1
|
Chen T, Xie Q, Tan B, Yi Q, Xiang H, Wang R, Zhou Q, He B, Tian J, Zhu J, Xu H. Inhibition of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 Protects Cardiomyocytes from lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mitochondrial Damage by Reducing Lactate Accumulation. Inflammation 2024; 47:1356-1370. [PMID: 38401019 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-01981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered one of the major pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC). Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), a key regulator of mitochondrial metabolism, is essential for maintaining mitochondrial function. However, its specific role in SIC remains unclear. To investigate this, we established an in vitro model of septic cardiomyopathy using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Our study revealed a significant increase in PDK4 expression in LPS-treated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Inhibiting PDK4 with dichloroacetic acid (DCA) improved cell survival, reduced intracellular lipid accumulation and calcium overload, and restored mitochondrial structure and respiratory capacity while decreasing lactate accumulation. Similarly, Oxamate, a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor, exhibited similar effects to DCA in LPS-treated H9C2 cardiomyocytes. To further validate whether PDK4 causes cardiomyocyte and mitochondrial damage in SIC by promoting lactate production, we upregulated PDK4 expression using PDK4-overexpressing lentivirus in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. This resulted in elevated lactate levels, impaired mitochondrial structure, and reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity. However, inhibiting lactate production reversed the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by PDK4 upregulation. In conclusion, our study highlights the pathogenic role of PDK4 in LPS-induced cardiomyocyte and mitochondrial damage by promoting lactate production. Therefore, targeting PDK4 and its downstream product lactate may serve as promising therapeutic approaches for treating SIC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tangtian Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiumin Xie
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Han Xiang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Bolin He
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
- Department of Cardiovascular (Internal Medicine), Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Box 136, No. 3 Zhongshan RD, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dong J, Zhao W, Zhao J, Chen J, Liu P, Zheng X, Li D, Xue Y, Zhou H. ALPL regulates pro-angiogenic capacity of mesenchymal stem cells through ATP-P2X7 axis controlled exosomes secretion. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:172. [PMID: 38609899 PMCID: PMC11015668 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset bone dysplasia is a common manifestation of hypophosphatasia (HPP), an autosomal inherited disease caused by ALPL mutation. ALPL ablation induces prototypical premature bone ageing characteristics, resulting in impaired osteogenic differentiation capacity of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs). As angiogenesis is tightly coupled with osteogenesis, it also plays a necessary role in sustaining bone homeostasis. We have previously observed a decrease in expression of angiogenesis marker gene CD31 in the metaphysis of long bone in Alpl+/- mice. However, the role of ALPL in regulation of angiogenesis in bone has remained largely unknown. METHODS Exosomes derived from Normal and HPP hBMMSCs were isolated and identified by ultracentrifugation, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle size measurement. The effects of ALPL on the angiogenic capacity of hBMMSCs from HPP patients were assessed by immunofluorescence, tube formation, wound healing and migration assay. exo-ELISA and Western Blot were used to evaluate the exosomes secretion of hBMMSCs from HPP, and the protein expression of VEGF, PDGFBB, Angiostatin and Endostatin in exosomes respectively. RESULTS We verified that ALPL ablation resulted in impaired pro-angiogenic capacity of hBMMSCs, accounting for reduced migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, as the quantities and proteins composition of exosomes varied with ALPL expression. Mechanistically, loss of function of ALPL enhanced ATP release. Additional ATP, in turn, led to markedly elevated level of ATP receptor P2X7, which consequently promoted exosomes secretion, resulting in a decreased capacity to promote angiogenesis. Conversely, inhibition of P2X7 increased the angiogenic induction capacity by preventing excessive release of anti-angiogenic exosomes in ALPL deficient-hBMMSCs. CONCLUSION The ALPL-ATP axis regulates the pro-angiogenic ability of hBMMSCs by controlling exosomes secretion through the P2X7 receptor. Thus, P2X7 may be proved as an effective therapeutic target for accelerating neovascularization in ALPL-deficient bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wanmin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangdong Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Aerospace Medicine, Ministry of Education, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ji Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xueni Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dehua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Oral Implants, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Hongzhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Z, Xia X, Yao M, Yang Y, Ao X, Zhang Z, Guo L, Xu X. The dual role of mesenchymal stem cells in apoptosis regulation. