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Khella MS, Schnee P, Weirich S, Bui T, Bröhm A, Bashtrykov P, Pleiss J, Jeltsch A. The T1150A cancer mutant of the protein lysine dimethyltransferase NSD2 can introduce H3K36 trimethylation. J Biol Chem 2023:104796. [PMID: 37150325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine methyltransferases (PKMTs) play essential roles in gene expression regulation and cancer development. Somatic mutations in PKMTs are frequently observed in cancer cells. In biochemical experiments, we show here that the NSD1 mutations Y1971C, R2017Q and R2017L observed mostly in solid cancers are catalytically inactive suggesting that NSD1 acts as tumor suppressor gene in these tumors. In contrast, the frequently observed T1150A in NSD2 and its T2029A counterpart in NSD1, both observed in leukemia, are hyperactive and introduce up to thee methyl groups in H3K36 in biochemical and cellular assays, while wildtype NSD2 and NSD1 only introduce up to two methyl groups. In molecular dynamics simulations, we determine key mechanistic and structural features controlling the product specificity of this class of enzymes. Simulations with NSD2 revealed that H3K36me3 formation is possible due to an enlarged active site pocket of T1150A and loss of direct contacts of T1150 to critical residues which regulate the product specificity of NSD2. Bioinformatic analyses of published data suggested that the generation of H3K36me3 by NSD2 T1150A could alter gene regulation by antagonizing H3K27me3 finally leading to the upregulation of oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina S Khella
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, African Union Organization Street, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Philipp Schnee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sara Weirich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tan Bui
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Bröhm
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pavel Bashtrykov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Jeltsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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2
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Tang H, Yu A, Xing L, Chen X, Ding H, Yang H, Song Z, Shi Q, Geng M, Huang X, Zhang A. Structural Modification and Pharmacological Evaluation of Substituted Quinoline-5,8-diones as Potent NSD2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1634-1651. [PMID: 36642961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The histone lysine methyltransferase NSD2 is overexpressed, translocated, or mutated in multiple types of cancers and has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. However, the development of small-molecule NSD2 inhibitors is still in its infancy, and selective and efficacious NSD2 inhibitors are highly desirable. Here, in view of the structural novelty of the reported NSD2 inhibitor DA3003-1, we conducted a comprehensive structural optimization based on the quinoline-5,8-dione scaffold. Compound 15a was identified possessing both high NSD2 inhibitory activity and potent anti-proliferative effects in the cell. Meanwhile, compound 15a has an excellent pharmacokinetic profile with high oral bioavailability. Further, this compound was found to display significant antitumor efficacy with desirable safety profile in the multiple myeloma xenograft mice models, thus warranting it as a promising candidate for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Aisong Yu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Xing
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huaqian Ding
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200210,China
| | - Zilan Song
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiongyu Shi
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200210,China
| | - Meiyu Geng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xun Huang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200210,China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Drug Target Identification and Delivery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200210,China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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3
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Du Y, Qian C. Non‐canonical bivalent H3K4me3K9me3 recognition by Spindlin1/C11orf84 complex. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100229. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Du
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong
| | - Chengmin Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences The University of Hong Kong Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong
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4
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Chaouch A, Berlandi J, Chen CCL, Frey F, Badini S, Harutyunyan AS, Chen X, Krug B, Hébert S, Jeibmann A, Lu C, Kleinman CL, Hasselblatt M, Lasko P, Shirinian M, Jabado N. Histone H3.3 K27M and K36M mutations de-repress transposable elements through perturbation of antagonistic chromatin marks. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4876-4890.e7. [PMID: 34739871 PMCID: PMC9990445 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3.3 lysine-to-methionine substitutions K27M and K36M impair the deposition of opposing chromatin marks, H3K27me3/me2 and H3K36me3/me2. We show that these mutations induce hypotrophic and disorganized eyes in Drosophila eye primordia. Restriction of H3K27me3 spread in H3.3K27M and its redistribution in H3.3K36M result in transcriptional deregulation of PRC2-targeted eye development and of piRNA biogenesis genes, including krimp. Notably, both mutants promote redistribution of H3K36me2 away from repetitive regions into active genes, which associate with retrotransposon de-repression in eye discs. Aberrant expression of krimp represses LINE retrotransposons but does not contribute to the eye phenotype. Depletion of H3K36me2 methyltransferase ash1 in H3.3K27M, and of PRC2 component E(z) in H3.3K36M, restores the expression of eye developmental genes and normal eye growth, showing that redistribution of antagonistic marks contributes to K-to-M pathogenesis. Our results implicate a novel function for H3K36me2 and showcase convergent downstream effects of oncohistones that target opposing epigenetic marks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Chaouch
