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Al Amaz S, Mishra B. Embryonic thermal manipulation: a potential strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens for sustainable poultry production. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:75. [PMID: 38831417 PMCID: PMC11149204 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to high environmental temperatures and climate change, heat stress is a severe concern for poultry health and production, increasing the propensity for food insecurity. With climate change causing higher temperatures and erratic weather patterns in recent years, poultry are increasingly vulnerable to this environmental stressor. To mitigate heat stress, nutritional, genetic, and managerial strategies have been implemented with some success. However, these strategies did not adequately and sustainably reduce the heat stress. Therefore, it is crucial to take proactive measures to mitigate the effects of heat stress on poultry, ensuring optimal production and promoting poultry well-being. Embryonic thermal manipulation (TM) involves manipulating the embryonic environment's temperature to enhance broilers' thermotolerance and growth performance. One of the most significant benefits of this approach is its cost-effectiveness and saving time associated with traditional management practices. Given its numerous advantages, embryonic TM is a promising strategy for enhancing broiler production and profitability in the poultry industry. TM increases the standard incubation temperature in the mid or late embryonic stage to induce epigenetic thermal adaption and embryonic metabolism. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the available literature and scientific evidence of the beneficial effect of pre-hatch thermal manipulation on broiler health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadid Al Amaz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, AgSci 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Birendra Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, AgSci 216, 1955 East-West Rd, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.
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Hudec E, Mudroňová D, Marcinčák S, Bartkovský M, Makiš A, Faldyna M, Ratvaj M, Karaffová V. The effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum 2i3 and 0.6% addition of humic substances on production parameters and the immune system of broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103884. [PMID: 38865771 PMCID: PMC11223114 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in the poultry industry as growth promoters has led to the emergence of bacterial resistance, which poses a significant health risk to humans and animals. Substances of natural origin, such as probiotic bacteria and humic substances, can be a promising solution. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of the administration of a probiotic strain of Limosilactobacillus fermentum 2i3 and/or a new formula of humic substances specifically designed for detoxification on the production parameters, including gene expression of myogenic growth factors and selected parameters of the immune response. We found that production parameters such as feed conversion ratio and weekly weight gain, as well as gene expression of mucin-2 and immunoglobulin A, were positively influenced mainly by the administration of L. fermentum 2i3. Similarly, the percentage of active phagocytes and their absorption capacity as well as the proportions of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ T-lymphocyte subpopulations were significantly increased. The addition of humic substances, either alone or in combination with probiotics, significantly reduced the aforementioned parameters compared to the control. On the other hand, the relative gene expression for all myogenic growth factors was the highest in the humic group alone. Based on the results obtained, we can confirm the immunostimulating effect of L. fermentum 2i3 administered in drinking water, which also had an impact on important production parameters of broiler meat. On the other hand, in the combined group there was no expected potentiation of the positive effects on the observed parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hudec
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - D Mudroňová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - S Marcinčák
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Bartkovský
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - A Makiš
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - M Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Ratvaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Karaffová
- Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Košice, Slovakia.
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Ma Z, Chen L, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zheng J, Luo Y, Wang C, Zeng H, Xue L, Tan Z, Wang D. Novel insights of EZH2-mediated epigenetic modifications in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102034. [PMID: 37597667 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Degenerative musculoskeletal diseases (Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis, Degenerative Spinal Disease and Sarcopenia) are pathological conditions that affect the function and pain of tissues such as bone, cartilage, and muscles, and are closely associated with ageing and long-term degeneration. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), an important epigenetic regulator, regulates gene expression mainly through the PRC2-dependent trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3). Increasing evidence suggests that EZH2 is involved in several biological processes closely related to degenerative musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteogenic-adipogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, osteoclast activation, chondrocyte functional status, and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, mainly through epigenetic regulation (H3K27me3). Therefore, the synthesis and elucidation of the role of EZH2 in degenerative musculoskeletal diseases have attracted increasing attention. In addition, although EZH2 inhibitors have been approved for clinical use, whether they can be repurposed for the treatment of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases needs to be considered. Here, we reviewed the role of EZH2 in the development of degenerative musculoskeletal diseases and brought forward prospects of its pharmacological inhibitors in the improvement of the treatment of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Ma
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushun Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianrui Zheng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Luo
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Deli Wang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, People's Republic of China.
