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Infante A, Alcorta-Sevillano N, Macías I, Cabodevilla L, Medhat D, Lafaver B, Crawford TK, Phillips CL, Bueno AM, Sagastizabal B, Arroyo M, Campino A, Gerovska D, Araúzo-Bravo M, Gener B, Rodríguez CI. Galunisertib downregulates mutant type I collagen expression and promotes MSCs osteogenesis in pediatric osteogenesis imperfecta. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116725. [PMID: 38744219 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Qualitative alterations in type I collagen due to pathogenic variants in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes, result in moderate and severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI), a rare disease characterized by bone fragility. The TGF-β signaling pathway is overactive in OI patients and certain OI mouse models, and inhibition of TGF-β through anti-TGF-β monoclonal antibody therapy in phase I clinical trials in OI adults is rendering encouraging results. However, the impact of TGF-β inhibition on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from OI patients (OI-MSCs) is unknown. The following study demonstrates that pediatric skeletal OI-MSCs have imbalanced osteogenesis favoring the osteogenic commitment. Galunisertib, a small molecule inhibitor (SMI) that targets the TGF-β receptor I (TβRI), favored the final osteogenic maturation of OI-MSCs. Mechanistically, galunisertib downregulated type I collagen expression in OI-MSCs, with greater impact on mutant type I collagen, and concomitantly, modulated the expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy markers. In vivo, galunisertib improved trabecular bone parameters only in female oim/oim mice. These results further suggest that type I collagen is a tunable target within the bone ECM that deserves investigation and that the SMI, galunisertib, is a promising new candidate for the anti-TGF-β targeting for the treatment of OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantza Infante
- Stem Cells and Advanced Therapies Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Natividad Alcorta-Sevillano
- Stem Cells and Advanced Therapies Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Iratxe Macías
- Stem Cells and Advanced Therapies Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Leire Cabodevilla
- Stem Cells and Advanced Therapies Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Dalia Medhat
- Medical Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Brittany Lafaver
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Tara K Crawford
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | | | - Ana M Bueno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Getafe University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maitane Arroyo
- Department of Traumatology, Basurto Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ainara Campino
- Service of Pharmacy, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Daniela Gerovska
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Research Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia, Spain
| | - Marcos Araúzo-Bravo
- Computational Biology and Systems Biomedicine Research Group, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain
| | - Blanca Gener
- Stem Cells and Advanced Therapies Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; Service of Genetics, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Clara I Rodríguez
- Stem Cells and Advanced Therapies Group, Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain.
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Zhen C, Shi Y, Wang W, Zhou G, Li H, Lin G, Wang F, Tang B, Li X. Advancements in gradient bone scaffolds: enhancing bone regeneration in the treatment of various bone disorders. Biofabrication 2024; 16:032004. [PMID: 38688259 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad4595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bone scaffolds are widely employed for treating various bone disorders, including defects, fractures, and accidents. Gradient bone scaffolds present a promising approach by incorporating gradients in shape, porosity, density, and other properties, mimicking the natural human body structure. This design offers several advantages over traditional scaffolds. A key advantage is the enhanced matching of human tissue properties, facilitating cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, the gradient structure fosters a smooth transition between scaffold and surrounding tissue, minimizing the risk of inflammation or rejection. Mechanical stability is also improved, providing better support for bone regeneration. Additionally, gradient bone scaffolds can integrate drug delivery systems, enabling controlled release of drugs or growth factors to promote specific cellular activities during the healing process. This comprehensive review examines the design aspects of gradient bone scaffolds, encompassing structure and drug delivery capabilities. By optimizing the scaffold's inherent advantages through gradient design, bone regeneration outcomes can be improved. The insights presented in this article contribute to the academic understanding of gradient bone scaffolds and their applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Zhen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
- School of Arts and Design, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhen Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Guimei Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingtao Tang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250031, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelin Li
- School of Arts and Design, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
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Shanbhag S, Kampleitner C, Sanz-Esporrin J, Lie SA, Gruber R, Mustafa K, Sanz M. Regeneration of alveolar bone defects in the experimental pig model: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2024; 35:467-486. [PMID: 38450852 DOI: 10.1111/clr.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pigs are emerging as a preferred experimental in vivo model for bone regeneration. The study objective was to answer the focused PEO question: in the pig model (P), what is the capacity of experimental alveolar bone defects (E) for spontaneous regeneration in terms of new bone formation (O)? METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, electronic databases were searched for studies reporting experimental bone defects or extraction socket healing in the maxillae or mandibles of pigs. The main inclusion criteria were the presence of a control group of untreated defects/sockets and the assessment of regeneration via 3D tomography [radiographic defect fill (RDF)] or 2D histomorphometry [new bone formation (NBF)]. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes RDF and NBF. RESULTS Overall, 45 studies were included reporting on alveolar bone defects or extraction sockets, most frequently in the mandibles of minipigs. Based on morphology, defects were broadly classified as 'box-defects' (BD) or 'cylinder-defects' (CD) with a wide range of healing times (10 days to 52 weeks). Meta-analyses revealed pooled estimates (with 95% confidence intervals) of 50% RDF (36.87%-63.15%) and 43.74% NBF (30.47%-57%) in BD, and 44% RDF (16.48%-71.61%) and 39.67% NBF (31.53%-47.81%) in CD, which were similar to estimates of socket-healing [48.74% RDF (40.35%-57.13%) and 38.73% NBF (28.57%-48.89%)]. Heterogeneity in the meta-analysis was high (I2 > 90%). CONCLUSION A substantial body of literature revealed a high capacity for spontaneous regeneration in experimental alveolar bone defects of (mini)pigs, which should be considered in future studies of bone regeneration in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Shanbhag
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Carina Kampleitner
- Karl Donath Laboratory for Hard Tissue and Biomaterial Research, Division of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Javier Sanz-Esporrin
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stein-Atle Lie
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Reinhard Gruber
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Oral Biology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center for Translational Oral Research (TOR), Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariano Sanz
