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Alemayehu T, Daba MD, Buonsenso D. Long-Term Hepatitis B Vaccine Immunity in Ethiopian Children That Received a Pentavalent Vaccine Series: A Retrospective Cohort Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:136. [PMID: 38275446 PMCID: PMC10814694 DOI: 10.3390/children11010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B affects close to 300 million people globally with 1.5 million new infections per year. It causes the highest numbers of cirrhosis and liver cancer diagnoses each year. In children, perinatal transmission and contact with infected blood or body fluids remain the main methods of transmission. There are increasing reports of breakthrough hepatitis B infections in fully vaccinated children born to hepatitis B-negative mothers, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Our study aimed to measure the adequacy of hepatitis B surface antibody levels among children and adolescents who received three rounds of hepatitis B vaccination during infancy and delivered to hepatitis B-negative mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHOD This was a retrospective cohort study analyzing results of paired serology tests for hepatitis B surface antibody and antigen tests performed for children aged 1-18 years from July 2022 to June 2023. All recorded data were transferred to SPSS version 29.0. The prevalence of adequate hepatitis B surface antibody levels was determined and sub-group analysis conducted using descriptive statistics, frequencies and tables. The magnitude of association between different variables and vaccine-induced hepatitis B immunity was assessed using logistic regression. Statistically significant differences were taken at p < 0.05. RESULTS A total of 256 children were included in the study (mean age: 7.53 years). Six children (2.3%) had breakthrough hepatitis B infections. Overall, 37 children (14.4%) were categorized as having optimal hepatitis B surface antibody levels (vaccine-induced antibody titers of >10 IU/mL), while 219 (85.6%) had low titers of <10 IU/mL. Nearly all (97.4%) of the sub-group aged 10 years and above had below-par antibody levels, with adolescents (11-18 years) being ten times more likely to have low seroprotection than those aged less than 5 years. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed markedly low vaccine-induced hepatitis B surface antibody levels among the study population, especially adolescents. The presence of breakthrough infections may suggest a genuine lack of response and not just a mere drop in antibody titers and thus could highlight a significant public health problem in Ethiopia. Further immunologic studies and a thorough analysis of vaccine storage and administration should be conducted to inform prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinsae Alemayehu
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana, Private Bag UB, Gaborone 00713, Botswana;
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1271, Ethiopia;
| | - Million Dechassa Daba
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1271, Ethiopia;
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Centro di Salute Globale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Dong Y, Cekuolis A, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Augustiniene R, Schwarz S, Möller K, Nourkami-Tutdibi N, Chen S, Cao JY, Huang YL, Wang Y, Taut H, Grevelding L, Dietrich CF. Review on Pediatric Malignant Focal Liver Lesions with Imaging Evaluation: Part I. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3568. [PMID: 38066809 PMCID: PMC10706220 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13233568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant focal liver lesions (FLLs) are commonly reported in adults but rarely seen in the pediatric population. Due to the rarity, the understanding of these diseases is still very limited. In children, most malignant FLLs are congenital. It is very important to choose appropriate imaging examination concerning various factors. This paper will outline common pediatric malignant FLLs, including hepatoblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma and discuss them against the background of the latest knowledge on comparable/similar tumors in adults. Medical imaging features are of vital importance for the non-invasive diagnosis and follow-up of treatment of FLLs in pediatric patients. The use of CEUS in pediatric patients for characterizing those FLLs that remain indeterminate on conventional B mode ultrasounds may be an effective option in the future and has great potential to be integrated into imaging algorithms without the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Andrius Cekuolis
- Ultrasound Section, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.C.); (R.A.)
