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Slart RHJA, Bengel FM, Akincioglu C, Bourque JM, Chen W, Dweck MR, Hacker M, Malhotra S, Miller EJ, Pelletier-Galarneau M, Packard RRS, Schindler TH, Weinberg RL, Saraste A, Slomka PJ. Total-Body PET/CT Applications in Cardiovascular Diseases: A Perspective Document of the SNMMI Cardiovascular Council. J Nucl Med 2024:jnumed.123.266858. [PMID: 38388512 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Digital PET/CT systems with a long axial field of view have become available and are emerging as the current state of the art. These new camera systems provide wider anatomic coverage, leading to major increases in system sensitivity. Preliminary results have demonstrated improvements in image quality and quantification, as well as substantial advantages in tracer kinetic modeling from dynamic imaging. These systems also potentially allow for low-dose examinations and major reductions in acquisition time. Thereby, they hold great promise to improve PET-based interrogation of cardiac physiology and biology. Additionally, the whole-body coverage enables simultaneous assessment of multiple organs and the large vascular structures of the body, opening new opportunities for imaging systemic mechanisms, disorders, or treatments and their interactions with the cardiovascular system as a whole. The aim of this perspective document is to debate the potential applications, challenges, opportunities, and remaining challenges of applying PET/CT with a long axial field of view to the field of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riemer H J A Slart
- Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frank M Bengel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cigdem Akincioglu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Imaging, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamieson M Bourque
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Radiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Wengen Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marc R Dweck
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh Heart Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Edward J Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - René R S Packard
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas H Schindler
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Richard L Weinberg
- Division of Cardiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Antti Saraste
- Turku PET Centre and Heart Center, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and
| | - Piotr J Slomka
- Division of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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2
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Yang L, Yin L, Hu M, Zhao W, Wang C, Chen Y, Li Z, Wang L. Preliminary Evaluation of 18F-Labeled Benzylguanidine Analogs as NET Tracers for Myocardial Infarction Diagnosis. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:1125-1134. [PMID: 37580463 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of late morbidity and mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). To date, no clinically established 18F-labeled sympathetic nerve PET tracers for monitoring myocardial infarction are available. Therefore, in this study, we synthesized a series of 18F-labeled benzyl guanidine analogs and evaluated their efficacy as cardiac neuronal norepinephrine transporter (NET) tracers for myocardial imaging. We also investigated the preliminary diagnostic capabilities of these tracers in myocardial infarction animal models, as well as the structure-activity relationship of these tracers. PROCEDURES Three benzyl guanidine-NET tracers, including [18F]1, [18F]2, and [18F]3, were synthesized and evaluated in vivo as PET tracers in a myocardial infarction mouse model. [18F]LMI1195 was used as a positive control for the tracers. H&E staining of the isolated myocardial infarction heart tissue sections was performed to verify the efficacy of the selected PET tracer. RESULTS Our data show that [18F]3 had a moderate decay corrected labeling yield (~10%) and high radiochemical purity (>95%) compared to other tracers. The uptake of [18F]3 in normal mouse hearts was 1.7±0.1%ID/cc at 1 h post-injection (p. i.), while it was 2.4±0.1, 2.6±0.9, and 2.1±0.4%ID/cc in the MI mouse hearts at 1, 2, and 3 days after surgery, respectively. Compared with [18F]LMI1195, [18F]3 had a better myocardial imaging effect in terms of the contrast between normal and MI hearts. The area of myocardial infarction shown by PET imaging corresponded well with the infarcted tissue demonstrated by H&E staining. CONCLUSIONS With an obvious cardiac uptake contrast between normal mice and the myocardial infarction mouse model, [18F]3 appears to be a potential tool in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further structural modification studies on the chemical structure of [18F]3 to improve its in vivo stability and diagnostic detection ability to achieve reliable and practical imaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Liping Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiling Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Changjiang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No. 25 Taiping St, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- Academician (Expert) Workstation of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
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3
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Li J, Ni B, Yu X, Wang C, Li L, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Huang G, Hou J, Liu J, Chen Y. Metabolic kinetic modeling of [ 11C]methionine based on total-body PET in multiple myeloma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2683-2691. [PMID: 37039900 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease characterized by the secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins and has a high demand for amino acids. [11C]methionine total-body PET is capable of noninvasive dynamic monitoring of radiotracer in vivo, thus providing a way to reveal the dynamic changes of myeloma metabolism. This study aims to analyze the metabolic process of [11C]methionine based on kinetic modeling, and to preliminary reveal its application value in MM. METHODS Dynamic total-body [11C]methionine PET/CT was conducted with uEXPLORER in 12 subjects (9 MM patients and 3 controls). The tissue time activity curves (TACs) of organs and bone marrows were extracted. Model fitting of TACs was operated using PMOD Kinetic Modeling. After validation by Goodness of fit (GOF), the reversible two-tissue compartment model (2T4k) was used to further analysis. R software was used to analyze the correlation between kinetic parameters and clinical indicators. RESULTS The 2T4k has passed the criterion of GOF and was used to fit the data of 0-20 minutes. The [11C]methionine net uptake rate (Ki) was significantly higher in the MM lesions than in the non-myeloma controls (control: 0.040±0.007 mL/g/min, MM: 0.171±0.108 mL/g/min, p=0.009). The Ki values were found to be correlated with M protein levels in MM patients. MM patients with t(4;14) translocations had an elevated k4 value compared with t(4;14) negative patients. CONCLUSION MM lesions have a propensity for uptake of [11C]methionine. The serum levels of M protein are correlated with [11C]methionine uptake rate in myeloma. Metabolic classification based on the k4 value may be a promising strategy for risk stratification in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Beiwen Ni
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lianghua Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Gu
