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Karpov DS, Sosnovtseva AO, Pylina SV, Bastrich AN, Petrova DA, Kovalev MA, Shuvalova AI, Eremkina AK, Mokrysheva NG. Challenges of CRISPR/Cas-Based Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: How Not to Engineer a "Trojan Horse". Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17320. [PMID: 38139149 PMCID: PMC10743607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells in the pancreas by cytotoxic T-cells. To date, there are no drugs that can prevent the development of T1D. Insulin replacement therapy is the standard care for patients with T1D. This treatment is life-saving, but is expensive, can lead to acute and long-term complications, and results in reduced overall life expectancy. This has stimulated the research and development of alternative treatments for T1D. In this review, we consider potential therapies for T1D using cellular regenerative medicine approaches with a focus on CRISPR/Cas-engineered cellular products. However, CRISPR/Cas as a genome editing tool has several drawbacks that should be considered for safe and efficient cell engineering. In addition, cellular engineering approaches themselves pose a hidden threat. The purpose of this review is to critically discuss novel strategies for the treatment of T1D using genome editing technology. A well-designed approach to β-cell derivation using CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing technology will significantly reduce the risk of incorrectly engineered cell products that could behave as a "Trojan horse".
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S. Karpov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anastasiia O. Sosnovtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Svetlana V. Pylina
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Asya N. Bastrich
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Darya A. Petrova
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Maxim A. Kovalev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anastasija I. Shuvalova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.S.K.); (A.O.S.); (M.A.K.); (A.I.S.)
| | - Anna K. Eremkina
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
| | - Natalia G. Mokrysheva
- Endocrinology Research Centre, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (S.V.P.); (A.N.B.); (D.A.P.); (A.K.E.)
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Caldara R, Tomajer V, Monti P, Sordi V, Citro A, Chimienti R, Gremizzi C, Catarinella D, Tentori S, Paloschi V, Melzi R, Mercalli A, Nano R, Magistretti P, Partelli S, Piemonti L. Allo Beta Cell transplantation: specific features, unanswered questions, and immunological challenge. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1323439. [PMID: 38077372 PMCID: PMC10701551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) presents a persistent medical challenge, demanding innovative strategies for sustained glycemic control and enhanced patient well-being. Beta cells are specialized cells in the pancreas that produce insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. When beta cells are damaged or destroyed, insulin production decreases, which leads to T1D. Allo Beta Cell Transplantation has emerged as a promising therapeutic avenue, with the goal of reinstating glucose regulation and insulin production in T1D patients. However, the path to success in this approach is fraught with complex immunological hurdles that demand rigorous exploration and resolution for enduring therapeutic efficacy. This exploration focuses on the distinct immunological characteristics inherent to Allo Beta Cell Transplantation. An understanding of these unique challenges is pivotal for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. The critical role of glucose regulation and insulin in immune activation is emphasized, with an emphasis on the intricate interplay between beta cells and immune cells. The transplantation site, particularly the liver, is examined in depth, highlighting its relevance in the context of complex immunological issues. Scrutiny extends to recipient and donor matching, including the utilization of multiple islet donors, while also considering the potential risk of autoimmune recurrence. Moreover, unanswered questions and persistent gaps in knowledge within the field are identified. These include the absence of robust evidence supporting immunosuppression treatments, the need for reliable methods to assess rejection and treatment protocols, the lack of validated biomarkers for monitoring beta cell loss, and the imperative need for improved beta cell imaging techniques. In addition, attention is drawn to emerging directions and transformative strategies in the field. This encompasses alternative immunosuppressive regimens and calcineurin-free immunoprotocols, as well as a reevaluation of induction therapy and recipient preconditioning methods. Innovative approaches targeting autoimmune recurrence, such as CAR Tregs and TCR Tregs, are explored, along with the potential of stem stealth cells, tissue engineering, and encapsulation to overcome the risk of graft rejection. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the inherent immunological obstacles associated with Allo Beta Cell Transplantation. It offers valuable insights into emerging strategies and directions that hold great promise for advancing the field and ultimately improving outcomes for individuals living with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Caldara
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Tomajer
- Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Translational & Clinical Research Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Monti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Citro
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raniero Chimienti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Gremizzi
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Catarinella
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Tentori
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Vera Paloschi
