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Kumar MA, Baba SK, Sadida HQ, Marzooqi SA, Jerobin J, Altemani FH, Algehainy N, Alanazi MA, Abou-Samra AB, Kumar R, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Macha MA, Mir R, Bhat AA. Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:27. [PMID: 38311623 PMCID: PMC10838959 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membranous structures secreted into the extracellular space. They exhibit diverse sizes, contents, and surface markers and are ubiquitously released from cells under normal and pathological conditions. Human serum is a rich source of these EVs, though their isolation from serum proteins and non-EV lipid particles poses challenges. These vesicles transport various cellular components such as proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, DNA, and lipids across distances, influencing numerous physiological and pathological events, including those within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Their pivotal roles in cellular communication make EVs promising candidates for therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and disease biomarkers. Especially in cancer diagnostics, EV detection can pave the way for early identification and offers potential as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, various EV subtypes are emerging as targeted drug delivery tools, highlighting their potential clinical significance. The need for non-invasive biomarkers to monitor biological processes for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes remains unfulfilled. Tapping into the unique composition of EVs could unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic avenues in the future. In this review, we discuss in detail the roles of EVs across various conditions, including cancers (encompassing head and neck, lung, gastric, breast, and hepatocellular carcinoma), neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, viral infections, autoimmune and renal diseases, emphasizing the potential advancements in molecular diagnostics and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir A Kumar
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Sadaf K Baba
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Hana Q Sadida
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Al Marzooqi
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jayakumar Jerobin
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Alanazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Badi Abou-Samra
- Qatar Metabolic Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora, Kashmir, 192122, India
| | - Rashid Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
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Yari F, Ashoub MH, Amirizadeh N, Nikougoftar M, Valandani HM, Khalilabadi RM. Differential Expression of the hTERT Gene in Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cocultured with B Cell Precursor Leukemia Cell Microparticles or CD41 +/CD61 + Platelet Microparticles. Biochem Genet 2023:10.1007/s10528-023-10565-9. [PMID: 38019337 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10565-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Several investigations are being done to increase the short lifetime of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). One of the crucial genes involved in the immortalization of MSCs, hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase), is activated in most publications using viral-based techniques. In this work, we investigated the use of platelet-derived (PMPs) and B cell precursor leukemia-derived microparticles as a nonviral method to trigger and compare the expression of the hTERT gene in MSCs. MSCs were extracted from the umbilical cord for the current investigation and identified using a flow cytometry approach and an inverted microscope. The Nalm-6 cell line and platelet concentrate were used to isolate microparticles (MPs). MSCs and MPs were cocultured for 14 days at 25-, 50-, and 100 μg/ml concentrations. qRT-PCR was used to research the expression of the hTERT gene. SPSS 26.0's t test was used to compare the outcomes. After coculture with platelet MPs, MSCs had higher levels of hTERT gene expression than the control group. In contrast, this gene's expression was concurrently decreased in MSCs exposed to MPs generated from Nalm-6. We demonstrated that following 14-day treatment, PMP significantly boosted the hTERT gene expression in MSCs, while the Nalm-6 MPs lowered the gene expression. However, additional studies are necessary due to the stability of hTERT gene expression and the immortalization of MSCs following exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yari
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Muhammad Hossein Ashoub
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Naser Amirizadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahin Nikougoftar
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Mardani Valandani