- ETEP Research Group, Faculty of Odontology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Huang X, Lou Y, Duan Y, Liu H, Tian J, Shen Y, Wei X. Biomaterial scaffolds in maxillofacial bone tissue engineering: A review of recent advances. Bioact Mater 2024; 33:129-156. [PMID: 38024227 PMCID: PMC10665588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maxillofacial bone defects caused by congenital malformations, trauma, tumors, and inflammation can severely affect functions and aesthetics of maxillofacial region. Despite certain successful clinical applications of biomaterial scaffolds, ideal bone regeneration remains a challenge in maxillofacial region due to its irregular shape, complex structure, and unique biological functions. Scaffolds that address multiple needs of maxillofacial bone regeneration are under development to optimize bone regeneration capacity, costs, operational convenience. etc. In this review, we first highlight the special considerations of bone regeneration in maxillofacial region and provide an overview of the biomaterial scaffolds for maxillofacial bone regeneration under clinical examination and their efficacy, which provide basis and directions for future scaffold design. Latest advances of these scaffolds are then discussed, as well as future perspectives and challenges. Deepening our understanding of these scaffolds will help foster better innovations to improve the outcome of maxillofacial bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangya Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Lou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Duan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun Tian
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xi Wei
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
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Bao DY, Yang Y, Tong X, Qin HY. Activation of wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway down regulated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells in an anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patient with EDA/EDAR/EDARADD mutation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23057. [PMID: 38169761 PMCID: PMC10758735 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the mechanism by which the Wnt/β-catenin pathway induces osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSCs) in anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (AED) with an Ectodysplasin A (EDA)/EDA receptor (EDAR)/EDARADD mutation. Methods An AED patient served as the AED group, whereas the other patients without AED were included in the normal group. Peripheral venous blood collected from the AED patient was subjected to whole-genome resequencing. BMSCs from the mandible of patients with AED and normal individuals were isolated and cultured in vitro. Cell proliferation assay was performed to compare the growth speed of BMSCs between the AED and normal groups. CHIR-99021, an activator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and XAV-939, an inhibitor, was used to manage BMSCs in an osteogenic environment in both groups. The expression of β-catenin was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while that of RUNX2 was detected by western blotting. Alizarin red was used for staining. Results A novel mutation (c.152T > A in EDA) and two known mutations (c.1109T > C in EDAR and c.27G > A in EDARADD) were identified. The growth rate in the normal group was higher than that in the AED group. In the normal group, the number and size of calcified nodes and the expression of RUNX-2 increased with CHIR-99021 treatment, which could be inhibited by XAV-939. In contrast, CHIR-99021 inhibited osteogenesis in the AED group and this effect was promoted by XAV-939. Conclusion Activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway downregulates osteogenesis of BMSCs in AED patients with EDA/EDAR/EDARADD gene mutations. Further investigation in more AED patients is required, given the wide range of mutations involved in AED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-yu Bao
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Department of Dental Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No.30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Dental Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No.30 Zhongyang Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hai-yan Qin
- Department of Stomatology, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Bello SA, Cruz-Lebrón J, Rodríguez-Rivera OA, Nicolau E. Bioactive Scaffolds as a Promising Alternative for Enhancing Critical-Size Bone Defect Regeneration in the Craniomaxillofacial Region. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4465-4503. [PMID: 37877225 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Reconstruction of critical-size bone defects (CSDs) in the craniomaxillofacial (CMF) region remains challenging. Scaffold-based bone-engineered constructs have been proposed as an alternative to the classical treatments made with autografts and allografts. Scaffolds, a key component of engineered constructs, have been traditionally viewed as biologically passive temporary replacements of deficient bone lacking intrinsic cues to promote osteogenesis. Nowadays, scaffolds are functionalized, giving rise to bioactive scaffolds promoting bone regeneration more effectively than conventional counterparts. This review focuses on the three approaches most used to bioactivate scaffolds: (1) conferring microarchitectural designs or surface nanotopography; (2) loading bioactive molecules; and (3) seeding stem cells on scaffolds, providing relevant examples of in vivo (preclinical and clinical) studies where these methods are employed to enhance CSDs healing in the CMF region. From these, adding bioactive molecules (specifically bone morphogenetic proteins or BMPs) to scaffolds has been the most explored to bioactivate scaffolds. Nevertheless, the downsides of grafting BMP-loaded scaffolds in patients have limited its successful translation into clinics. Despite these drawbacks, scaffolds containing safer, cheaper, and more effective bioactive molecules, combined with stem cells and topographical cues, remain a promising alternative for clinical use to treat CSDs in the CMF complex replacing autografts and allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A Bello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Junellie Cruz-Lebrón
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Osvaldo A Rodríguez-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
| | - Eduardo Nicolau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, United States
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce De León Ave, Suite 1-7, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, United States
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Mahajan A, Nengroo MA, Datta D, Katti DS. Converse modulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during expansion and differentiation phases of Infrapatellar fat pad-derived MSCs for improved engineering of hyaline cartilage. Biomaterials 2023; 302:122296. [PMID: 37696204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are potential candidates in cell-based therapy for cartilage repair and regeneration. However, during chondrogenic differentiation, MSCs undergo undesirable hypertrophic maturation. This poses a risk of ossification in the neo-tissue formed that eventually impedes the clinical use of MSCs for cartilage repair. TGF-β is a potent growth factor used for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, however, its role in hypertrophy remains ambiguous. In the present work, we decipher that TGF-β activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling through SMAD3 and increases the propensity of Infrapatellar fat pad derived MSCs (IFP-MSCs) towards hypertrophy. Notably, inhibiting TGF-β induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling suppresses hypertrophic progression and enhances chondrogenic ability of IFP-MSCs in plasma hydrogels. Additionally, we demonstrate that activating Wnt signaling during expansion phase, promotes proliferation and reduces senescence, while improving stemness of IFP-MSCs. Thus, conversely modulating Wnt signaling in vitro during expansion and differentiation phases generates hyaline-like cartilage with minimal hypertrophy. Importantly, pre-treatment of IFP-MSCs encapsulated in plasma hydrogel with Wnt modulators followed by subcutaneous implantation in nude mice resulted in formation of a cartilage tissue with negligible calcification. Overall, this study provides technological advancement on targeting Wnt/β-catenin pathway in a 3D scaffold, while maintaining the standard chondro-induction protocol to overcome the challenges associated with the clinical use of MSCs to engineer hyaline cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Mahajan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mushtaq A Nengroo
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Cancer Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dhirendra S Katti
