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Benfante V, Stefano A, Ali M, Laudicella R, Arancio W, Cucchiara A, Caruso F, Cammarata FP, Coronnello C, Russo G, Miele M, Vieni A, Tuttolomondo A, Yezzi A, Comelli A. An Overview of In Vitro Assays of 64Cu-, 68Ga-, 125I-, and 99mTc-Labelled Radiopharmaceuticals Using Radiometric Counters in the Era of Radiotheranostics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13071210. [PMID: 37046428 PMCID: PMC10093267 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13071210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Radionuclides are unstable isotopes that mainly emit alpha (α), beta (β) or gamma (γ) radiation through radiation decay. Therefore, they are used in the biomedical field to label biomolecules or drugs for diagnostic imaging applications, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and/or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). A growing field of research is the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for use in cancer treatments. Preclinical studies are the gold standard for translational research. Specifically, in vitro radiopharmaceutical studies are based on the use of radiopharmaceuticals directly on cells. To date, radiometric β- and γ-counters are the only tools able to assess a preclinical in vitro assay with the aim of estimating uptake, retention, and release parameters, including time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity and kinetic parameters. This review has been designed for researchers, such as biologists and biotechnologists, who would like to approach the radiobiology field and conduct in vitro assays for cellular radioactivity evaluations using radiometric counters. To demonstrate the importance of in vitro radiopharmaceutical assays using radiometric counters with a view to radiogenomics, many studies based on 64Cu-, 68Ga-, 125I-, and 99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been revised and summarized in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Benfante
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stefano
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Walter Arancio
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Cucchiara
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caruso
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Claudia Coronnello
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Miele
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vieni
- Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Services, IRCCS-ISMETT (Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anthony Yezzi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Albert Comelli
- Ri.MED Foundation, Via Bandiera 11, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), 90133 Palermo, Italy
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Chastel A, Vimont D, Claverol S, Zerna M, Bodin S, Berndt M, Chaignepain S, Hindié E, Morgat C. 68Ga-Radiolabeling and Pharmacological Characterization of a Kit-Based Formulation of the Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRP-R) Antagonist RM2 for Convenient Preparation of [ 68Ga]Ga-RM2. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081160. [PMID: 34452121 PMCID: PMC8398231 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: [68Ga]Ga-RM2 is a potent Gastrin-Releasing Peptide-receptor (GRP-R) antagonist for imaging prostate cancer and breast cancer, currently under clinical evaluation in several specialized centers around the world. Targeted radionuclide therapy of GRP-R-expressing tumors is also being investigated. We here report the characteristics of a kit-based formulation of RM2 that should ease the development of GRP-R imaging and make it available to more institutions and patients. Methods: Stability of the investigated kits over one year was determined using LC/MS/MS and UV-HPLC. Direct 68Ga-radiolabeling was optimized with respect to buffer (pH), temperature, reaction time and shaking time. Conventionally prepared [68Ga]Ga-RM2 using an automated synthesizer was used as a comparator. Finally, the [68Ga]Ga-RM2 product was assessed with regards to hydrophilicity, affinity, internalization, membrane bound fraction, calcium mobilization assay and efflux, which is a valuable addition to the in vivo literature. Results: The kit-based formulation, kept between 2 °C and 8 °C, was stable for over one year. Using acetate buffer pH 3.0 in 2.5–5.1 mL total volume, heating at 100 °C during 10 min and cooling down for 5 min, the [68Ga]Ga-RM2 produced by kit complies with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia. Compared with the module production route, the [68Ga]Ga-RM2 produced by kit was faster, displayed higher yields, higher volumetric activity and was devoid of ethanol. In in vitro evaluations, the [68Ga]Ga-RM2 displayed sub-nanomolar affinity (Kd = 0.25 ± 0.19 nM), receptor specific and time dependent membrane-bound fraction of 42.0 ± 5.1% at 60 min and GRP-R mediated internalization of 24.4 ± 4.3% at 30 min. The [natGa]Ga-RM2 was ineffective in stimulating intracellular calcium mobilization. Finally, the efflux of the internalized activity was 64.3 ± 6.5% at 5 min. Conclusion: The kit-based formulation of RM2 is suitable to disseminate GRP-R imaging and therapy to distant hospitals without complex radiochemistry equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Chastel
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.C.); (D.V.); (S.B.); (E.H.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Vimont
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.C.); (D.V.); (S.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Stephane Claverol
- Proteome Platform, University Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Marion Zerna
- Life Molecular Imaging (Formely Piramal Imaging) GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Sacha Bodin
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.C.); (D.V.); (S.B.); (E.H.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathias Berndt
- Life Molecular Imaging (Formely Piramal Imaging) GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (M.Z.); (M.B.)