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Roohollah Mirzaee Khalilabadi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Wang H, Bi X, Zhang R, Yuan H, Xu J, Zhang K, Qi S, Zhang X, Jiang M. Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Facilitate Hematopoietic Stem Cell Proliferation via the Jagged-1/Notch-1/Hes Signaling Pathway. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:1068405. [PMID: 38020206 PMCID: PMC10653966 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1068405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor graft function (PGF) is a life-threatening complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Current therapies, such as CD34+ cell infusion, have shown limited effectiveness. Conversely, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show potential in addressing PGF. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) effectively support long-term hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the long-term hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs. Methods ADSCs were isolated from mice and subsequently identified. In vitro experiments involved coculturing ADSCs as feeders with Lin-Sca-1+c-kit+ (LSK) cells from mice for 2 and 5 weeks. The number of LSK cells was quantified after coculture. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe the interaction between ADSCs and LSK cells. Hes-1 expression was assessed using western blot and real-time quantitative PCR. An γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) was used to confirm the involvement of the Jagged-1/Notch-1/Hes-1 pathway in LSK cell expansion. Additionally, Jagged-1 was knocked down in ADSCs to demonstrate its significance in ADSC-mediated hematopoietic support. In vivo experiments were conducted to study the hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs through the infusion of LSK, LSK + fibroblasts, and LSK + ADSCs, respectively. Mouse survival, platelet count, leukocyte count, and hemoglobin levels were monitored. Results ADSCs showed high-Jagged-1 expression and promoted LSK cell proliferation. There was a direct interaction between ADSCs and LSK cells. After coculture, Hes-1 expression increased in LSK cells. Moreover, GSI-reduced LSK cell proliferation and Hes-1 expression. Knockdown of Jagged-1 attenuated ADSCs-mediated promotion of LSK cell proliferation. Furthermore, ADSCs facilitated hematopoietic recovery and promoted the survival of NOD/SCID mice. Conclusion The hematopoietic support provided by ADSCs both in vivo and in vitro may be mediated, at least in part, through the Jagged-1/Notch-1 signaling pathway. These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying ADSCs-mediated hematopoietic support and may have implications for improving the treatment of PGF following HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xiaojuan Bi
- The State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Rongyao Zhang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Hailong Yuan
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Jianli Xu
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Kaile Zhang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Songqing Qi
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Hematology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Institute of Hematology), Urumqi 830054, China
- Stem Cell Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China
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Xiao Y, Huang Z, Wang Y, Yang J, Wan W, Zou H, Yang X. Progress in research on mesenchymal stem cells and their extracellular vesicles for treating fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2997-3009. [PMID: 37458857 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) refers to an autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysfunction, vascular endothelial damage, and multi-organ fibrosis. Thus far, this disease is incurable, and its high mortality rate is significantly correlated with fibrotic events. Fibrosis has been confirmed as a difficult clinical treatment area that should be urgently treated in clinical medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, and anti-fibrotic functions. MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have aroused rising interest as a cellular component that retains the functions of MSCs while circumventing the possible adverse effects of MSCs. Moreover, EVs have great potential in treating SSc. In this study, the current research progress on MSCs and their EVs for treating fibrosis in SSc was reviewed, with an aim to provide some reference for future MSCs and their EVs in treating SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongzhou Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Wan
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejian Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Csordás IB, Rutten EA, Szatmári T, Subedi P, Cruz-Garcia L, Kis D, Jezsó B, Toerne CV, Forgács M, Sáfrány G, Tapio S, Badie C, Lumniczky K. The miRNA Content of Bone Marrow-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Contributes to Protein Pathway Alterations Involved in Ionising Radiation-Induced Bystander Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108607. [PMID: 37239971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their cargo, are important mediators of bystander responses in the irradiated bone marrow (BM). MiRNAs carried by EVs can potentially alter cellular pathways in EV-recipient cells by regulating their protein content. Using the CBA/Ca mouse model, we characterised the miRNA content of BM-derived EVs from mice irradiated with 0.1 Gy or 3 Gy using an nCounter analysis system. We also analysed proteomic changes in BM cells either directly irradiated or treated with EVs derived from the BM of irradiated mice. Our aim was to identify key cellular processes in the EV-acceptor cells regulated by miRNAs. The irradiation of BM cells with 0.1 Gy led to protein alterations involved in oxidative stress and immune and inflammatory processes. Oxidative stress-related pathways were also present in BM cells treated with EVs isolated from 0.1 Gy-irradiated mice, indicating the propagation of oxidative stress in a bystander manner. The irradiation of BM cells with 3 Gy led to protein pathway alterations involved in the DNA damage response, metabolism, cell death and immune and inflammatory processes. The majority of these pathways were also altered in BM cells treated with EVs from mice irradiated with 3 Gy. Certain pathways (cell cycle, acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia) regulated by miRNAs differentially expressed in EVs isolated from mice irradiated with 3 Gy overlapped with protein pathway alterations in BM cells treated with 3 Gy EVs. Six miRNAs were involved in these common pathways interacting with 11 proteins, suggesting the involvement of miRNAs in the EV-mediated bystander processes. In conclusion, we characterised proteomic changes in directly irradiated and EV-treated BM cells, identified processes transmitted in a bystander manner and suggested miRNA and protein candidates potentially involved in the regulation of these bystander processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Barbara Csordás