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India; The Mehta Family Centre for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology-Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Dvorakova J, Wiesnerova L, Chocholata P, Kulda V, Landsmann L, Cedikova M, Kripnerova M, Eberlova L, Babuska V. Human cells with osteogenic potential in bone tissue research. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22:33. [PMID: 37013601 PMCID: PMC10069154 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-023-01096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration after injury or after surgical bone removal due to disease is a serious medical challenge. A variety of materials are being tested to replace a missing bone or tooth. Regeneration requires cells capable of proliferation and differentiation in bone tissue. Although there are many possible human cell types available for use as a model for each phase of this process, no cell type is ideal for each phase. Osteosarcoma cells are preferred for initial adhesion assays due to their easy cultivation and fast proliferation, but they are not suitable for subsequent differentiation testing due to their cancer origin and genetic differences from normal bone tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells are more suitable for biocompatibility testing, because they mimic natural conditions in healthy bone, but they proliferate more slowly, soon undergo senescence, and some subpopulations may exhibit weak osteodifferentiation. Primary human osteoblasts provide relevant results in evaluating the effect of biomaterials on cellular activity; however, their resources are limited for the same reasons, like for mesenchymal stem cells. This review article provides an overview of cell models for biocompatibility testing of materials used in bone tissue research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Dvorakova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Wiesnerova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Chocholata
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Kulda
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Landsmann
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Cedikova
- Biomedical Center, Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kripnerova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Lada Eberlova
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Babuska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Alej Svobody 1655/76, 323 00, Plzen, Czech Republic.
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Feng B, Zhang M, Qin C, Zhai D, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Chang J, Zhu Y, Wu C. 3D printing of conch-like scaffolds for guiding cell migration and directional bone growth. Bioact Mater 2023; 22:127-140. [PMID: 36203957 PMCID: PMC9525999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of severe bone defects remains an enormous challenge in clinic. Developing regenerative scaffolds to directionally guide bone growth is a potential strategy to overcome this hurdle. Conch, an interesting creature widely spreading in ocean, has tough spiral shell that can continuously grow along the spiral direction. Herein, inspired by the physiological features of conches, a conch-like (CL) scaffold based on β-TCP bioceramic material was successfully prepared for guiding directional bone growth via digital light processing (DLP)-based 3D printing. Benefiting from the spiral structure, the CL scaffolds significantly improved cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro compared to the conventional 3D scaffolds. Particularly, the spiral structure in the scaffolds could efficiently induce cells to migrate from the bottom to the top of the scaffolds, which was like “cells climbing stairs”. Furthermore, the capability of guiding directional bone growth for the CL scaffolds was demonstrated by a special half-embedded femoral defects model in rabbits. The new bone tissue could consecutively grow into the protruded part of the scaffolds along the spiral cavities. This work provides a promising strategy to construct biomimetic biomaterials for guiding directional bone tissue growth, which offers a new treatment concept for severe bone defects, and even limb regeneration. A conch-like scaffold was firstly developed for guiding directional bone growth. The CL scaffolds efficiently induced cells “climbing stairs”- like-migrating. The CL scaffolds showed improved bioactivities benefited from the spiral structure. This work provided a new treatment concept for severe bone defects.
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Pinkhasov I, Kabakov L, Nemcovsky CE, Weinreb M, Schlesinger P, Bender O, Gal M, Bar DZ, Weinberg E. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of oral masticatory and lining mucosa-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:807-818. [PMID: 36864739 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To reveal the heterogeneity of ex vivo-cultured human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from either masticatory or lining oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were retrieved from the lamina propria of the hard palate and alveolar mucosa of three individuals. The analysis of transcriptomic-level differences was accomplished using single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS Cluster analysis clearly distinguished between cells from the masticatory and lining oral mucosa, and revealed 11 distinct cell sub-populations, annotated as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells or mesenchymal stem cells. Interestingly, cells presenting a mesenchymal stem cell-like gene expression pattern were predominantly found in masticatory mucosa. Although cells of masticatory mucosa origin were highly enriched for biological processes associated with wound healing, those from the lining oral mucosa were highly enriched for biological processes associated with the regulation of epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our previous work had shown that cells from the lining and masticatory oral mucosae are phenotypically heterogeneous. Here, we extend these findings to show that these changes are not the result of differences in averages but rather represent two distinct cell populations, with mesenchymal stem cells more common in masticatory mucosa. These features may contribute to specific physiological functions and have relevance for potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Pinkhasov
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Kabakov
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Carlos E Nemcovsky
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miron Weinreb
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pnina Schlesinger
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Omer Bender
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maayan Gal
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Z Bar
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Evgeny Weinberg
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Opris H, Baciut M, Bran S, Dinu C, Armencea G, Opris D, Mitre I, Manea A, Stoia S, Tamas T, Barbur I, Baciut G. Characterization of eggshell as a bio-regeneration material. Med Pharm Rep 2023; 96:93-100. [PMID: 36818316 PMCID: PMC9924816 DOI: 10.15386/mpr-2476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to identify and summarize the characteristic features of eggshell for regeneration purpose in oral surgery procedures. Methods A review of literature was undertaken based on the PubMed database. A search to reveal the current state of knowledge and the current uses of the eggshell as a biomaterial was performed. The characteristics of the materials, the specific use, the procedure and the outcome were extracted from the articles. Results The materials have been found to be used in humans, animals, and in vitro studies. There is a wide use regarding oral surgery especially in experimental models. There have also been attempts to enhance certain properties and improve the capabilities of eggshell as a biomaterial. There is yet a commercial product to be developed and approved for human use. Conclusions Eggshell can be an important biowaste which can be of use in guided bone regeneration procedures, but it has not yet entered the commercial phase and approval through official regulation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horia Opris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baciut
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Bran
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristian Dinu
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gabriel Armencea
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daiana Opris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ileana Mitre
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Avram Manea