| | - Stéphane Chaignepain
- Proteome Platform, University Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Elif Hindié
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.C.); (D.V.); (S.B.); (E.H.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Clément Morgat
- INCIA, University of Bordeaux, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 5287, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (A.C.); (D.V.); (S.B.); (E.H.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University Hospital of Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
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Kleynhans J, Rubow S, le Roux J, Marjanovic-Painter B, Zeevaart JR, Ebenhan T. Production of [ 68 Ga]Ga-PSMA: Comparing a manual kit-based method with a module-based automated synthesis approach. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:553-563. [PMID: 32865290 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The labeling of peptides with gallium-68 is often initially performed by manual labeling, but with high clinical demand, other alternatives are needed. Cold-kits or automated synthesis are viable options for standardized methods and deemed pharmaceutically more acceptable. This study compares these [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 production methods. Data from 40 kit-based and 40 automated syntheses of [68 Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 were analyzed. Pre-set criteria were evaluated including radiochemical purity, radionuclidic purity, chemical purity, physiological acceptability and sterility. The operator time and radiation dose received were measured. The robustness and repeatability of each method were assessed and a comparison of the running costs of each method is also provided. For both the methods all the analyzed products met the release criteria. No differences were found in radiochemical purity, radiochemical identity, radionuclidic purity, and sterility. However, radiochemical yield and apparent molar activity showed significant differences. For both methods, whole body radiation exposure to operators was lower than with manual labeling (25 - 40 μSv). The exposure during kit-based labeling (14.5 ± μSv) was seven times higher than that of automated synthesis (2.05 ± 0.99 μSv). The automated synthesis was the more expensive method. Both methods are sound alternatives to manual synthesis and offer higher quality, better radiation protection and a more reliable manufacturing of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- NuMeRI, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sietske Rubow
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jannie le Roux
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- NuMeRI Node for Infection Imaging, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Jan Rijn Zeevaart
- NuMeRI, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Radiochemistry, Pelindaba, Brits, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- NuMeRI, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- The South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (Necsa), Radiochemistry, Pelindaba, Brits, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Romero E, Martínez A, Oteo M, Ibañez M, Santos M, Morcillo MÁ. Development and long-term evaluation of a new 68Ge/ 68Ga generator based on nano-SnO 2 for PET imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12756. [PMID: 32728067 PMCID: PMC7392752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radionuclide generator systems can routinely provide radionuclides on demand such as 68Ga produced by a 68Ge/68Ga generator without the availability of an on-site accelerator or a research reactor. Thus, in this work nano-SnO2 was used to develop a new 68Ge/68Ga generator which was evaluated over a period of 17 months and 305 elution cycles. The elution yield was 91.1 ± 1.8% in the first 7 mL (1 M HCl as eluent) when the generator was new and then it decreased with time and use to 73.8 ± 1.9%. Around 80% of the elutable 68Ga activity was obtained in 1 mL and the 68Ge content in the eluate did not exceed 1 × 10–4% over the investigation period when it was eluted regularly. The described generator provided adequate results for radiolabelling of DOTA-TOC with direct use of eluate. In addition, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC was tested satisfactorily for in vivo tumor detection by microPET/CT imaging in a lung cancer mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Romero
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Martínez
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Oteo
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ibañez