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:250. [PMID: 38582754 PMCID: PMC10998921 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06620-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely distributed pluripotent stem cells with powerful immunomodulatory capacity. MSCs transplantation therapy (MSCT) is widely used in the fields of tissue regeneration and repair, and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Apoptosis is an important way for tissues to maintain cell renewal, but it also plays an important role in various diseases. And many studies have shown that MSCs improves the diseases by regulating cell apoptosis. The regulation of MSCs on apoptosis is double-sided. On the one hand, MSCs significantly inhibit the apoptosis of diseased cells. On the other hand, MSCs also promote the apoptosis of tumor cells and excessive immune cells. Furthermore, MSCs regulate apoptosis through multiple molecules and pathways, including three classical apoptotic signaling pathways and other pathways. In this review, we summarize the current evidence on the regulation of apoptosis by MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of General Surgery, The 906th Hospital of PLA, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuewei Xia
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Mengwei Yao
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Department of orthopedics, The 953th Hospital of PLA, Shigatse Branch of Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Shigatse, 857000, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 906th Hospital of PLA, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Guo
- Endocrinology Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan W, Xia Y, Zhao H, Xu X, Ma X, Tao L. Stem cell-based therapy in cardiac repair after myocardial infarction: Promise, challenges, and future directions. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 188:1-14. [PMID: 38246086 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Stem cells represent an attractive resource for cardiac regeneration. However, the survival and function of transplanted stem cells is poor and remains a major challenge for the development of effective therapies. As two main cell types currently under investigation in heart repair, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) indirectly support endogenous regenerative capacities after transplantation, while induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) functionally integrate into the damaged myocardium and directly contribute to the restoration of its pump function. These two cell types are exposed to a common microenvironment with many stressors in ischemic heart tissue. This review summarizes the research progress on the mechanisms and challenges of MSCs and iPSC-CMs in post-MI heart repair, introduces several randomized clinical trials with 3D-mapping-guided cell therapy, and outlines recent findings related to the factors that affect the survival and function of stem cells. We also discuss the future directions for optimization such as biomaterial utilization, cell combinations, and intravenous injection of engineered nucleus-free MSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yunlong Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Huishou Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xinliang Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng H, Chen Y, Liu H, Wang L, Xu H, Tan B, Yi Q, Wang R, He B, Tian J, Zhu J. Study of the effect of keap1 on oxidative stress in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:67. [PMID: 38170368 PMCID: PMC10764455 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HucMSCs had shown promising efficacy in treating childhood diseases, but oxidative stress induced by the poor microenvironment at the site of damage resulted in low cell survival after transplantation, thus preventing the cells from maximizing therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of keap1 in oxidative stress injury of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs), and to provide theoretical support for improving the efficacy of stem cell therapy. METHODS The hucMSCs were treated with hypoxic low-sugar-free serum (GSDH) to mimic the damaged site microenvironment after implantation. Adenoviral overexpression of keap1 gene of hucMSCs was performed in vitro, and cell proliferation ability was detected by CCK8 assay, crystal violet staining assay, and cell cycle assay. Cellular redox level was assessed by Amplex Red, MDA, and GSH/GSSG kit. Mitochondrial morphology was evaluated by mitotracker Red staining. ATP production was estimated by ATP detection kit. The mRNA and protein expression levels were tested by western blotting and RT-qPCR. RESULTS GSDH treatment substantially upregulated keap1 expression. Subsequently, we found that overexpression of keap1 notably inhibited cell proliferation and caused cells to stagnate in G1 phase. At the same time, overexpression of keap1 induced the production of large amounts of H2O2 and the accumulation of MDA, but suppressed the GSH/GSSG ratio and the expression of antioxidant proteins NQO1 and SOD1, which caused oxidative stress damage. Overexpression of keap1 induced cells to produce a large number of dysfunctional mitochondria resulting in reduced ATP production. Moreover, Overexpression of keap1 significantly decreased the IKKβ protein level, while upregulating IkB mRNA levels and downregulating P50 mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of keap1 may induce oxidative stress injury in hucMSCs by down-regulating IKKβ expression and inhibiting NF-κB pathway activation. This implies the importance of keap1 in hucMSCs and it may be a potential gene for genetic modification of hucMSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Deng
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunxia Chen
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiwen Liu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Bolin He
