the skin, primary malignant melanoma of the breast (PMMB) can be classified as cutaneous or noncutaneous. Cutaneous PMMB accounts for <5% of all melanomas and only 0.5% of all breast cancers. Furthermore, despite the rarity of metastatic breast neoplasms, melanoma comprises a frequent source of metastases. Metastatic potential of melanoma is associated with poor prognosis, and the majority of patients present more than one metastatic foci at the time of diagnosis. Diagnostic approach for both primary and metastatic melanomas of the breast is substantiated by fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology along with immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, verification of a metastatic mammary melanoma requires the discovery of a primary lesion. The mainstay of treatment for primary tumors is surgery, with radical local excision and axillary lymph node dissection or, on occasion, axillary sentinel node resection, while for metastatic tumors it depends on the specificities of the melanoma. Adjuvant therapy is always implemented. The aim of this survey is to meticulously review the literature of primary and metastatic malignant melanomas of the breast and report epidemiologic and clinicopathologic data for this rare entity. Clinical features, histogenesis, morphological, and immunochemical findings are discussed, while the role of current diagnostic and therapeutic management of this uncommon entity is emphasized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Mastoraki
- 4th Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- 1st Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Giannakodimos
- 4th Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Rebakos
- 4th Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Margaris
- 4th Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Katsaros
- 1st Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Vagios
- 1st Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Vassiliu
- 4th Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Pikoulis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|