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian Stoia
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Tamas
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Barbur
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Grigore Baciut
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Implantology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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12
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Mitchell J, Lo KWH. Small molecule-mediated regenerative engineering for craniofacial and dentoalveolar bone. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1003936. [PMID: 36406208 PMCID: PMC9667056 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1003936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive reconstruction of extensive craniofacial and dentoalveolar defects remains a major clinical challenge to this day, especially in complex medical cases involving cancer, cranioplasty, and traumatic injury. Currently, osteogenic small molecule-based compounds have been explored extensively to repair and regenerate bone tissue because of their unique advantages. Over the past few years, a number of small molecules with the potential of craniofacial and periodontal bone tissue regeneration have been reported in literature. In this review, we discuss current progress using small molecules to regulate cranial and periodontal bone regeneration. Future directions of craniofacial bone regenerative engineering using the small molecule-based compounds will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mitchell
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Kevin W. H. Lo
- School of Medicine, Connecticut Convergence Institute for Translation in Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- School of Engineering, Institute of Materials Science (IMS), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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13
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Ahuja A, Tyagi PK, Kumar M, Sharma N, Prakash S, Radha, Chandran D, Dhumal S, Rais N, Singh S, Dey A, Senapathy M, Saleena LAK, Shanavas A, Mohankumar P, Rajalingam S, Murugesan Y, Vishvanathan M, Sathyaseelan SK, Viswanathan S, Kumar KK, Natta S, Mekhemar M. Botanicals and Oral Stem Cell Mediated Regeneration: A Paradigm Shift from Artificial to Biological Replacement. Cells 2022; 11:2792. [PMID: 36139367 PMCID: PMC9496740 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are a well-known autologous pluripotent cell source, having excellent potential to develop into specialized cells, such as brain, skin, and bone marrow cells. The oral cavity is reported to be a rich source of multiple types of oral stem cells, including the dental pulp, mucosal soft tissues, periodontal ligament, and apical papilla. Oral stem cells were useful for both the regeneration of soft tissue components in the dental pulp and mineralized structure regeneration, such as bone or dentin, and can be a viable substitute for traditionally used bone marrow stem cells. In recent years, several studies have reported that plant extracts or compounds promoted the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of different oral stem cells. This review is carried out by following the PRISMA guidelines and focusing mainly on the effects of bioactive compounds on oral stem cell-mediated dental, bone, and neural regeneration. It is observed that in recent years studies were mainly focused on the utilization of oral stem cell-mediated regeneration of bone or dental mesenchymal cells, however, the utility of bioactive compounds on oral stem cell-mediated regeneration requires additional assessment beyond in vitro and in vivo studies, and requires more randomized clinical trials and case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anami Ahuja
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow 226031, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut 250005, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR–Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Suraj Prakash
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Radha
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sci-ences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Sangram Dhumal
- Division of Horticulture, RCSM College of Agriculture, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Nadeem Rais
- Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer 305004, India
| | - Surinder Singh
- Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Marisennayya Senapathy
- Department of Rural Development and Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo P.O. Box 138, Ethiopia
| | - Lejaniya Abdul Kalam Saleena
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lampur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Arjun Shanavas
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - Pran Mohankumar
- School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, India
| | - Sureshkumar Rajalingam
- Department of Agronomy, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Yasodha Murugesan
- Department of Agronomy, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Marthandan Vishvanathan
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | | | - Sabareeshwari Viswanathan
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Keerthana Krishna Kumar
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore 642109, India
| | - Suman Natta
- ICAR—National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyong 737106, India
| | - Mohamed Mekhemar
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Chris-tian-Albrecht’s University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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14
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Pan Y, Gu Z, Lyu Y, Yang Y, Chung M, Pan X, Cai S. Link between senescence and cell fate: Senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and its effects on stem cell fate transition. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:160-172. [PMID: 35658548 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2022.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a form of durable cell cycle arrest elicited in response to a wide range of stimuli. Senescent cells remain metabolically active and secrete a variety of factors collectively termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP is highly pleiotropic and can impact numerous biological processes in which it has both beneficial and deleterious roles. The underlying mechanisms by which SASP exerts its pleiotropic influence remain largely unknown. SASP serves as an environmental factor, which regulates stem cell differentiation and alters its routine. The latter can potentially be accomplished through dedifferentiation, transdifferentiation, or reprogramming. Behavioral changes that cells undergo when exposed to SASP are involved in several senescence-associated physiological and pathological phenomena. These findings provide clues for identifying possible interventions to reduce the deleterious effects without interfering in the beneficial outcomes. Here, we discuss the multifaced effects of SASP and the changes occurring in cellular states upon exposure to SASP factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;
| | - Zhenzhen Gu
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yansi Lyu
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yi Yang
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;
| | - Manhon Chung
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 56694, Shanghai, China;
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- Shenzhen University, 47890, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;
| | - Sa Cai
- Shenzhen University, 47890, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China, 518060;
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15