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders,Chongqing Key Laboratory of PediatricsChongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keshavarzi F, Salehi MS, Pandamooz S, Zare R, Zamani M, Mostafavi-Pour Z, Pooneh Mokarram P. Valproic acid and/or rapamycin preconditioning protects hair follicle stem cells from oxygen glucose serum deprivation-induced oxidative injury via activating Nrf2 pathway. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 13:103-116. [PMID: 38915453 PMCID: PMC11194030 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2024.49302.1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Among leading causes of the ischemic stroke pathogenesis, oxidative stress strongly declines rate of stem cell engraftment at the injury site, and disables stem cell-based therapy as a key treatment for ischemia stroke. To overcome this therapeutic limitation, preconditioning has been represented a possible approach to augment the adaptation and viability of stem cells to oxidative stress. Here, we illustrated protective impacts of valproic acid (VPA) and/or rapamycin (RAPA) preconditioning unto oxygen glucose and serum deprivation (OGSD)-stimulated cell damage in hair follicle-derived stem cells (HFSCs) and surveyed the plausible inducement mechanisms. OGSD, as an in vitro cell injury model, was established and HFSCs viability was observed using MTT assay after VPA, RAPA, and VPA-RAPA preconditioning under OGSD. ROS and MDA production was assessed to reflect oxidative stress. Real-time PCR and western blotting were employed to investigate Nrf2 expression. The activity of Nrf2-related antioxidant enzymes including NQO1, GPx and GSH level were examined. VEGF and BDNF mRNA expression levels were analyzed. Our results showed that VPA and/or RAPA preconditioning ameliorated OGSD-induced decline in HFSCs viability. In addition, they considerably prohibited ROS and MDA generation in the OGSD-treated HFSCs. Furthermore, VPA and/or RAPA preconditioning stimulated Nrf2 nuclear repositioning and NQO1 and GPx activity and GSH amount, as well as expression of paracrine factors VEGF and BDNF in OGSD-treated HFSCs. Thus, the protective effects afforded by VPA and/or RAPA preconditioning, which involved Nrf2-modulated oxidant stress and regulation of VEGF and BDNF expression, display a simple strategy to augment cell-transplantation efficiency for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Keshavarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saied Salehi
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sareh Pandamooz
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Razieh Zare
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Zamani
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zohreh Mostafavi-Pour
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Pooneh Mokarram
- Autophagy Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alipanah-Moghadam R, Khodaei M, Aghamohammadi V, Malekzadeh V, Afrouz M, Nemati A, Zahedian H. Andrographolide induced heme oxygenase-1 expression in MSC-like cells isolated from rat bone marrow exposed to environmental stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 687:149212. [PMID: 37944470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-like cells) are the most important stem cells that are used in transplantation clinically in various applications. The survival rate of MSC-like cells is strongly reduced due to adverse conditions in the microenvironment of transplantation, including environmental stress. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a member of the heat shock protein, as well as a stress-induced enzyme, present throughout the body. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of andrographolide, an active derivative from andrographolide paniculate, on HO-1 expression in mesenchymal stem cells derived from rat bone marrow. MATERIALS AND METHODS The rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-like cells) were extracted and proliferated in several passages. The identity of MSC-like cells was confirmed by morphological observations and differential tests. The flow cytometry method was used to verify the MSC-specific markers. Isolated MSC-like cells were treated with different concentrations of andrographolide and then exposed to environmental stress. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT colorimetric assay. A real-time PCR technique was employed to evaluate the expression level of HO-1 in the treated MSC-like cells. RESULTS Isolated MSC-like cells demonstrated fibroblast-like morphology. These cells in different culture mediums differentiated into osteocytes and adipocytes and were identified using alizarin red and oil red staining, respectively. As well, MSC-like cells were verified by the detection of CD105 surface antigen and the absence of CD14 and CD45 antigens. The results of the MTT assay showed that the pre-treatment of MSC-like cells with andrographolide concentration independently increased the viability and resistance of these cells to environmental stress caused by hydrogen peroxide and serum deprivation (SD). Real-time PCR findings indicated a significant increase in HO-1 gene expression in the andrographolide-receiving groups (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that andrographolide creates a promising strategy for enhancing the quality of cell therapy by increasing the resistance of MSC-like cells to environmental stress and inducing the expression of HO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Alipanah-Moghadam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maryam Khodaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | | | - Vadoud Malekzadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Afrouz
- Department of Plant Production and Genetics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran.
