1
|
Xue Z, Liao Y, Li Y. Effects of microenvironment and biological behavior on the paracrine function of stem cells. Genes Dis 2024; 11:135-147. [PMID: 37588208 PMCID: PMC10425798 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the most well-studied cell type in the field of stem cell therapy, have multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal potential. MSC-based therapies have been used to treat diverse diseases because of their ability to potently repair tissue and locally restore function. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that paracrine function is central to the effects of MSC-based therapy. Growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, extracellular matrix components, and extracellular vehicles all contribute to the beneficial effects of MSCs on tissue regeneration and repair. The paracrine substances secreted by MSCs change depending on the tissue microenvironment and biological behavior. In this review, we discuss the bioactive substances secreted by MSCs depending on the microenvironment and biological behavior and their regulatory mechanisms, which explain their potential to treat human diseases, to provide new ideas for further research and clinical cell-free therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Xue
- The Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Yunjun Liao
- The Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| | - Ye Li
- The Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Q, Li J, Chang J, Guo Y, Wen D. The characteristics and medical applications of antler stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:225. [PMID: 37649124 PMCID: PMC10468909 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antlers are the only fully regenerable mammalian appendages whose annual renewal is initiated by antler stem cells (ASCs), defined as a specialized type of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with embryonic stem cell properties. ASCs possess the same biological features as MSCs, including the capacity for self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation, immunomodulatory functions, and the maintenance of stem cell characteristics after multiple passages. Several preclinical studies have shown that ASCs exhibit promising potential in wound healing, bone repair, osteoarthritis, anti-tissue fibrosis, anti-aging, and hair regeneration. Medical applications based on ASCs and ASC-derived molecules provide a new source of stem cells and therapeutic modalities for regenerative medicine. This review begins with a brief description of antler regeneration and the role of ASCs. Then, the properties and advantages of ASCs are described. Finally, medical research advances regarding ASCs are summarized, and the prospects and challenges of ASCs are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiannan Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinghui Chang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dacheng Wen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jammes M, Contentin R, Cassé F, Galéra P. Equine osteoarthritis: Strategies to enhance mesenchymal stromal cell-based acellular therapies. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1115774. [PMID: 36846261 PMCID: PMC9950114 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease that eventually leads to the complete degradation of articular cartilage. Articular cartilage has limited intrinsic capacity for self-repair and, to date, there is no curative treatment for OA. Humans and horses have a similar articular cartilage and OA etiology. Thus, in the context of a One Health approach, progress in the treatment of equine OA can help improve horse health and can also constitute preclinical studies for human medicine. Furthermore, equine OA affects horse welfare and leads to significant financial losses in the equine industry. In the last few years, the immunomodulatory and cartilage regenerative potentials of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated, but have also raised several concerns. However, most of MSC therapeutic properties are contained in their secretome, particularly in their extracellular vesicles (EVs), a promising avenue for acellular therapy. From tissue origin to in vitro culture methods, various aspects must be taken into consideration to optimize MSC secretome potential for OA treatment. Immunomodulatory and regenerative properties of MSCs can also be enhanced by recreating a pro-inflammatory environment to mimic an in vivo pathological setting, but more unusual methods also deserve to be investigated. Altogether, these strategies hold substantial potential for the development of MSC secretome-based therapies suitable for OA management. The aim of this mini review is to survey the most recent advances on MSC secretome research with regard to equine OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Jammes
- BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, Normandie University, Caen, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poplawski P, Alseekh S, Jankowska U, Skupien-Rabian B, Iwanicka-Nowicka R, Kossowska H, Fogtman A, Rybicka B, Bogusławska J, Adamiok-Ostrowska A, Hanusek K, Hanusek J, Koblowska M, Fernie AR, Piekiełko-Witkowska A. Coordinated reprogramming of renal cancer transcriptome, metabolome and secretome associates with immune tumor infiltration. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:2. [PMID: 36604669 PMCID: PMC9814214 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of renal cancer. The molecules (proteins, metabolites) secreted by tumors affect their extracellular milieu to support cancer progression. If secreted in amounts detectable in plasma, these molecules can also serve as useful, minimal invasive biomarkers. The knowledge of ccRCC tumor microenvironment is fragmentary. In particular, the links between ccRCC transcriptome and the composition of extracellular milieu are weakly understood. In this study, we hypothesized that ccRCC transcriptome is reprogrammed to support alterations in tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we comprehensively analyzed ccRCC extracellular proteomes and metabolomes as well as transcriptomes of ccRCC cells to find molecules contributing to renal tumor microenvironment. METHODS Proteomic and metabolomics analysis of conditioned media isolated from normal kidney cells as well as five ccRCC cell lines was performed using mass spectrometry, with the following ELISA validation. Transcriptomic analysis was done using microarray analysis and validated using real-time PCR. Independent transcriptomic and proteomic datasets of ccRCC tumors were used for the analysis of gene and protein expression as well as the level of the immune infiltration. RESULTS Renal cancer secretome contained 85 proteins detectable in human plasma, consistently altered in all five tested ccRCC cell lines. The top upregulated extracellular proteins included SPARC, STC2, SERPINE1, TGFBI, while downregulated included transferrin and DPP7. The most affected extracellular metabolites were increased 4-hydroxy-proline, succinic acid, cysteine, lactic acid and downregulated glutamine. These changes were associated with altered expression of genes encoding the secreted proteins (SPARC, SERPINE1, STC2, DPP7), membrane transporters (SLC16A4, SLC6A20, ABCA12), and genes involved in protein trafficking and secretion (KIF20A, ANXA3, MIA2, PCSK5, SLC9A3R1, SYTL3, and WNTA7). Analogous expression changes were found in ccRCC tumors. The expression of SPARC predicted the infiltration of ccRCC tumors with endothelial cells. Analysis of the expression of the 85 secretome genes in > 12,000 tumors revealed that SPARC is a PanCancer indicator of cancer-associated fibroblasts' infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic reprogramming of ccRCC supports the changes in an extracellular milieu which are associated with immune infiltration. The proteins identified in our study represent valuable cancer biomarkers detectable in plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Poplawski
- grid.414852.e0000 0001 2205 7719Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- grid.418390.70000 0004 0491 976XMax-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.510916.a0000 0004 9334 5103Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Urszula Jankowska
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bozena Skupien-Rabian
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Roksana Iwanicka-Nowicka
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland ,grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory for Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Helena Kossowska
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Fogtman
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory for Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Rybicka
- grid.414852.e0000 0001 2205 7719Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Bogusławska
- grid.414852.e0000 0001 2205 7719Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Adamiok-Ostrowska
- grid.414852.e0000 0001 2205 7719Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Hanusek
- grid.414852.e0000 0001 2205 7719Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Hanusek
- grid.414852.e0000 0001 2205 7719Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Koblowska
- grid.12847.380000 0004 1937 1290Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland ,grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Laboratory for Microarray Analysis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- grid.418390.70000 0004 0491 976XMax-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.510916.a0000 0004 9334 5103Center for Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska
- grid.414852.e0000 0001 2205 7719Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, ul. Marymoncka 99/103, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bagge J, Berg LC, Janes J, MacLeod JN. Donor age effects on in vitro chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation performance of equine bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:388. [PMID: 36329434 PMCID: PMC9632053 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow (BM)- and adipose tissue (AT)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown potential as cell-based therapies for cartilage and bone injuries and are used increasingly in human and veterinary practice to facilitate the treatment of orthopedic conditions. However, human and rodent studies have documented a sharp decline in chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation potential with increasing donor age, which may be problematic for the important demographic of older orthopedic patients. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of donor age on the chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation performance of equine BM- and AT-MSCs in vitro. BM- and AT-MSCs and dermal fibroblasts (biological negative control) were harvested from horses in five different age groups (n = 4, N = 60); newborn (0 days), yearling (15-17 months), adult (5-8 years), middle-aged (12-18 years), and geriatric (≥ 22 years). Chondrogenic differentiation performance was assessed quantitatively by measuring pellet size, matrix proteoglycan levels, and gene expression of articular cartilage biomarkers. Osteogenic differentiation performance was assessed quantitatively by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and gene expression of bone biomarkers. RESULTS Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation performance of equine BM- and AT-MSCs declined with increasing donor age. BM-MSCs had a higher