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Azhar M, Wardhani BWK, Renesteen E. The regenerative potential of Pax3/Pax7 on skeletal muscle injury. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:143. [PMID: 36251225 PMCID: PMC9574840 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background
Skeletal muscle mishaps are the most well-known incidents in society, especially among athletes and the military population. From the various urgency, this accident needs to be cured more quickly. However, the current treatment still has some shortcomings and is less effective. In this case, Paired box 3 and Paired box 7 (Pax3/Pax7) proteins that induce stem cells could potentially be an alternative treatment for skeletal muscle injuries. This paper aimed to analyse the potential treatment of Pax3/Pax7 proteins inducing the stem cell for skeletal muscle injuries. The main body of the abstract We did a narrative review by gathering several scientific journals from several leading platforms like PubMed and Scopus. As common accidents, skeletal muscle disease could be due to workplace and non-workplace causes. The highest risk occurs in the athlete and military environment. The treatment of current skeletal muscle injuries is protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation (PRICE), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and mechanical stimulation. However, it is considered less effective, especially in NSAIDs, inhibiting myogenic cell proliferation. The current finding indicates that the stem cells have markers known as Pax3/Pax7. The role of both markers in muscle injury, Pax3/Pax7, as transcription factors will induce cell division by H3K4 methylation mechanisms and chromatin modifications that stimulate gene activation. Conclusion Regulation by Pax3/Pax7 factors that affect stem cells and stem cell proliferation is one of the alternative treatments. This regulation can accelerate the healing of injury victims, especially injuries to the skeletal muscles. Finally, after being compared, Pax3/Pax7 induces stem cells to have the potential to be one of the skeletal muscle injury treatments. Keywords Pax3 and Pax7, Pax3/Pax7, Skeletal muscle, Athlete, Stem cells, Cell proliferation, Injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Azhar
- Faculty of Military Pharmacy, The Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, 16810, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Editha Renesteen
- Faculty of Military Pharmacy, The Republic of Indonesia Defense University, Bogor, 16810, West Java, Indonesia.
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Świerczek-Lasek B, Tolak L, Bijoch L, Stefaniuk M, Szpak P, Kalaszczynska I, Streminska W, Ciemerych MA, Archacka K. Comparison of Muscle Regeneration after BMSC-Conditioned Medium, Syngeneic, or Allogeneic BMSC Injection. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182843. [PMID: 36139418 PMCID: PMC9497150 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years optimal treatment for dysfunctional skeletal muscle characterized, for example, by impaired or limited regeneration, has been searched. Among the crucial factors enabling its development is finding the appropriate source of cells, which could participate in tissue reconstruction or serve as an immunomodulating agent (limiting immune response as well as fibrosis, that is, connective tissue formation), after transplantation to regenerating muscles. MSCs, including those derived from bone marrow, are considered for such applications in terms of their immunomodulatory properties, as their naive myogenic potential is rather limited. Injection of autologous (syngeneic) or allogeneic BMSCs has been or is currently being tested and compared in many potential clinical treatments. In the present study, we verified which approach, that is, the transplantation of either syngeneic or allogeneic BMSCs or the injection of BMSC-conditioned medium, would be the most beneficial for skeletal muscle regeneration. To properly assess the influence of the tested treatments on the inflammation, the experiments were carried out using immunocompetent mice, which allowed us to observe immune response. Combined analysis of muscle histology, immune cell infiltration, and levels of selected chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors important for muscle regeneration, showed that muscle injection with BMSC-conditioned medium is the most beneficial strategy, as it resulted in reduced inflammation and fibrosis development, together with enhanced new fiber formation, which may be related to, i.e., elevated level of IGF-1. In contrast, transplantation of allogeneic BMSCs to injured muscles resulted in a visible increase in the immune response, which hindered regeneration by promoting connective tissue formation. In comparison, syngeneic BMSC injection, although not detrimental to muscle regeneration, did not result in such significant improvement as CM injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Świerczek-Lasek
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Tolak
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bijoch
- Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur Str. 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Szpak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1b, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ilona Kalaszczynska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1b, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory for Cell Research and Application, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Władysława Streminska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria A. Ciemerych
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Archacka
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Str. 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Defining the Skeletal Myogenic Lineage in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Teratomas. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091589. [PMID: 35563894 PMCID: PMC9102156 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells are essential to muscle homeostasis and regeneration after injury, and have emerged as a promising cell source for treating skeletal disorders. An attractive approach to obtain these cells utilizes differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). We recently reported that teratomas derived from mouse PSCs are a rich source of skeletal muscle stem cells. Here, we showed that teratoma formation is also capable of producing skeletal myogenic progenitors from human PSCs. Using single-cell transcriptomics, we discovered several distinct skeletal myogenic subpopulations that represent progressive developmental stages of the skeletal myogenic lineage and recapitulate human embryonic skeletal myogenesis. We further discovered that ERBB3 and CD82 are effective surface markers for prospective isolation of the skeletal myogenic lineage in human PSC-derived teratomas. Therefore, teratoma formation provides an accessible model for obtaining human skeletal myogenic progenitors from PSCs.
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Lebedev TD, Vagapova ER, Prassolov VS. The Different Impact of ERK Inhibition on Neuroblastoma, Astrocytoma, and Rhabdomyosarcoma Cell Differentiation. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:69-77. [PMID: 35127149 PMCID: PMC8807533 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant ERK activity can lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation,
immortalization, and impaired cell differentiation. Impairment of normal cell
differentiation is one of the critical stages in malignant cell transformation.