- Biomedical Applications and Pharmacokinetics Unit, CIEMAT, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Kumar R, Mittal BR, Bhattacharya A, Vadi SK, Singh H, Bal A, Shukla J, Singh H, Sharma V, Sood A, Singh SK. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography guided percutaneous biopsies of Ga-68 avid lesions using an automated robotic arm. Diagn Interv Imaging 2019; 101:157-167. [PMID: 31722844 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the feasibility of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT)-guided biopsy of Ga-68 avid lesions using an automated robotic arm and determine the diagnostic yield of this technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients who underwent Ga-68 labelled tracers imaging followed by PET/CT-guided biopsies of tracer-avid lesions were prospectively included. Biopsies were performed using a dedicated automated-robotic-arm assisted PET/CT-guided biopsy device on the same-day of diagnostic PET/CT-imaging. The tissue samples were retrieved after confirming the position of needle-tip in the target lesion. Procedure-related complications and radiation exposure of the interventionist were recorded. Histopathological reports were reviewed for diagnostic yield. RESULTS A total of 25 patients (19 men, six women) with a mean age of 50.8±17.3 (SD) years (range: 17-83 years) were included. The biopsies were performed after PET/CT using Ga-68 DOTANOC (n=16) or Ga-68 PSMA (n=8) and Ga-68 chemokine-analogue (n=1). The biopsy samples were obtained from the liver (n=9), bone (n=8), lymph-nodes (n=3), lung (n=1), pancreas (n=1), anterior mediastinal lesion (n=1), peritoneal-deposit (n=1) and thigh-lesion (n=1). No immediate or delayed procedure-related complications were documented in any patient. PET/CT-guided molecular sampling was technically successful in all the patients. Histopathology revealed malignancies in all the biopsied specimens without the need for repeat sampling or further invasive-diagnostic workup, with a diagnostic yield of 100%. The estimated absorbed-radiation dose was 566.7μSv/year for the interventionist. CONCLUSION PET/CT-guided molecular biopsy using Ga-68 labelled radiotracers is feasible and can be performed safely and accurately with a high-diagnostic yield. It is helpful in accurately staging the disease when tracer-avid isolated distant lesion evident on imaging and highly practical in patients with previous inconclusive sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - B R Mittal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India.
| | - A Bhattacharya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Vadi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - H Singh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - A Bal
- Department of Pathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - J Shukla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - H Singh
- Department of Surgery, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - V Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - A Sood
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
| | - S K Singh
- Department of Urology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160012 Chandigarh, India
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Tadayon N, Yousefnia H, Ramazani A, Zolghadri S, Alirezapour B, Jalilian AR, Afarideh H, Vaez-Tehrani M. Optimized Production and Biological Evaluation of 68Ga-PDTMP as a New Agent for PET Bone Scanning. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci 2019; 50:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmir.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Development of an externally controllable sealed isotope generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 133:51-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fakhari A, Jalilian AR, Johari-Daha F, Shafiee-Ardestani M, Khalaj A. Preparation and Biological Study of (68)Ga-DOTA-alendronate. ASIA OCEANIA JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 4:98-105. [PMID: 27408898 PMCID: PMC4938880 DOI: 10.7508/aojnmb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): In line with previous research on the development of conjugated bisphosphonate ligands as new bone-avid agents, in this study, DOTA-conjugated alendronate (DOTA-ALN) was synthesized and evaluated after labeling with gallium-68 (68Ga). Methods: DOTA-ALN was synthesized and characterized, followed by 68Ga-DOTA-ALN preparation, using DOTA-ALN and 68GaCl3 (pH: 4-5) at 92-95° C for 10 min. Stability tests, hydroxyapatite assay, partition coefficient calculation, biodistribution studies, and imaging were performed on the developed agent in normal rats. Results: The complex was prepared with high radiochemical purity (>99% as depicted