chondrogenic differentiation performance. AT-MSCs showed minimal chondrogenic differentiation performance in all age groups. For osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase activity was also higher in BM-MSCs, but BM-MSCs calcium deposition was affected by donor age earlier than AT-MSCs. Chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation performance of BM-MSCs exhibited a decline as early as between the newborn and yearling samples. Steady state levels of mRNA encoding growth factors, chondrogenic, and osteogenic biomarkers were lower with increasing donor age in both MSC types. CONCLUSIONS The data showed that chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation performance of equine BM-MSCs declined already in yearlings, and that AT-MSCs showed minimal chondrogenic potential, but were affected later by donor age with regards to osteogenesis (calcium deposition). The results highlight the importance of donor age considerations and MSC selection for cell-based treatment of orthopedic injuries and will help inform clinicians on when to implement or potentially cryopreserve cells. Moreover, the study provides molecular targets affected by donor age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Bagge
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark ,grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| | - Lise Charlotte Berg
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Agrovej 8, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Jennifer Janes
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, 1490 Bull Lea Rd, Lexington, KY 40511 USA
| | - James N. MacLeod
- grid.266539.d0000 0004 1936 8438Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Rd, Lexington, KY 40546 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koch DW, Berglund AK, Messenger KM, Gilbertie JM, Ellis IM, Schnabel LV. Interleukin-1β in tendon injury enhances reparative gene and protein expression in mesenchymal stem cells. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:963759. [PMID: 36032300 PMCID: PMC9410625 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.963759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injury in the horse carries a high morbidity and monetary burden. Despite appropriate therapy, reinjury is estimated to occur in 50–65% of cases. Although intralesional mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has improved tissue architecture and reinjury rates, the mechanisms by which they promote repair are still being investigated. Additionally, reevaluating our application of MSCs in tendon injury is necessary given recent evidence that suggests MSCs exposed to inflammation (deemed MSC licensing) have an enhanced reparative effect. However, applying MSC therapy in this context is limited by the inadequate quantification of the temporal cytokine profile in tendon injury, which hinders our ability to administer MSCs into an environment that could potentiate their effect. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to define the temporal cytokine microenvironment in a surgically induced model of equine tendon injury using ultrafiltration probes and subsequently evaluate changes in MSC gene and protein expression following in vitro inflammatory licensing with cytokines of similar concentration as identified in vivo. In our in vivo surgically induced tendon injury model, IL-1β and IL-6 were the predominant pro-inflammatory cytokines present in tendon ultrafiltrate where a discrete peak in cytokine concentration occurred within 48 h following injury. Thereafter, MSCs were licensed in vitro with IL-1β and IL-6 at a concentration identified from the in vivo study; however, only IL-1β induced upregulation of multiple genes beneficial to tendon healing as identified by RNA-sequencing. Specifically, vascular development, ECM synthesis and remodeling, chemokine and growth factor function alteration, and immunomodulation and tissue reparative genes were significantly upregulated. A significant increase in the protein expression of IL-6, VEGF, and PGE2 was confirmed in IL-1β-licensed MSCs compared to naïve MSCs. This study improves our knowledge of the temporal tendon cytokine microenvironment following injury, which could be beneficial for the development and determining optimal timing of administration of regenerative therapies. Furthermore, these data support the need to further study the benefit of MSCs administered within the inflamed tendon microenvironment or exogenously licensed with IL-1β in vitro prior to treatment as licensed MSCs could enhance their therapeutic benefit in the healing tendon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Drew W. Koch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alix K. Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Kristen M. Messenger
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jessica M. Gilbertie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ilene M. Ellis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Lauren V. Schnabel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roth SP, Burk J, Brehm W, Troillet A. MSC in Tendon and Joint Disease: The Context-Sensitive Link Between Targets and Therapeutic Mechanisms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:855095. [PMID: 35445006 PMCID: PMC9015188 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.855095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represent a promising treatment option for tendon disorders and joint diseases, primarily osteoarthritis. Since MSC are highly context-sensitive to their microenvironment, their therapeutic efficacy is influenced by their tissue-specific pathologically altered targets. These include not only cellular components, such as resident cells and invading immunocompetent cells, but also components of the tissue-characteristic