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffella Melzi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Mercalli
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Nano
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Magistretti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Partelli
- Pancreatic Surgery, Pancreas Translational & Clinical Research Center, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Clinic Unit of Regenerative Medicine and Organ Transplants, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Hanetseder D, Levstek T, Teuschl-Woller AH, Frank JK, Schaedl B, Redl H, Marolt Presen D. Engineering of extracellular matrix from human iPSC-mesenchymal progenitors to enhance osteogenic capacity of human bone marrow stromal cells independent of their age. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1214019. [PMID: 37600321 PMCID: PMC10434254 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1214019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of bone defects is often limited due to compromised bone tissue physiology. Previous studies suggest that engineered extracellular matrices enhance the regenerative capacity of mesenchymal stromal cells. In this study, we used human-induced pluripotent stem cells, a scalable source of young mesenchymal progenitors (hiPSC-MPs), to generate extracellular matrix (iECM) and test its effects on the osteogenic capacity of human bone-marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). iECM was deposited as a layer on cell culture dishes and into three-dimensional (3D) silk-based spongy scaffolds. After decellularization, iECM maintained inherent structural proteins including collagens, fibronectin and laminin, and contained minimal residual DNA. Young adult and aged BMSCs cultured on the iECM layer in osteogenic medium exhibited a significant increase in proliferation, osteogenic marker expression, and mineralization as compared to tissue culture plastic. With BMSCs from aged donors, matrix mineralization was only detected when cultured on iECM, but not on tissue culture plastic. When cultured in 3D iECM/silk scaffolds, BMSCs exhibited significantly increased osteogenic gene expression levels and bone matrix deposition. iECM layer showed a similar enhancement of aged BMSC proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, and mineralization compared with extracellular matrix layers derived from young adult or aged BMSCs. However, iECM increased osteogenic differentiation and decreased adipocyte formation compared with single protein substrates including collagen and fibronectin. Together, our data suggest that the microenvironment comprised of iECM can enhance the osteogenic activity of BMSCs, providing a bioactive and scalable biomaterial strategy for enhancing bone regeneration in patients with delayed or failed bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Hanetseder
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Levstek
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Herbert Teuschl-Woller
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department Life Science Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Katharina Frank
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Schaedl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darja Marolt Presen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Centre in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Feng L, Chao J, Ye P, Luong Q, Sun G, Liu W, Cui Q, Flores S, Jackson N, Shayento ANH, Sun G, Liu Z, Hu W, Shi Y. Developing Hypoimmunogenic Human iPSC-Derived Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells as an Off-The-Shelf Cell Therapy for Myelin Disorders. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206910. [PMID: 37271923 PMCID: PMC10427412 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinating disorders are among the most common and debilitating diseases in neurology. Canavan disease (CD) is a lethal demyelinating disease caused by mutation of the aspartoacylase (ASPA) gene, which leads to the accumulation of its substrate N-acetyl-l-aspartate (NAA), and consequently demyelination and vacuolation in the brain. In this study, hypoimmunogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) are developed from a healthy donor as an "off-the-shelf" cell therapy. Hypoimmunogenic iPSCs are generated through CRISPR/Cas9 editing of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules in healthy donor-derived iPSCs and differentiated into OPCs. The OPCs are engrafted into the brains of CD (nur7) mice and exhibit widespread distribution in the brain. The engrafted OPCs mature into oligodendrocytes that express the endogenous wildtype ASPA gene. Consequently, the transplanted mice exhibit elevated human ASPA expression and enzymatic activity and reduced NAA level in the brain. The transplanted OPCs are able to rescue major pathological features of CD, including defective myelination, extensive vacuolation, and motor function deficits. Moreover, the hypoimmunogenic OPCs exhibit low immunogenicity both in vitro and in vivo. The hypoimmunogenic OPCs can be used as "off-the-shelf" universal donor cells to treat various CD patients and many other demyelinating disorders, especially autoimmune demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Feng
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Jianfei Chao
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Qui Luong
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Qi Cui
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Sergio Flores
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Natasha Jackson
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Afm Nazmul Hoque Shayento
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Guihua Sun
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Zhenqing Liu
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
- Department of Immunology and TheranosticsBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative DiseasesBeckman Research Institute of City of Hope1500 E. Duarte Rd.DuarteCA91010USA
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