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pathological Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eric Andreas Rutten
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Prabal Subedi
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 80939 München, Germany
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lourdes Cruz-Garcia
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Dávid Kis
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pathological Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Jezsó
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christine von Toerne
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 80939 München, Germany
| | - Martina Forgács
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH (HMGU), 80939 München, Germany
| | - Christophe Badie
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Unit of Radiation Medicine, Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
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Gautheron F, Georgievski A, Garrido C, Quéré R. Bone marrow-derived extracellular vesicles carry the TGF-β signal transducer Smad2 to preserve hematopoietic stem cells in mice. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:117. [PMID: 37019878 PMCID: PMC10076352 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by cells in the bone marrow (BM) are important for regulating proliferation, differentiation, and other processes in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). TGF-β signaling is now well known to be involved in HSC's quiescence and maintenance, but the TGF-β pathway related to EVs is still largely unknown in the hematopoietic system. We found that the EV inhibitor Calpeptin, when injected intravenously into mice, particularly affected the in vivo production of EVs carrying phosphorylated Smad2 (p-Smad2) in mouse BM. This was accompanied with an alteration in the quiescence and maintenance of murine HSC in vivo. EVs produced by murine mesenchymal stromal MS-5 cells also showed presence of p-Smad2 as a cargo. We treated MS-5 cells with the TGF-β inhibitor SB431542 in order to produce EVs lacking p-Smad2, and discovered that its presence was required for ex vivo maintenance of HSC. In conclusion, we revealed a new mechanism involving EVs produced in the mouse BM that transport bioactive phosphorylated Smad2 as a cargo to enhance the TGF-β signaling-mediated quiescence and maintenance of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carmen Garrido
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Ronan Quéré
- UMR1231, Inserm/Université Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
- LipSTIC Labex, Dijon, France.
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Huang X, Wang Y, Wang T, Wen F, Liu S, Oudeng G. Recent advances in engineering hydrogels for niche biomimicking and hematopoietic stem cell culturing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1049965. [PMID: 36507253 PMCID: PMC9730123 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1049965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) provide a life-long supply of haemopoietic cells and are indispensable for clinical transplantation in the treatment of malignant hematological diseases. Clinical applications require vast quantities of HSCs with maintained stemness characteristics. Meeting this demand poses often insurmountable challenges for traditional culture methods. Creating a supportive artificial microenvironment for the culture of HSCs, which allows the expansion of the cells while maintaining their stemness, is becoming a new solution for the provision of these rare multipotent HSCs. Hydrogels with good biocompatibility, excellent hydrophilicity, tunable biochemical and biophysical properties have been applied in mimicking the hematopoietic niche for the efficient expansion of HSCs. This review focuses on recent progress in the use of hydrogels in this specialized application. Advanced biomimetic strategies use for the creation of an artificial haemopoietic niche are discussed, advances in combined use of hydrogel matrices and microfluidics, including the emerging organ-on-a-chip technology, are summarized. We also provide a brief description of novel stimulus-responsive hydrogels that are used to establish an intelligent dynamic cell microenvironment. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives of engineering hydrogels for HSC biomedicine are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochan Huang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianci Wang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, China Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Feiqiu Wen, ; Sixi Liu, ; Gerile Oudeng,
| | - Sixi Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Feiqiu Wen, ; Sixi Liu, ; Gerile Oudeng,
| | - Gerile Oudeng
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Feiqiu Wen, ; Sixi Liu, ; Gerile Oudeng,
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