extracellular matrix. Although numerous in vitro models have already shown potential MSC-related mechanisms of action in tendon and joint diseases, only a limited number reflect the disease-specific microenvironment and allow conclusions about well-directed MSC-based therapies for injured tendon and joint-associated tissues. In both injured tissue types, inflammatory processes play a pivotal pathophysiological role. In this context, MSC-mediated macrophage modulation seems to be an important mode of action across these tissues. Additional target cells of MSC applied in tendon and joint disorders include tenocytes, synoviocytes as well as other invading and resident immune cells. It remains of critical importance whether the context-sensitive interplay between MSC and tissue- and disease-specific targets results in an overall promotion or inhibition of the desired therapeutic effects. This review presents the authors’ viewpoint on disease-related targets of MSC therapeutically applied in tendon and joint diseases, focusing on the equine patient as valid animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pauline Roth
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department for Horses, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- Equine Clinic (Surgery, Orthopedics), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Walter Brehm
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department for Horses, Veterinary Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antonia Troillet
- Clinic for Horses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Antonia Troillet,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yue D, Du L, Zhang B, Wu H, Yang Q, Wang M, Pan J. Time-dependently Appeared Microenvironmental Changes and Mechanism after Cartilage or Joint Damage and the Influences on Cartilage Regeneration. Organogenesis 2021; 17:85-99. [PMID: 34806543 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2021.1991199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage and joint damage easily degenerates cartilage and turns into osteoarthritis (OA), which seriously affects human life and work, and has no cure currently. The temporal and spatial changes of multiple microenvironments upon the damage of cartilage and joint are noticed, including the emergences of inflammation, bone remodeling, blood vessels, and nerves, as well as alterations of extracellular and pericellular matrix, oxygen tension, biomechanics, underneath articular cartilage tissues, and pH value. This review summarizes the existing literatures on microenvironmental changes, mechanisms, and their negative effects on cartilage regeneration following cartilage and joint damage. We conclude that time-dependently rebuilding the multiple normal microenvironments of damaged cartilage is the key for cartilage regeneration after systematic studies for the timing and correlations of various microenvironment changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Yue
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lin Du
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Huan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Orthopedic Department, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Y-27632 Promotes the Repair Effect of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells on Corneal Endothelial Wound Healing. Cornea 2021; 40:203-214. [PMID: 33086282 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the proliferation of umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (UCB EPCs) and the differentiation efficiency toward corneal endothelial cell (CEC)-like cells induced by rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 and to determine the most effective strategy for repairing corneal endothelium injuries in rabbits. METHODS UCB EPCs were cultured in Endothelial Cell Growth Medium-2 (EGM-2) media or conditioned media (CM) from human CECs, with and without the addition of Y-27632. Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) immunocytochemistry and cell counting kit-8 assays were used to examine the proliferation of the cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunocytochemistry were used to detect the CEC markers. Nd:YAG laser was used to establish an appropriate endothelium injury model based on rabbit corneas. The following intracameral injections were then performed to repair the model: 100 μL Opti-MEM I reduced serum medium (model group), 2 × 105 UCB EPCs diluted in 100 μL Opti-MEM I reduced serum medium (EPC group), 100 μM Y-27632 diluted in 100 μL Opti-MEM I reduced serum medium (Y-27632 group), and 2 × 105 UCB EPCs supplemented with 100 μM Y-27632 (final volume 100 μL, EPC/Y-27632 group). The follow-up tests focused on corneal transparency, central corneal thickness, intraocular pressure, and in vivo confocal microscopy, which were performed to evaluate the healing of the wounds. RESULTS Culturing UCB EPCs in CM supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 resulted in higher proliferation rates compared with EGM-2 media and CM. There were significantly improved protein levels of Zona Occludens 1, N-cadherin, Na+-K+-ATPase α1, Na+-K+-ATPase β1, and Pax6 and improved mRNA levels of collagen type IV and VIII and AQP1. The combined intracameral injection of Y-27632 and UCB EPCs accelerated the recovery of corneal transparency, regression of corneal edema, and healing of the corneal endothelium compared with the injections of Y-27632 and UCB EPCs on their own. CONCLUSIONS Y-27632 not only promotes the proliferation of UCB EPCs but also contributes to differentiation of UCB EPCs toward CECs in the presence of CM. The intracameral injection of Y-27632 itself promotes the healing of corneal endothelium wounds. On this basis, supplementing UCB EPCs with Y-27632 accelerates the healing of corneal endothelium wounds.