| | - Ali Nemati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hoda Zahedian
- Department of Deutsch-Sprachen, Volkshochschule, Gütersloh, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu Y, Fan P, Xu X, Liu L, Zhang L, Li X, Wang J, Tao Y, Li X, Xu D, Wang X, Zhou Y, Wang Y. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide induces ferroptosis of bone mesenchymal stem cells by repressing the prominin2/BACH1/ROS axis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1212-C1227. [PMID: 37721001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00224.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis has been proven critical for survival following bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) explantation. Suppression of ferroptosis in BMSCs will be a valid tactic to elevate the therapeutic potential of engrafted BMSCs. Prominin2 is a pentaspanin protein involved in mediating iron efflux and thus modulates resistance to ferroptosis, but its role in tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced BMSCs ferroptosis remains elusive. We examined the biological effect of prominin2 in vitro and in vivo by using cell proliferation assay, iron assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) examination, malondialdehyde assay, glutathione (GSH) examination, Western blot, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, immunofluorescence staining assay, gene expression inhibition and activation, co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assay, radiographic analysis, and histopathological analysis. Our study demonstrated that prominin2 activity was impaired in TBHP-induced BMSCs ferroptosis. We found that PROM2 (encoding the protein prominin2) activation delayed the onset of ferroptosis and PROM2 knockdown deteriorated the course of ferroptosis. CO-IP, Western blot, and immunofluorescence demonstrated that prominin2 exerts antiferroptosis effects by inhibiting BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1) that promotes ROS generation, and thus exerts potent antioxidant effects in oxidative stress (OS)-induced BMSCs ferroptosis, including elevating BMSCs' survival rate and enhancing GSH contents. BMSCs with PROM2 overexpression also partially delayed the progression of intervertebral disk degeneration in vivo, as illustrated by less loss of disk height and lower histological scores. Our findings revealed a mechanism that the prominin2/BACH1/ROS axis participates in BMSCs ferroptosis and the strengthening of this axis is promising to maintain BMSCs' survival after explantation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that prominin2 might be a potential biomarker and is expected to be utilized to augment engrafted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) survival rate. The prominin2/BTB and CNC homology 1 (BACH1)/reactive oxygen species (ROS) axis, which participates in the regulation of BMSCs ferroptosis induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), is uncovered in our study. The therapeutic targeting of the prominin2/BACH1/ROS axis components is promising to elevate the survival of transplanted BMSCs in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Xu
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Fan
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanfei Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuao Tao
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Xu
- The Center of Joint and Sports Medicine, Orthopedics Department, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstruction Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun Y, Xu H, Tan B, Yi Q, Liu H, Tian J, Zhu J. Andrographolide-treated bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium protects cardiomyocytes from injury by metabolic remodeling. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2651-2662. [PMID: 36641493 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation therapy providing a great hope for the recovery of myocardial ischemic hypoxic injury. However, the microenvironment after myocardial injury is not conducive to the survival of BMSCs, which limits the therapeutic application of BMSCs. Our previous study has confirmed that the survival of BMSCs cells in the glucose and serum deprivation under hypoxia (GSDH) is increased after Andrographolide (AG) pretreatment, but whether this treatment could improve the effect of BMSCs in repairing of myocardial injury has not been verified. METHODS AND RESULT We first treated H9C2 with GSDH to simulate the microenvironment of myocardial injury in vitro, then we pretreated rat primary BMSCs with AG, and collected conditioned medium derived from BMSCs (BMSCs-CM) and conditioned medium derived from AG-pretreated BMSCs (AG-BMSCs-CM) after GSDH treatment. And they were used to treat H9C2 cells under GSDH to further detect oxidative stress and metabolic changes. The results showed that AG-BMSCs-CM could be more advantageous for cardiomyocyte injury repair than BMSCs-CM, as indicated by the decrease of apoptosis rate and oxidative stress. The changes of mitochondria and lipid droplets results suggested that AG-BMSCs-CM can regulate metabolic remodeling of H9C2 cells to repair cell injury, and that AMPK was activated during this process. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates, for the first time, the protective effect of AG-BMSCs-CM on GSDH-induced myocardial cell injury, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Sun