by radio thin-layer chromatography; specific activity: 310-320 GBq/mmol) after solid phase purification and was stabilized for up to 90 min with a log P value of -2.91. Maximum ligand binding (65%) was observed in the presence of 50 mg of hydroxyapatite; a major portion of the activity was excreted through the kidneys. With the exception of excretory organs, gastrointestinal tract organs, including the liver, intestine, and colon, showed significant uptake; however, the bone uptake was low (<1%) at 30 min after the injection. The data were also confirmed by sequential imaging at 30-90 min following the intravenous injection. Conclusion: The high solubility and anionic properties of the complex led to major renal excretion and low hydroxyapatite uptake; therefore, the complex failed to demonstrate bone imaging behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Fakhari
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir R Jalilian
- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Khalaj
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran, Iran
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Amor-Coarasa A, Schoendorf M, Meckel M, Vallabhajosula S, Babich JW. Comprehensive Quality Control of the ITG 68Ge/68Ga Generator and Synthesis of 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC for Clinical Imaging. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:1402-5. [PMID: 27103024 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.171249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A good-manufacturing-practices (GMP) (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator that uses modified dodecyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate hydrophobically bound to a octadecyl silica resin (C-18) as an adsorbent has been developed that allows for dilute HCl (0.05N) to efficiently elute metal-impurity-free (68)Ga(3+) ready for peptide labeling. We characterized the performance of this generator system over a year in conjunction with the production of (68)Ga-labeled DOTATOC and Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC (PSMA-HBED-CC) intended for clinical studies and established protocols for batch release. METHODS A 2,040-MBq self-shielded (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator provided metal-free (68)GaCl3 ready for peptide labeling in the fluidic labeling module after elution with 4 mL of 0.05N HCl. The compact system was readily housed in a laminar flow cabinet allowing an ISO class-5 environment. (68)Ga labeling of peptides using GMP kits was performed in 15-20 min, and the total production time was 45-50 min. Batch release quality control specifications were established to meet investigational new drug submission and institutional review board approval standards. RESULTS Over a period of 12 mo, (68)Ga elution yields from the generator averaged 80% (range, 72.0%-95.1%), and (68)Ge breakthrough was less than 0.006%, initially decreasing with time to 0.001% (expressed as percentage of (68)Ge activity present in the generator at the time of elution), a unique characteristic of this generator. The radiochemical purity of both (68)Ga-DOTATOC and (68)Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was greater than 98%, with a minimum specific activity of 12.6 and 42 GBq/μmol, respectively. The radionuclidic ((68)Ge) impurity was 0.00001% or less (under the detection limit). Final sterile, pyrogen-free formulation was provided in physiologic saline with 5%-7% ethanol. CONCLUSION The GMP-certified (68)Ge/(68)Ga generator system was studied for a year. The generator system is contained within the fluidic labeling module, and it is compact, self-shielded, and easy to operate using simple manual techniques. The system provides radiolabeled peptides with high (>98%) radiochemical purity and greater than 80% radiochemical yield. The (68)Ge levels in the final drug products were under the detection limits at all times. (68)Ga-DOTATOC and (68)Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC investigational radiopharmaceuticals are currently being studied clinically under investigational new drug (IND) applications submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Schoendorf
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Marian Meckel
- Isotope Technologies Garching GmbH, Garching, Germany
| | | | - John W Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; and