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Shibli JA, Nagay BE, Suárez LJ, Urdániga Hung C, Bertolini M, Barão VAR, Souza JGS. Bone Tissue Engineering Using Osteogenic Cells: From the Bench to the Clinical Application. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2022; 28:179-192. [PMID: 35166162 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of tissue engineering to restore and to build new bone tissue is under active research at present. The following review summarizes the latest studies and clinical trials related to the use of osteogenic cells, biomaterials, and scaffolds to regenerate bone defects in the human jaws. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) combined with scaffolds have provided a range of advantages not only to transport the target cells to their desired destination but also to support the early phases of the mineralization process. The mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of scaffolds have been evaluated as they affect the quantity of bone regeneration, particularly in the oral cavity. This review also highlighted the mechanisms underlying bone homeostasis, including the key transcription factors and signaling pathways responsible for regulating the differentiation of osteoblast lineage. Furthering understanding of the mechanisms of cellular signaling in skeletal remodeling with the use of mesenchymal stem cells and the proper scaffold properties are key-factors to enable the incorporation of new and effective treatment methods into clinical practice for bone tissue regeneration using BTE. Impact Statement The use of mesenchymal stem cells able to differentiate in osteoblast lineage for bone tissue engineering (BTE) remains a major challenge. Viable cells and signaling pathways play an essential role in bone repair and regeneration of critical size defects. Recent advances in scaffolds and biological factors such as growth factors (e.g., cytokines and hormones) controlling the osteogenic signaling cascade are now becoming new players affecting the osteogenic potential of cells. Such techniques will significantly impact the maxillofacial bone tissue replacement, repair, and regeneration for patients without having to rely on donor banks or other surgical sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Awad Shibli
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Egumi Nagay
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lina J Suárez
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, Guarulhos, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Celeste Urdániga Hung
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valentim A R Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel S Souza
- Dental Research Division, Department of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina, Guarulhos, Brazil.,Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas-FCO), Montes Claros, Brazil
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16
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Fonticoli L, Della Rocca Y, Rajan TS, Murmura G, Trubiani O, Oliva S, Pizzicannella J, Marconi GD, Diomede F. A Narrative Review: Gingival Stem Cells as a Limitless Reservoir for Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084135. [PMID: 35456951 PMCID: PMC9024914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gingival tissue can be collected in an easy way and represent an accessible source to isolate gingival-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs). GMSCs are a subpopulation of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells that show the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) features, such as differentiation abilities and immunomodulatory properties. Dental-derived stem cells are also expandable in vitro with genomic stability and the possibility to maintain the stemness properties over a prolonged period of passages. Moreover, several preclinical studies have documented that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from GMSCs possess similar biological functions and therapeutic effects. The EVs may represent a promising tool in the cell-free regenerative therapy approach. The present review paper summarized the GMSCs, their multi-lineage differentiation capacities, immunomodulatory features, and the potential use in the treatment of several diseases in order to stimulate tissue regeneration. GMSCs should be considered a good stem cell source for potential applications in tissue engineering and regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigia Fonticoli
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ylenia Della Rocca
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Murmura
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Oriana Trubiani
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Oliva
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Guya Diletta Marconi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Diomede
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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17
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Glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat dental pulp stem cells via the β-catenin/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. J Dent Sci 2022; 17:802-810. [PMID: 35756816 PMCID: PMC9201544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) inhibitor enhances bone formation, while dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are potentially used to repair bone defects. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of AR-A014418 (AR, a specific glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor) on the migration and osteogenic differentiation of rat-derived dental pulp stem cells (rDPSCs), and further explore the underlying mechanism. Materials and methods rDPSCs were isolated from rats, and then cultured with different concentrations of AR with or without LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor). Then, cell viability, migration, osteogenic differentiation, and the involvement of PI3K pathway were detected by CCK-8 assay, Transwell assay, Alizarin Red S Staining, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, Western blot, and RT-PCR, respectively. Results Our present study demonstrated that AR of various concentrations (1 μM, 2.5 μM, and 5 μM) not only promoted the rDPSC proliferation and migration, but also increased calcium deposition, the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and levels of osteogenic markers (RUNX2, OPN, OCN, and OSX) in rDPSCs. It was also found that the administration of AR resulted in an increase in the expression level of p-GSK3β (Ser), β-catenin, p-PI3K, and p-Akt, and a reduction in p-GSK3β (Tyr216). Furthermore, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abrogated the enhanced cell migration and osteogenic differentiation of rDPSCs induced by AR. Conclusion Our results provide evidence that AR significantly promotes migration and osteogenic differentiation of rDPSCs by activating β-catenin/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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18
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Venkataiah VS, Yahata Y, Kitagawa A, Inagaki M, Kakiuchi Y, Nakano M, Suzuki S, Handa K, Saito M. Clinical Applications of Cell-Scaffold Constructs for Bone Regeneration Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:2687. [PMID: 34685667 PMCID: PMC8534498 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a process of combining live osteoblast progenitors with a biocompatible scaffold to produce a biological substitute that can integrate into host bone tissue and recover its function. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most researched post-natal stem cells because they have self-renewal properties and a multi-differentiation capacity that can give rise to various cell lineages, including osteoblasts. BTE technology utilizes a combination of MSCs and biodegradable scaffold material, which provides a suitable environment for functional bone recovery and has been developed as a therapeutic approach to bone regeneration. Although prior clinical trials of BTE approaches have shown promising results, the regeneration of large bone defects is still an unmet medical need in patients that have suffered a significant loss of bone function. In this present review, we discuss the osteogenic potential of MSCs in bone tissue engineering and propose the use of immature osteoblasts, which can differentiate into osteoblasts upon transplantation, as an alternative cell source for regeneration in large bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Suresh Venkataiah
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Yoshio Yahata
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Akira Kitagawa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
- OsteRenatos Ltd., Sendai Capital Tower 2F, 4-10-3 Central, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0021, Japan
| | - Masahiko Inagaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2266-98 Anagahora, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan;
| | - Yusuke Kakiuchi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Masato Nakano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Shigeto Suzuki
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Keisuke Handa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
- Department of Oral Science, Division of Oral Biochemistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka 238-8580, Japan
| | - Masahiro Saito
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (Y.Y.); (A.K.); (Y.K.); (M.N.); (S.S.); (K.H.); (M.S.)