| | | | - Rasa Augustiniene
- Ultrasound Section, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Centre, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Simone Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care Medicine, Sana Kliniken Duisburg GmbH, 47055 Duisburg, Germany;
| | - Kathleen Möller
- Medical Department I/Gastroenterology, SANA Hospital Lichtenberg, 10365 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nasenien Nourkami-Tutdibi
- Saarland University Medical Center, Hospital of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, 66421 Homburg, Germany;
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jia-Ying Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yun-Lin Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China; (Y.D.); (S.C.); (J.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Heike Taut
- Children’s Hospital, Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Lara Grevelding
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pneumology, Allergology, Infectious Diseases and Gastroenterology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph F. Dietrich
- Department Allgemeine Innere Medizin (DAIM), Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
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Ramani NS, Green LK. Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma to the bone diagnosed by fine needle aspiration in a veteran population. Diagn Cytopathol 2022; 50:335-340. [PMID: 35403368 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and it may present initially with extrahepatic spread in 5%-15% cases. It most commonly metastasizes to lungs, lymph nodes and adrenal glands. Skeletal metastases from HCC are uncommon and carry a very poor prognosis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed all fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens of metastatic HCC at our institution from January 1994 to March 2021 using the SNOMED search computer option. Relevant clinical information was obtained from the review of patient's electronic medical records. RESULTS There were 36 FNAs of metastatic HCC over a period of 27 years. Six patients (16.7%) were found to have skeletal metastases. All six patients were males with a median age of 59 years (54-71 years) and their lesions were osteolytic. The most common site of metastases was vertebra (3/50%). Most patients (67%) had bone metastases as an initial presentation, without prior history of HCC. The mean survival after the diagnosis of skeletal metastases was only 8 months. CONCLUSION Detection of extrahepatic HCC to bone is important to avoid any unwanted surgical intervention. In our patient population, the most common site of skeletal metastases from HCC was vertebra, therefore in FNAs of vertebral lytic masses, metastatic HCC should be considered. On FNA, extrahepatic metastases of HCC can mimic other poorly differentiated tumors. They behave in an aggressive fashion, resulting in a grim prognosis. Cytological substrates can be used for future molecular testing, if needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha S Ramani
- Department of Pathology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Linda K Green
- Department of Pathology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Taha MM, Taha MM, Ezzat M, Abouhashem S. Evolving metastasis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis as a cause of sciatic pain; pitfalls in diagnosis and management. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2021.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Cui M, Qu F, Wang L, Liu X, Yu J, Tang Z, Cheng D. m5C RNA methyltransferase-related gene NSUN4 stimulates malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and can be a prognostic marker. Cancer Biomark 2021; 33:389-400. [PMID: 34744073 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a cancer with relatively high mortality, yet little attention has been devoted for related prognostic biomarkers. This study analyzed differential expression of m5C RNA methyltransferase-related genes in normal samples and tumors samples in TCGA-LIHC using Wilcoxon test. K-means consensus clustering analysis was implemented to subdivide samples. Independent prognostic factors were screened by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was performed on the screened independent prognostic factor using GSEA tools. qPCR was conducted to test mRNA expression of key m5C RNA methyltransferase-related genes in tissues and cells. There were 7 m5C RNA methyltransferase-related genes (NOP2, NSUN4, etc.) differentially expressed in HCC tumor tissues. HCC samples were classified into 3 subgroups through clustering analysis according to the expression mode of m5C RNA methyltransferase-related genes. It was also discovered that patients in different subgroups presented significant differences in survival rate and distribution of grade. Additionally, NOP2, NSUN4 and NSUN5 expression notable varied in different grades. Through regression analyses combined with various clinical pathological factors, it was displayed that NSUN4 could work as an independent prognostic factor. KEGG analysis showed that NSUN4 mainly enriched in signaling pathways involved in ADHERENS JUNCTION, RNA DEGRADATION, MTOR SIGNALING PATHWAY, COMPLEMENT and COAGULATION CASCADES. As examined by qPCR, NSUN4 was conspicuously upregulated in HCC patient's tissues and cells. Altogether, our study preliminarily developed a novel biomarker that could be independently used in prognosis of HCC, which may provide a new direction for the study of related molecular mechanism or treatment regimen.
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