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johannes Berlandi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Carol C L Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Felice Frey
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Shireen Badini
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Krug
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Hébert
- The Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Astrid Jeibmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; The Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Lasko
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Margret Shirinian
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, McGill University and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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5
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Janssen KA, Coradin M, Lu C, Sidoli S, Garcia BA. Quantitation of Single and Combinatorial Histone Modifications by Integrated Chromatography of Bottom-up Peptides and Middle-down Polypeptide Tails. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2449-2459. [PMID: 31512222 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02303-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) by mass spectrometry (MS) has been critical to the advancement of the field of epigenetics. The most sensitive and accurate workflow is similar to the canonical proteomics analysis workflow (bottom-up MS), where histones are digested into short peptides (4-20 aa) and quantitated in extracted ion chromatograms. However, this limits the ability to detect even very common co-occurrences of modifications on histone proteins, preventing biological interpretation of PTM crosstalk. By digesting with GluC rather than trypsin, it is possible to produce long polypeptides corresponding to intact histone N-terminal tails (50-60 aa), where most modifications reside. This middle-down MS approach is used to study distant PTM co-existence. However, the most sensitive middle-down workflow uses weak cation exchange-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (WCX-HILIC), which is less robust than conventional reversed-phase chromatography. Additionally, since the buffer systems for middle-down and bottom-up proteomics differ substantially, it is cumbersome to toggle back and forth between both experimental setups on the same LC system. Here, we present a new workflow using porous graphitic carbon (PGC) as a stationary phase for histone analysis where bottom-up and middle-down sized histone peptides can be analyzed simultaneously using the same reversed-phase buffer setup. By using this protocol for middle-down sized peptides, we identified 406 uniquely modified intact histone tails and achieved a correlation of 0.85 between PGC and WCX-HILIC LC methods. Together, our method facilitates the analysis of single and combinatorial histone PTMs with much simpler applicability for conventional proteomics labs than the state-of-the-art middle-down MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Janssen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariel Coradin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Congcong Lu
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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6
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A mass spectrometry-based assay using metabolic labeling to rapidly monitor chromatin accessibility of modified histone proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13613. [PMID: 31541121 PMCID: PMC6754405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) contribute to chromatin accessibility due to their chemical properties and their ability to recruit enzymes responsible for DNA readout and chromatin remodeling. To date, more than 400 different histone PTMs and thousands of combinations of PTMs have been identified, the vast majority with still unknown biological function. Identification and quantification of histone PTMs has become routine in mass spectrometry (MS) but, since raising antibodies for each PTM in a study can be prohibitive, lots of potential is lost from MS datasets when uncharacterized PTMs are found to be significantly regulated. We developed an assay that uses metabolic labeling and MS to associate chromatin accessibility with histone PTMs and their combinations. The labeling is achieved by spiking in the cell media a 5x concentration of stable isotope labeled arginine and allow cells to grow for at least one cell cycle. We quantified the labeling incorporation of about 200 histone peptides with a proteomics workflow, and we confirmed that peptides carrying PTMs with extensively characterized roles in active transcription or gene silencing were in highly or poorly labeled forms, respectively. Data were further validated using next-generation sequencing to assess the transcription rate of chromatin regions modified with five selected PTMs. Furthermore, we quantified the labeling rate of peptides carrying co-existing PTMs, proving that this method is suitable for combinatorial PTMs. We focus on the abundant bivalent mark H3K27me3K36me2, showing that H3K27me3 dominantly represses histone swapping rate even in the presence of the more permissive PTM H3K36me2. Together, we envision this method will help to generate hypotheses regarding histone PTM functions and, potentially, elucidate the role of combinatorial histone codes.