- OsteRenatos Ltd., Sendai Capital Tower 2F, 4-10-3 Central, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0021, Japan
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19
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Manokawinchoke J, Watcharawipas T, Ekmetipunth K, Jiamjirachart M, Osathanon T. Dorsomorphin attenuates Jagged1-induced mineralization in human dental pulp cells. Int Endod J 2021; 54:2229-2242. [PMID: 34455605 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether TGF-β/BMP signalling participates in Jagged1-induced osteogenic differentiation in human dental pulp cells (hDPs). METHODOLOGY Bioinformatic analysis of publicly available RNA sequencing data of Jagged1-treated hDPs was performed using NetworkAnalyst. The mRNA expression was validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. hDPs were seeded on Jagged1 immobilized surfaces in the presence or absence of TGF-β or BMP inhibitor. Osteogenic differentiation was evaluated using alkaline phosphatase staining, osteogenic marker gene expression and mineralization assay. Statistical analyses were performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by a pairwise comparison for more than three group comparison. Mann-Whitney U-test was employed for two group comparison. The statistical significance was considered at p < .05. RESULTS Jagged1 treatment in growth medium significantly promoted TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 whilst significantly inhibited BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6 mRNA expression (p < .05). In osteogenic induction medium, Jagged1 significantly up-regulated TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 at days 1 and 3 (p < .05). Pre-treatment with TGF-β1, TGF-β2 or TGF-β3 prior to osteogenic induction resulted in the significant increase of osteogenic marker gene expression, collagen type 1 protein expression, alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity and mineral deposition (p < .05). However, TGF-β signalling inhibition with SB431542 (4 μmol L-1 ) or SB505124 (47 and 129 nmol L-1 ) failed to attenuate the effect of Jagged1-induced osteogenic differentiation in hDPs. Dorsomorphin (4 and 8 μmol L-1 ) treatment significantly abolished the effect of Jagged1 on mineralization by hDPs (p < .05). CONCLUSION Notch signalling activation by Jagged1 modulated TGF-β and BMP ligand expression. Dorsomorphin, but not TGF-β receptor inhibitor, attenuated Jagged1-induced osteogenic differentiation in hDPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranan Manokawinchoke
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thiphon Watcharawipas
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamoltham Ekmetipunth
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Manoch Jiamjirachart
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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20
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Xie Y, Liu S, Wang L, Yang H, Tai C, Ling L, Chen L, Liu S, Wang B. Individual heterogeneity screened umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells with high Treg promotion demonstrate improved recovery of mouse liver fibrosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:359. [PMID: 34158112 PMCID: PMC8220795 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the heterogeneities of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (HUCMSCs) derived from different donors and their therapeutic variations when applied to mouse liver fibrosis model. Methods The characteristics of HUCMSCs derived from multiple donors were comprehensively analyzed including expressions of surface markers, viability, growth curve, karyotype analysis, tumorigenicity, differentiation potentials, and immune regulation capability. Then, the HUCMSCs with distinct immunomodulatory effects were applied to treat mouse liver fibrosis and their therapeutic effects were observed. Results The HUCMSCs derived from multiple donors kept a high consistency in surface marker expressions, viability, growth curve, and tumorigenicity in nude mice but had robust heterogeneities in differentiation potentials and immune regulations. In addition, three HUCMSC lines applied to mice liver fibrosis model had different therapeutic outcomes, in line with individual immune regulation capability. Conclusion The HUCMSCs derived from different donors have individual heterogeneity, which potentially lead to distinct therapeutic outcomes in mouse liver fibrosis, indicating we could make use of the donor-variation of MSCs to screen out guaranteed general indicators of MSCs for specific diseases in further stromal cell therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02430-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xie
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liudi Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxu Tai
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Endocrinology, University Health Science Center, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, University Health Science Center, Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital and The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518052, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210000, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Song B, Fu H, Liu J, Ren K, Weir MD, Schneider A, Wang P, Song Y, Zhao L, Xu H. Bioactive small molecules in calcium phosphate scaffold enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:615-624. [PMID: 33814531 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2019-263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are exciting for regenerative medicine due to their multi-potent differentiation. SB431542 bioactive molecule can activate bone morphogenetic protein-signalling in osteoblasts. The objectives were to: (1) develop a novel injectable calcium phosphate cement (CPC)-SB431542 scaffold for dental/craniofacial bone engineering; and (2) investigate cell proliferation and osteo-differentiation of hiPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hiPSC-MSCs) on CPC-SB431542 scaffold. Three groups were tested: CPC control; CPC with SB431542 inside CPC (CPCSM); CPC with SB431542 in osteogenic medium (CPC+SMM). SB431542 in CPC promoted stem cell proliferation and viability. hiPSC-MSCs differentiated into osteogenic lineage and synthesized bone minerals. CPC with SB431542 showed much greater osteo-expressions and more bone minerals than those without SB431542. In conclusion, hiPSC-MSCs on CPC scaffold containing SB431542 showed excellent osteo-differentiation and bone mineral synthesis for the first time. CPC was a suitable scaffold for delivering stem cells and SB431542 to promote bone regeneration in dental/craniofacial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| | - Haijun Fu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| | - Abraham Schneider
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry.,Department of Prosthodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| | - Huakun Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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22
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Kim D, Lee AE, Xu Q, Zhang Q, Le AD. Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - A Comprehensive Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667221. [PMID: 33936109 PMCID: PMC8085523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been isolated and characterized from human gingival tissues (GMSCs). Similar to MSCs derived from other sources of tissues, e.g. bone marrow, adipose or umbilical cord, GMSCs also possess multipotent differentiation capacities and potent immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells through the secretion of various types of bioactive factors with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions. Uniquely, GMSCs are highly proliferative and have the propensity to differentiate into neural cell lineages due to the neural crest-origin. These properties have endowed GMSCs with potent regenerative and therapeutic potentials in various preclinical models of human disorders, particularly, some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, skin diseases, oral and maxillofacial disorders, and peripheral nerve injuries. All types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, that play critical roles in cell-cell communication through their cargos containing a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Like EVs released by other sources of MSCs, GMSC-derived EVs have been shown to possess similar biological functions and therapeutic effects on several preclinical diseases models as GMSCs, thus representing a promising cell-free platform for regenerative therapy. Taken together, due to the easily accessibility and less morbidity of harvesting gingival tissues as well as the potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions, GMSCs represent a unique source of MSCs of a neural crest-origin for potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alisa E Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qilin Xu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qunzhou Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anh D Le