In this study, we investigated a relationship between ERK tyrosine kinase
activity and the main differentiation features (changes in cell morphology and
expression of genes encoding differentiation markers and growth factor
receptors) in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, U-251 astrocytoma, and TE-671
rhabdomyosarcoma cells. ERK activity was assessed using a reporter system that
enabled live measurements of ERK activity in single cells. We demonstrated that
suppression of ERK activity by selective ERK inhibitors, in contrast to a
commonly used differentiation inducer, retinoic acid, leads to significant
changes in TE-671 cell morphology and expression of the myogenic
differentiation marker genes PROM1, MYOG, and PAX7. There was a relationship
between ERK activity and morphological changes at an individual cell level. In
this case, SH-SY5Y cell differentiation induced by retinoic acid was
ERK-independent. We showed that ERK inhibition increases the sensitivity of
TE-671 cells to the EGF, IGF-1, and NGF growth factors, presumably by reducing
basal ERK activity, and to the BDNF growth factor, by increasing expression of
the TrkB receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. D. Lebedev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - E. R. Vagapova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
| | - V. S. Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia
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Yan Z, Yan Z, Liu S, Yin Y, Yang T, Chen Q. Regulative Mechanism of Guanidinoacetic Acid on Skeletal Muscle Development and Its Application Prospects in Animal Husbandry: A Review. Front Nutr 2021; 8:714567. [PMID: 34458310 PMCID: PMC8387576 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.714567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid is the direct precursor of creatine and its phosphorylated derivative phosphocreatine in the body. It is a safe nutritional supplement that can be used to promote muscle growth and development. Improving the growth performance of livestock and poultry and meat quality is the eternal goal of the animal husbandry, and it is also the common demand of today's society and consumers. A large number of experimental studies have shown that guanidinoacetic acid could improve the growth performance of animals, promote muscle development and improve the health of animals. However, the mechanism of how it affects muscle development needs to be further elucidated. This article discusses the physical and chemical properties of guanidinoacetic acid and its synthesis pathway, explores its mechanism of how it promotes muscle development and growth, and also classifies and summarizes the impact of its application in animal husbandry, providing a scientific basis for this application. In addition, this article also proposes future directions for the development of this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyue Yan
- Chemistry Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Shuangli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yunju Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tai Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Florkowska A, Meszka I, Nowacka J, Granica M, Jablonska Z, Zawada M, Truszkowski L, Ciemerych MA, Grabowska I. PAX7 Balances the Cell Cycle Progression via Regulating Expression of Dnmt3b and Apobec2 in Differentiating PSCs. Cells 2021; 10:2205. [PMID: 34571854 PMCID: PMC8472244 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX7 transcription factor plays a crucial role in embryonic myogenesis and in adult muscles in which it secures proper function of satellite cells, including regulation of their self renewal. PAX7 downregulation is necessary for the myogenic differentiation of satellite cells induced after muscle damage, what is prerequisite step for regeneration. Using differentiating pluripotent stem cells we documented that the absence of functional PAX7 facilitates proliferation. Such action is executed by the modulation of the expression of two proteins involved in the DNA methylation, i.e., Dnmt3b and Apobec2. Increase in Dnmt3b expression led to the downregulation of the CDK inhibitors and facilitated cell cycle progression. Changes in Apobec2 expression, on the other hand, differently impacted proliferation/differentiation balance, depending on the experimental model used.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Iwona Grabowska
- Department of Cytology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.F.); (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.G.); (Z.J.); (M.Z.); (L.T.); (M.A.C.)
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Tooley JG, Catlin JP, Schaner Tooley CE. CREB-mediated transcriptional activation of NRMT1 drives muscle differentiation. Transcription 2021; 12:72-88. [PMID: 34403304 PMCID: PMC8555533 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2021.1963627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal methyltransferase NRMT1 is an important regulator of protein/DNA interactions and plays a role in many cellular processes, including mitosis, cell cycle progression, chromatin organization, DNA damage repair, and transcriptional regulation. Accordingly, loss of NRMT1 results in both developmental pathologies and oncogenic phenotypes. Though NRMT1 plays such important and diverse roles in the cell, little is known about its own regulation. To better understand the mechanisms governing NRMT1 expression, we first identified its predominant transcriptional start site and minimal promoter region with predicted transcription factor motifs. We then used a combination of luciferase and binding assays to confirm CREB1 as the major regulator of NRMT1 transcription. We tested which conditions known to activate CREB1 also activated NRMT1 transcription, and found CREB1-mediated NRMT1 expression was increased during recovery from serum starvation and muscle cell differentiation. To determine how NRMT1 expression affects myoblast differentiation, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knock out NRMT1 expression in immortalized C2C12 mouse myoblasts. C2C12 cells depleted of NRMT1 lacked Pax7 expression and were unable to proceed down the muscle differentiation pathway. Instead, they took on characteristics of C2C12 cells that have transdifferentiated into osteoblasts, including increased alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen expression and decreased proliferation. These data implicate NRMT1 as an important downstream target of CREB1 during muscle cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G. Tooley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James P. Catlin
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Christine E. Schaner Tooley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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