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Zoghi M, Jalilian AR, Niazi A, Johari-Daha F, Alirezapour B, Ramezanpour S. Development of a (68)Ga-peptide tracer for PET GnRH1-imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2016; 30:400-8. [PMID: 27083468 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-016-1074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Total synthesis, quality control and preclinical evaluation of [(68)Ga]-DOTA-triptorelin ([(68)Ga]-DOTA-TRP) is reported as a possible PET radiotracer for GnRH receptor imaging. METHODS DOTA-TRP was totally synthesized in two steps and after characterization went through radiolabelling optimization studies followed by tracer stability. The biodistribution of the tracer in normal male rats and 4T1 tumour-bearing mice was performed in 120 min after i.v. injection. RESULTS The peptide and the conjugates were synthesized with >95 % chemical purity. [(68)Ga]-DOTA-TRP complex was prepared in high radiochemical purity (>99 %, ITLC, HPLC) and specific activity of 1400-2100 MBq/nM at 95 °C using 40-60 μg of the peptide in 5-7 min followed by solid phase purification. The IC50 [nM] DOTA-TRP was comparable to the intact peptide, 0.11 ± 0.01 and 0.22 ± 0.05, respectively. The biodistribution of the tracer demonstrated kidney, stomach, and testes significant uptake, all in accordance with GnRH receptor ligands. Significant tumour uptake was observed in 4T1 tumour-bearing female mice 30-120 min post-injection with tumour:blood and tumour:muscle ratios of 28 and >50 in 60 min, respectively. Kidney is rapidly washed from the tracer. [(68)Ga]-DOTA-TRP can be proposed as a possible tracer for GnRH-R imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Zoghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir R Jalilian
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Niazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Fariba Johari-Daha
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Alirezapour
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Ramezanpour
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Naderi M, Zolghadri S, Yousefnia H, Ramazani A, Jalilian AR. Preclinical Study of 68Ga-DOTATOC: Biodistribution Assessment in Syrian Rats and Evaluation of Absorbed Dose in Human Organs. ASIA OCEANIA JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2016; 4:19-29. [PMID: 27904870 PMCID: PMC4937676 DOI: 10.7508/aojnmb.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gallium-68 DOTA-DPhe1-Tyr3-Octreotide (68Ga-DOTATOC) has been applied by several European centers for the treatment of a variety of human malignancies. Nevertheless, definitive dosimetric data are yet unavailable. According to the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, researchers are investigating the safety and efficacy of this radiotracer to meet Food and Drug Administration requirements. The aim of this study was to introduce the optimized procedure for 68Ga-DOTATOC preparation, using a novel germanium-68 (68Ge)/68Ga generator in Iran and evaluate the absorbed doses in numerous organs with high accuracy. METHODS The optimized conditions for preparing the radiolabeled complex were determined via several experiments by changing the ligand concentration, pH, temperature and incubation time. Radiochemical purity of the complex was assessed, using high-performance liquid chromatography and instant thin-layer chromatography. The absorbed dose of human organs was evaluated, based on biodistribution studies on Syrian rats via Radiation Absorbed Dose Assessment Resource Method. RESULTS 68Ga-DOTATOC was prepared with radiochemical purity of >98% and specific activity of 39.6 MBq/nmol. The complex demonstrated great stability at room temperature and in human serum at 37°C at least two hours after preparation. Significant uptake was observed in somatostatin receptor-positive tissues such as pancreatic and adrenal tissues (12.83 %ID/g and 0.91 %ID/g, respectively). Dose estimations in human organs showed that the pancreas, kidneys and adrenal glands received the maximum absorbed doses (0.105, 0.074 and 0.010 mGy/MBq, respectively). Also, the effective absorbed dose was estimated at 0.026 mSv/MBq for 68Ga-DOTATOC. CONCLUSION The obtained results showed that 68Ga-DOTATOC can be considered as an effective agent for clinical PET imaging in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Naderi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Samaneh Zolghadri
- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yousefnia
- Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Ramazani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
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Mirzaei A, Jalilian AR, Badbarin A, Mazidi M, Mirshojaei F, Geramifar P, Beiki D. Optimized production and quality control of 68Ga-EDTMP for small clinical trials. Ann Nucl Med 2015; 29:506-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-015-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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