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7
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Fu E, Shen J, Dong Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Chen F, Cheng Z, Zhao X, Shuai L, Lu X. Histone demethylase Kdm2a regulates germ cell genes and endogenous retroviruses in embryonic stem cells. Epigenomics 2019; 11:751-766. [PMID: 31172793 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the function of Kdm2a in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Materials & methods: Expression profile analysis after Kdm2a knockout. Analysis of Kdm2a, H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq data in ESCs. qPCR analysis and ChIP-qPCR analysis of epigenetic changes after Kdm2a loss. Results:Kdm2a was dispensable for pluripotency maintenance in ESCs. Kdm2a genomic binding profile was positively correlated with that of H3K4me3, Zfx and Tet1. Kdm2a directly regulated germ cell genes in primordial germ cell-like cells. Kdm2a loss led to the reduced expression of endogenous retrovirus IAPEy and resulted in the gain of H3K36me2 and loss of H3K4me3 on IAPEy. Conclusion: Kdm2a regulates germ cell genes and endogenous retroviruses in ESCs possibly through demethylating H3K36me2 and influencing H3K4me3 deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enze Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Fuquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Zhi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Ling Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin 300350, PR China
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8
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Abstract
Multiple mechanisms of epigenetic control that include DNA methylation, histone modification, noncoding RNAs, and mitotic gene bookmarking play pivotal roles in stringent gene regulation during lineage commitment and maintenance. Experimental evidence indicates that bivalent chromatin domains, i.e., genome regions that are marked by both H3K4me3 (activating) and H3K27me3 (repressive) histone modifications, are a key property of pluripotent stem cells. Bivalency of developmental genes during the G1 phase of the pluripotent stem cell cycle contributes to cell fate decisions. Recently, some cancer types have been shown to exhibit partial recapitulation of bivalent chromatin modifications that are lost along with pluripotency, suggesting a mechanism by which cancer cells reacquire properties that are characteristic of undifferentiated, multipotent cells. This bivalent epigenetic control of oncofetal gene expression in cancer cells may offer novel insights into the onset and progression of cancer and may provide specific and selective options for diagnosis as well as for therapeutic intervention.
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Zhao Q, Wu Y, Shan Z, Bai G, Wang Z, Hu J, Liu L, Li T, Shen J, Lei L. Serum starvation-induced cell cycle synchronization stimulated mouse rDNA transcription reactivation during somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:112. [PMID: 27515169 PMCID: PMC4981958 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND rDNA, the genes encoding ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is highly demanded for ribosome production and protein synthesis in growing cells such as pluripotent stem cells. rDNA transcription activity varies between cell types, metabolism conditions, and specific environmental challenges. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), partially reprogrammed cells, and somatic cells reveal different epigenetic signatures, including rDNA epigenetic marks. rDNA epigenetic characteristic resetting is not quite clear during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. Little is known that whether the different rDNA epigenetic status in donor cells will result in different rDNA transcription activities, and furthermore affect reprogramming efficiency. METHODS We utilized serum starvation-synchronized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to generate S-iPSCs. Both MEFs and serum-refeeding MEFs (S-MEFs) were reprogrammed to a pluripotent state. rDNA-related genes, UBF proteins, and rDNA methylation levels were detected during the MEF and S-MEF cell reprogramming process. RESULTS We demonstrated that, after transient inhibition, retroviral induced rRNA transcriptional activity was reprogrammed towards a pluripotent state. Serum starvation would stimulate rDNA transcription reactivation during somatic cell reprogramming. Serum starvation improved the methylation status of donor cells at rRNA gene promoter regions. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide insight into regulation of rDNA transcriptional activity during somatic cell reprogramming and allow for comparison of rDNA regulation patterns between iPSCs and S-iPSCs. Eventually, regulation of rDNA transcriptional activity will benefit partially reprogrammed cells to overcome the epigenetic barrier to pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshi Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yanshuang Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhiyan Shan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Guangyu Bai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Zhendong Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jingling Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Xuefu Road 194#, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.
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