Collapse
|
10
|
Equine Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Freeze-Dried Secretome (Lyosecretome) for the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Diseases: Production Process Validation and Batch Release Test for Clinical Use. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060553. [PMID: 34200627 PMCID: PMC8226765 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, it has been demonstrated that the regenerative therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cells is primarily due to the secretion of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles, collectively known as secretome. In this context, our work described the preparation and characterization of a freeze-dried secretome (Lyosecretome) from adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for the therapy of equine musculoskeletal disorder. An intraarticular injectable pharmaceutical powder has been formulated, and the technological process has been validated in an authorized facility for veterinary clinical-use medicinal production. Critical parameters for quality control and batch release have been identified regarding (i) physicochemical properties; (ii) extracellular vesicle morphology, size distribution, and surface biomarker; (iii) protein and lipid content; (iv) requirements for injectable pharmaceutical dosage forms such as sterility, bacterial endotoxin, and Mycoplasma; and (v) in vitro potency tests, as anti-elastase activity and proliferative activity on musculoskeletal cell lines (tenocytes and chondrocytes) and mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, proteins putatively responsible for the biological effects have been identified by Lyosecretome proteomic investigation: IL10RA, MXRA5, RARRES2, and ANXA1 modulate the inflammatory process RARRES2, NOD1, SERPINE1, and SERPINB9 with antibacterial activity. The work provides a proof-of-concept for the manufacturing of clinical-grade equine freeze-dried secretome, and prototypes are now available for safety and efficacy clinical trials in the treatment of equine musculoskeletal diseases
Collapse
|
11
|
Chang C, Yan J, Yao Z, Zhang C, Li X, Mao H. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Paracrine Signals and Their Delivery Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001689. [PMID: 33433956 PMCID: PMC7995150 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely studied as a versatile cell source for tissue regeneration and remodeling due to their potent bioactivity, which includes modulation of inflammation response, macrophage polarization toward proregenerative lineage, promotion of angiogenesis, and reduction in fibrosis. This review focuses on profiling the effects of paracrine signals of MSCs, commonly referred to as the secretome, and highlighting the various engineering approaches to tune the MSC secretome. Recent advances in biomaterials‐based therapeutic strategies for delivery of MSCs and MSC‐derived secretome in the form of extracellular vesicles are discussed, along with their advantages and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Jerry Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Zhicheng Yao
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program and Department of Neurological Sciences University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68198 USA
| | - Hai‐Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21205 USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21287 USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21218 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harman RM, Marx C, Van de Walle GR. Translational Animal Models Provide Insight Into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) Secretome Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654885. [PMID: 33869217 PMCID: PMC8044970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome, consisting of all molecules secreted by MSCs, is intensively studied. MSCs can be readily isolated, expanded, and manipulated in culture, and few people argue with the ethics of their collection. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, most MSC secretome-based therapies have not been implemented in human medicine, in part because the complexity of bioactive factors secreted by MSCs is not completely understood. In addition, the MSC secretome is variable, influenced by individual donor, tissue source of origin, culture conditions, and passage. An increased understanding of the factors that make up the secretome and the ability to manipulate MSCs to consistently secrete factors of biologic importance will improve MSC therapy. To aid in this goal, we can draw from the wealth of information available on secreted factors from MSC isolated from veterinary species. These translational animal models will inspire efforts to move human MSC secretome therapy from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Regenerative Medicine for Equine Musculoskeletal Diseases. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010234. [PMID: 33477808 PMCID: PMC7832834 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lameness due to musculoskeletal disease is the most common diagnosis in equine veterinary practice. Many of these orthopaedic disorders are chronic problems, for which no clinically satisfactory treatment exists. Thus, high hopes are pinned on regenerative medicine, which aims to replace or regenerate cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. Some regenerative medicine therapies have already made their way into equine clinical practice mainly to treat tendon injures, tendinopathies, cartilage injuries and degenerative joint disorders with promising but diverse results. This review summarises the current knowledge of commonly used regenerative medicine treatments and critically discusses their use. Abstract Musculoskeletal injuries and chronic degenerative diseases commonly affect both athletic and sedentary horses and can entail the end of their athletic careers. The ensuing repair processes frequently do not yield fully functional regeneration of the injured tissues but biomechanically inferior scar or replacement tissue, causing high reinjury rates, degenerative disease progression and chronic morbidity. Regenerative medicine is an emerging, rapidly evolving branch of translational medicine that aims to replace or regenerate cells, tissues, or organs to restore or establish normal function. It includes tissue engineering but also cell-based and cell-free stimulation of endogenous self-repair mechanisms. Some regenerative medicine therapies have made their way into equine clinical practice mainly to treat tendon injures, tendinopathies, cartilage injuries and degenerative joint disorders with promising results. However, the qualitative and quantitative spatiotemporal requirements for specific bioactive factors to trigger tissue regeneration in the injury response are still unknown, and consequently, therapeutic approaches and treatment results are diverse. To exploit the full potential of this burgeoning field of medicine, further research will be required and is ongoing. This review summarises the current knowledge of commonly used regenerative medicine treatments in equine patients and critically discusses their use.
Collapse
|
14
|
Harman RM, Patel RS, Fan JC, Park JE, Rosenberg BR, Van de Walle GR. Single-cell RNA sequencing of equine mesenchymal stromal cells from primary donor-matched tissue sources reveals functional heterogeneity in immune modulation and cell motility. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 33276815 PMCID: PMC7716481 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-02043-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) therapy is thought to depend on the intrinsic heterogeneity of MSC cultures isolated from different tissue sources as well as individual MSCs isolated from the same tissue source, neither of which is well understood. To study this, we used MSC cultures isolated from horses. The horse is recognized as a physiologically relevant large animal model appropriate for translational MSC studies. Moreover, due to its large size the horse allows for the simultaneous collection of adequate samples from multiple tissues of the same animal, and thus, for the unique collection of donor matched MSC cultures from different sources. The latter is much more challenging in mice and humans due to body size and ethical constraints, respectively. METHODS In the present study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on primary equine MSCs that were collected from three donor-matched tissue sources; adipose tissue (AT), bone marrow (BM), and peripheral blood (PB). Based on transcriptional differences detected with scRNA-seq, we performed functional experiments to examine motility and immune regulatory function in distinct MSC populations. RESULTS We observed both inter- and intra-source heterogeneity across the three sources of equine MSCs. Functional experiments demonstrated that transcriptional differences correspond with phenotypic variance in cellular motility and immune regulatory function. Specifically, we found that (i) differential expression of junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM2) between MSC cultures from the three donor-matched tissue sources translated into altered cell motility of BM-derived MSCs when RNA interference was used to knock down this gene, and (ii) differences in C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 6 (CXCL6) expression in clonal MSC lines derived from the same tissue source correlated with the chemoattractive capacity of PB-derived MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, these findings will enhance our understanding of MSC heterogeneity and will lead to improvements in the therapeutic potential of MSCs, accelerating the transition from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Roosheel S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jennifer C Fan
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jee E Park
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|