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Centre of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Huiwen Liu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Department of Cardiovascular (Internal Medicine), Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 136 Zhongshan Er Road, Chongqing, 400014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Overexpression of PRDX2 in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Enhances the Therapeutic Effect in a Neurogenic Erectile Dysfunction Rat Model by Inhibiting Ferroptosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:4952857. [PMID: 36819780 PMCID: PMC9931470 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4952857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenic erectile dysfunction (NED) is a common and serious complication after pelvic surgery. The clinical translation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) therapies in NED remains a major challenge due to their low survival rate and limited therapeutic effect. Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) is a member of the peroxidase family that exerts its therapeutic effects by inhibiting oxidative stress (OS) and ferroptosis, and PRDX2 is expected to enhance the therapeutic effect of ADSCs in treating NED. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether PRDX2 could improve the survival of ADSCs and determine whether overexpression of PRDX2 in ADSCs (PRDX2-ADSCs) could enhance the therapeutic effect of NED. This study investigated the potential role of PRDX2-ADSCs through a NED model induced by bilateral cavernous nerve injury (BCNI) and three in vitro models established by H2O2-stimulated ADSCs, H2O2-stimulated corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs), and RSL3-stimulated CCSMCs. We found that PRDX2 could significantly improve the viability of ADSCs by suppressing apoptosis and OS in H2O2-stimulated ADSCs. We also found that BCNI triggered ferroptosis of the corpus cavernosum, which was manifested by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), total iron content, and MDA as well as decreased SOD and GSH. Our results further demonstrated changes in the expression of key proteins (GPX4 and ACSL4) in the ferroptosis pathway, whereas PRDX2-ADSCs ameliorated BCNI-induced erectile dysfunction and ferroptosis of the corpus cavernosum in NED rats. Consistently, PRDX2-ADSCs attenuated OS in H2O2-stimulated CCSMCs and inhibited ferroptosis in RSL3-stimulated CCSMCs, as evidenced by the decrease in ROS, total iron content, and MDA and the increase in SOD and GSH together with changes in ferroptosis-related protein (GPX4 and ACSL4) expression. In conclusion, overexpression of PRDX2 in ADSCs enhanced the therapeutic effect in a rat model of neurogenic erectile dysfunction by inhibiting ferroptosis via regulation of the GPX4/ACSL4 axis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun H, Xu J, Wang Y, Shen S, Xu X, Zhang L, Jiang Q. Bone microenvironment regulative hydrogels with ROS scavenging and prolonged oxygen-generating for enhancing bone repair. Bioact Mater 2023; 24:477-496. [PMID: 36714330 PMCID: PMC9843284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Large bone defects resulting from fractures and disease are a major clinical challenge, being often unable to heal spontaneously by the body's repair mechanisms. Lines of evidence have shown that hypoxia-induced overproduction of ROS in bone defect region has a major impact on delaying bone regeneration. However, replenishing excess oxygen in a short time cause high oxygen tension that affect the activity of osteoblast precursor cells. Therefore, reasonably restoring the hypoxic condition of bone microenvironment is essential for facilitating bone repair. Herein, we designed ROS scavenging and responsive prolonged oxygen-generating hydrogels (CPP-L/GelMA) as a "bone microenvironment regulative hydrogel" to reverse the hypoxic microenvironment in bone defects region. CPP-L/GelMA hydrogels comprises an antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and ROS-responsive oxygen-releasing nanoparticles (PFC@PLGA/PPS) co-loaded liposome (CCP-L) and GelMA hydrogels. Under hypoxic condition, CPP-L/GelMA can release CAT for degrading hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and be triggered by superfluous ROS to continuously release the oxygen for more than 2 weeks. The prolonged oxygen enriched microenvironment generated by CPP-L/GelMA hydrogel significantly enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis while inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Finally, CPP-L/GelMA showed excellent bone regeneration effect in a mice skull defect model through the Nrf2-BMAL1-autophagy pathway. Hence, CPP-L/GelMA, as a bone microenvironment regulative hydrogel for bone tissue respiration, can effectively scavenge ROS and provide prolonged oxygen supply according to the demand in bone defect region, possessing of great clinical therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Key Words
- Alizarin red staining, ARS
- Alkaline phosphatase, ALP
- Bone defect
- Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMSC
- Bovine serum albumin, BSA
- Brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1
- Brain and muscle arnt-like protein 1, BMAL1
- Catalase, CAT
- Fetal liver kinase-1, Flk-1
- Human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC
- Hypoxic microenvironment
- Liposome, Lip
- Microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3, LC3
- Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, NRF2
- Osteocalcin, OCN
- Osteopontin, OPN
- Perfluorocarbon, PFC
- Phosphate-buffered saline, PBS
- Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide), PLGA
- Poly (propylene sulphide), PPS
- Prolonged oxygen generation
- Reactive oxygen species responsiveness
- Reactive oxygen species, ROS
- Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand, RANKL
- Runt-related transcription factor 2, RUNX2
- Short interfering RNA, siRNA
- Soy phosphatidylcholine, SPC
- Type I collagen, Col I
- Western blot, WB
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, PR China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, PR China,Articular Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, 213003, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, PR China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yangyufan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, PR China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Siyu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, PR China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, PR China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, PR China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, PR China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, PR China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, PR China,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 9 Seyuan Road, Nantong, 226019, Jiangsu, PR China,Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|