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center of Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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23
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Pourlak T, Pourlak T, Ghodrati M, Mortazavi A, Dolati S, Yousefi M. Usage of stem cells in oral and maxillofacial region. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2020; 122:441-452. [PMID: 33099018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malformations of the maxillofacial region has disturbing psychosocial effects and causes enormous socioeconomic concerns. The management of maxillofacial defects caused by congenital anomalies, trauma, osteoporotic fractures, periodontitis, or cancer treatment is challenging for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Numerous approaches have been recommended for the managing of these deficiencies. The traditional treatment for maxillofacial defects or their repair is an intricate process by autologous bone grafts from the scapula, ribs, fibula, or iliac crest origins. Regenerative medicine is well thought-out as a perfect substitute approach for autologous bone grafts to renovate bone deficiencies. The use of stem cells has improved results and offered a technique to reconstruct craniofacial bone defects. The field of tissue engineering for the regeneration of maxillofacial needs integration of biochemical and biomaterial engineering aspects with cell transplantation to generate better-quality biomimetic scaffolds, prevascularize three-dimensional (3D) tissue structures, and engineer the composite interface of diverse facial tissues. In this review, we have discussed the application of different adult stem cells to repair oral and maxillofacial defects in animal models and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pourlak
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - T Pourlak
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Ghodrati
- Department of Endodontics, Dental and Periodental Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - A Mortazavi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S Dolati
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - M Yousefi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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24
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Stefańska K, Mehr K, Wieczorkiewicz M, Kulus M, Angelova Volponi A, Shibli JA, Mozdziak P, Skowroński MT, Antosik P, Jaśkowski JM, Piotrowska-Kempisty H, Kempisty B, Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska M. Stemness Potency of Human Gingival Cells-Application in Anticancer Therapies and Clinical Trials. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081916. [PMID: 32824702 PMCID: PMC7464983 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingivae, as the part of periodontium, are involved in tooth support and possess the ability to heal rapidly, without scar formation. Recently, dental tissues have been identified as a potential source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and several populations of MSCs were isolated from the orofacial region, including gingival mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs). GMSCs exhibit robust immunomodulatory and differentiation potential and are easily obtainable, which make them promising candidates for cellular therapies. Apart from being tested for application in immunologic- and inflammatory-related disorders and various tissue regeneration, GMSCs promise to be a valuable tool in cancer treatment, especially in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) with the use of targeted therapy, since GMSCs are able to selectively migrate towards the cancerous cells both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to their ability to uptake and release anti-neoplastic drugs, GMSCs may be transduced with apoptosis-inducing factors and used for cancer growth inhibition. Moreover, GMSCs, as most mammalian cells, secrete exosomes, which are a subset of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 40–160 nm, containing DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, and proteins. Such GMSCs-derived exosomes may be useful therapeutic tool in cell-free therapy, as well as their culture medium. GMSCs exhibit molecular and stem-cell properties that make them well suited in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Stefańska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Mehr
- Department of Gerostomatology and Pathology of Oral Cavity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska St., 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Maria Wieczorkiewicz
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.W.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Magdalena Kulus
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (P.A.)
| | - Ana Angelova Volponi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Dental Institute, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Jamil A. Shibli
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, R. Eng. Prestes Maia, 88-Centro, São Paulo 07023-070, Brazil;
| | - Paul Mozdziak
- Physiology Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7608, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA;
| | - Mariusz T. Skowroński
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.W.); (M.T.S.)
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (P.A.)
| | - Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland;
| | - Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd St., 60-631 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Torun, Poland; (M.K.); (P.A.)
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +48-61-8546565
| | - Marta Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska
- Department of Anatomy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 6 Święcickiego St., 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
- Department of Biomaterials and Experimental Dentistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 70 Bukowska St., 60-812 Poznan, Poland
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25
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Li L, Xiang S, Wang B, Lin H, Kihara S, Sun H, Alexander PG, Tuan RS. TGF-β1 plays a protective role in glucocorticoid-induced dystrophic calcification. Bone 2020; 136:115355. [PMID: 32259685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dystrophic calcification (DC) is the deposition of calcium in degenerated tissue which occurs as a reaction to tissue damage. Sometimes if tissue repair fails, it can progress into heterotopic ossification (HO), a pathological condition of abnormal bone formation. HO happens frequently in severe trauma patients such as in blast injury, central nervous system injury and burn injury, in which excessive endogenous glucocorticoid production has always been found. Glucocorticoids have a big impact on bone and muscle. However, few studies have investigated the impact of glucocorticoids on DC/HO formation in muscle. This study aimed to determine the role of glucocorticoids in DC/HO pathogenesis following muscular injury and the possible underlying mechanism. In this study, we administered a high dose of a synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (DEX), to animals with muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin (CTX) injection to mimic a glucocorticoid excess state following severe muscle trauma. The findings reported here showed that DEX treatment together with CTX-induced muscle injury led to a significant amount of DC in muscle. This effect was likely related to protein level alterations in the fibrinolytic system and resultant decreased circulating transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), given that supplementation of recombinant TGF-β1 markedly rescued this phenomenon. In summary, our results suggest that glucocorticoid excess impairs muscle regeneration and promotes DC/HO, and that TGF-β1 could be a key factor in modulating this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- La Li
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shiqi Xiang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hang Lin
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shinsuke Kihara
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hui Sun
- Musculoskeletal Growth & Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Graduate Program of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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26