- Central Research Institute, United Imaging Healthcare Group Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Bengs S, Warnock GI, Portmann A, Mikail N, Rossi A, Ahmed H, Etter D, Treyer V, Gisler L, Pfister SK, Jie CVML, Meisel A, Keller C, Liang SH, Schibli R, Mu L, Buechel RR, Kaufmann PA, Ametamey SM, Gebhard C, Haider A. Rest/stress myocardial perfusion imaging by positron emission tomography with 18F-Flurpiridaz: A feasibility study in mice. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:62-73. [PMID: 35484467 PMCID: PMC9984310 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-022-02968-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial perfusion imaging by positron emission tomography (PET-MPI) is the current gold standard for quantification of myocardial blood flow. 18F-flurpiridaz was recently introduced as a valid alternative to currently used PET-MPI probes. Nonetheless, optimum scan duration and time interval for image analysis are currently unknown. Further, it is unclear whether rest/stress PET-MPI with 18F-flurpiridaz is feasible in mice. METHODS Rest/stress PET-MPI was performed with 18F-flurpiridaz (0.6-3.0 MBq) in 27 mice aged 7-8 months. Regadenoson (0.1 µg/g) was used for induction of vasodilator stress. Kinetic modeling was performed using a metabolite-corrected arterial input function. Image-derived myocardial 18F-flurpiridaz uptake was assessed for different time intervals by placing a volume of interest in the left ventricular myocardium. RESULTS Tracer kinetics were best described by a two-tissue compartment model. K1 ranged from 6.7 to 20.0 mL·cm-3·min-1, while myocardial volumes of distribution (VT) were between 34.6 and 83.6 mL·cm-3. Of note, myocardial 18F-flurpiridaz uptake (%ID/g) was significantly correlated with K1 at rest and following pharmacological vasodilation for all time intervals assessed. However, while Spearman's coefficients (rs) ranged between 0.478 and 0.681, R2 values were generally low. In contrast, an excellent correlation of myocardial 18F-flurpiridaz uptake with VT was obtained, particularly when employing the averaged myocardial uptake from 20 to 40 min post tracer injection (R2 ≥ 0.98). Notably, K1 and VT were similarly sensitive to pharmacological vasodilation induction. Further, mean stress-to-rest ratios of K1, VT, and %ID/g 18F-flurpiridaz were virtually identical, suggesting that %ID/g 18F-flurpiridaz can be used to estimate coronary flow reserve (CFR) in mice. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that a simplified assessment of relative myocardial perfusion and CFR, based on image-derived tracer uptake, is feasible with 18F-flurpiridaz in mice, enabling high-throughput mechanistic CFR studies in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Bengs
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey I Warnock
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Angela Portmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Nidaa Mikail
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Rossi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Hazem Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Etter
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Treyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Livio Gisler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie K Pfister
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Caitlin V M L Jie
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Meisel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Keller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Roger Schibli
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Linjing Mu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ronny R Buechel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp A Kaufmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Gebhard
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, 8952, Schlieren, Switzerland.
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Li X, Shi S, Zhou H, Zhao Z, Lu J. Novel [ 18F]-Labeled Meta-Bromobenzylguanidine Derivatives: Potential Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Probes for the Norepinephrine Transporter. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3811-3819. [PMID: 34519204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop novel norepinephrine transporter (NET)-targeting positron emission tomography (PET) probes with optimal pharmacokinetic properties, a series of meta-bromobenzylguanidine derivatives was synthesized. 4-Fluorodiethoxyethane-3-bromobenzylguanidine (compound 12) showed relatively good affinity for the NET (IC50 = 1.00 ± 0.04 μM). The corresponding radiotracer 18F-12 was prepared in high radiochemical purity (>98%) via a three-step method. The in vitro cellular uptake results demonstrated that 18F-12 was specifically taken up by NET-expressing SK-N-SH cells by the uptake-1 mechanism. Biodistribution studies in mice showed that 18F-12 exhibited high cardiac uptake (10.45 ± 0.66 %ID/g at 5 min p.i. and 6.44 ± 0.40 %ID/g at 120 min p.i.), faster liver clearance, and a lower dose of absorbed radiation than [123I]-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine ([123I]MIBG). Small animal PET imaging confirmed the high heart-to-background ratio of 18F-12 and the uptake-1 mechanism specific for the NET in rats, indicating its potential as a promising PET radiotracer for cardiac sympathetic nerve imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Department of Isotopes, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, P. R. China
| | - Shuyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zuoquan Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and FuWai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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Balogh V, MacAskill MG, Hadoke PWF, Gray GA, Tavares AAS. Positron Emission Tomography Techniques to Measure Active Inflammation, Fibrosis and Angiogenesis: Potential for Non-invasive Imaging of Hypertensive Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:719031. [PMID: 34485416 PMCID: PMC8416043 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.719031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure, which is responsible for a high number of deaths worldwide, can develop due to chronic hypertension. Heart failure can involve and progress through several different pathways, including: fibrosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Early and specific detection of changes in the myocardium during the transition to heart failure can be made via the use of molecular imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET). Traditional cardiovascular PET techniques, such as myocardial perfusion imaging and sympathetic innervation imaging, have been established at the clinical level but are often lacking in pathway and target specificity that is important for assessment of heart failure. Therefore, there is a need to identify new PET imaging markers of inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis that could aid diagnosis, staging and treatment of hypertensive heart failure. This review will provide an overview of key mechanisms underlying hypertensive heart failure and will present the latest developments in PET probes for detection of cardiovascular inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis. Currently, selective PET probes for detection of angiogenesis remain elusive but promising PET probes for specific targeting of inflammation and fibrosis are rapidly progressing into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Balogh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark G MacAskill
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian A Gray
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana A S Tavares
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Edinburgh Imaging, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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