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Kang W, Sun T, Tang D, Zhou J, Feng Q. Time-Course Transcriptome Analysis of Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reveals That Fusobacterium nucleatum Triggers Oncogene Expression in the Process of Cell Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:359. [PMID: 31993418 PMCID: PMC6970952 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum has pathogenic effects on oral squamous cell carcinoma and colon cancer, while the effects of continuously altered gene expression in normal human cells, as induced by persistent exposure to F. nucleatum, remain unclear. In this study, a microarray Significant Profiles (maSigPro) analysis was used to obtain the transcriptome profile of gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) stimulated by F. nucleatum for 3, 7, 14, and 21 day, and the results revealed 790 (nine clusters) differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were significantly enriched in cell adherens junctions and cancer-related pathways. On the basis of a short time-series expression miner (STEM) analysis, all the expressed genes in the GMSCs were grouped into 50 clusters according to dynamic gene expression patterns, and the expression levels of three gene clusters in the F. nucleatum-treated GMSCs were significantly different than the predicted values. Among the 790 DEGs, 50 tumor-associated genes (TAGs; such as L3MBTL4, CD163, CCCND2, CADM1, BCL7A, and IGF1) and five core dynamic DEGs (PLCG2, CHI3L2, L3MBTL4, SH2D2A, and NLRP3) were identified during F. nucleatum stimulation. Results from a GeneMANIA database analysis showed that PLCG2, CHI3L2, SH2D2A, and NLRP3 and 20 other proteins formed a complex network of which 12 genes were enriched in cancer-related pathways. Based on the five core dynamic DEGs, the related microRNAs (miRNAs) and transcription factors (TFs) were obtained from public resources, and an integrated network composed of the related TFs, miRNAs, and mRNAs was constructed. The results indicated that these genes were regulated by several miRNAs, such as miR-372-3p, miR-603, and miR-495-3p, and several TFs, including CREB3, GATA2, and SOX4. Our study suggests that long-term stimulation by F. nucleatum may trigger the expression of cancer-related genes in normal gingiva-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Kang
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyong Sun
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Di Tang
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Jiannan Zhou
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Feng
- Department of Human Microbiome, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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27
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Yin J, Chang HM, Yi Y, Yao Y, Leung PC. TGF-β1 Increases GDNF Production by Upregulating the Expression of GDNF and Furin in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010185. [PMID: 31936902 PMCID: PMC7016865 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is expressed at a high level in the human ovary and GDNF signaling is involved in the direct control of follicular activation and oocyte maturation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the regulation of various ovarian functions. Furin is an intracellular serine endopeptidase of the subtilisin family that is closely associated with the activation of multiple protein precursors. Despite the important roles of GDNF and TGF-β1 in the regulation of follicular development, whether TGF-β is able to regulate the expression and production of GDNF in human granulosa cells remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TGF-β1 on the production of GDNF and its underlying mechanisms in human granulosa-lutein (hGL) cells. We used two types of hGL cells (primary hGL cells and an established immortalized hGL cell line, SVOG cells) as study models. Our results show that TGF-β1 significantly induced the expression of GDNF and furin, which, in turn, increased the production of mature GDNF. Using a dual inhibition approach combining RNA interference and kinase inhibitors against cell signaling components, we showed that the TβRII type II receptor and ALK5 type I receptor are the principal receptors that mediated TGF-β1-induced cellular activity in hGL cells. Additionally, Sma- and Mad-related protein (SMAD)3 and SMAD4 are the downstream signaling transducers that mediate the biological response induced by TGF-β1. Furthermore, furin is the main proprotein convertase that induces the production of GDNF. These findings provide additional regulatory mechanisms by which an intrafollicular factor influences the production of another growth factor through a paracrine or autocrine interaction in hGL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Yin
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Hsun-Ming Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuyin Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (P.C.K.L.)
| | - Peter C.K. Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, and BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; (H.-M.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Y.); (P.C.K.L.)
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28
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Zhang QZ, Chen C, Chang MB, Shanti RM, Cannady SB, O'Malley BW, Shi S, Le AD. Oral Rehabilitation of Patients Sustaining Orofacial Injuries: The UPenn Initiative. Adv Dent Res 2019; 30:50-56. [PMID: 31633385 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519877400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tissue injuries in the oral and maxillofacial structures secondary to trauma, warfare, ablative cancer, and benign tumor surgery result in significant losses of speech, masticatory and swallowing functions, aesthetic deformities, and overall psychological stressors and compromise. Optimal oral rehabilitation remains a formidable challenge and an unmet clinical need due to the influence of multiple factors related to the physiologic limitations of tissue repair, the lack of site and function-specific donor tissues and constructs, and an integrated team of multidisciplinary professionals. The advancements in stem cell biology, biomaterial science, and tissue engineering technologies, particularly the 3-dimensional bioprinting technology, together with digital imaging and computer-aided design and manufacturing technologies, have paved the path for personalized/precision regenerative medicine. At the University of Pennsylvania, we have launched the initiative to integrate multidisciplinary health professionals and translational/clinical scientists in medicine, dentistry, stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine to develop a comprehensive, patient-centered approach for precision and personalized reconstruction, as well as oral rehabilitation of patients sustaining orofacial tissue injuries and defects, especially oral cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Z Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Chen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M B Chang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R M Shanti
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S B Cannady
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B W O'Malley
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Shi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A D Le
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Pizzicannella J, Marconi GD, Pierdomenico SD, Cavalcanti MFXB, Diomede F, Trubiani O. Bovine pericardium membrane, gingival stem cells, and ascorbic acid: a novel team in regenerative medicine. Eur J Histochem 2019; 63:3064. [PMID: 31696691 PMCID: PMC6767323 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2019.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the development and the application of 3D scaffold able to promote stem cell differentiation represented an essential field of interest in regenerative medicine. In particular, functionalized scaffolds improve bone tissue formation and promote bone defects repair. This research aims to evaluate the role of ascorbic acid (AS) supplementation in an in vitro model, in which a novel 3D-scaffold, bovine pericardium collagen membrane called BioRipar (BioR) was functionalized with human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hGMSCs). As extensively reported in the literature, AS is an essential antioxidant molecule involved in the extracellular matrix secretion and in the osteogenic induction. Specifically, hGMSCs were seeded on BioR and treated with 60 and 90 μg/mL of AS in order to assess their growth behavior, the expression of bone specific markers involved in osteogenesis (runt-related transcription factor 2, RUNX2; collagen1A1, COL1A1; osteopontin, OPN; bone morphogenetic protein2/4, BMP2/4), and de novo deposition of calcium. The expression of COL1A1, RUNX2, BMP2/4 and OPN was evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, and proved to be upregulated. Our results demonstrate that after three weeks of treatment AS at 60 and 90 μg/mL operates as an osteogenic inductor in hGMSCs. These data indicate that the AS supplementation produces an enhancement of osteogenic phenotype commitment in an in vitro environment. For this reason, AS could represent a valid support for basic and translational research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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