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Generation and properties of one strain of H3N2 influenza virus with enhanced replication. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108970. [PMID: 33421685 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) has been circulating in many countries since 2008. The epidemic spread of CIV could be a concern for public health because of the close contact between humans and companion animals. In this study, we used Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells as a coinfection model of H3N2 CIV and the pandemic (2009) H1N1 influenza virus to investigate the possibility of genetic mutation or recombination. One of the resultant progeny viruses, designated as CP15, was identified with a significantly increased replication ability. For this viral strain all segments exhibit a homology close to 100 % with its parental strain A/Canine/Jiangsu/06/2010 (JS/10), except for two site mutations K156E and R201 K which occur in the receptor-binding sites of hemagglutinin (HA) and antigen binding sites of neuraminidase (NA), respectively. Virus growth in MDCK cells showed that CP15 had a higher virus titer (more than 10 times) than JS/10. Consistent with this, CP15 exhibited extensive tissue tropism and higher viral RNA loads in the spleen, kidney and lung of mice challenged with this virus compared to JS/10. However, body weight loss and lung injure score due to CP15 infection were greatly reduced. Importantly, anti-CP15 serum antibodies could confer a high neutralization activity against JS/10. These findings indicated that the CP15 strain of high replication ability represents a promising candidate to develop an efficient CIV vaccine.
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Xie X, Na W, Kang A, Yeom M, Yuk H, Moon H, Kim SJ, Kim HW, Kim JK, Pang M, Wang Y, Liu Y, Song D. Comparison of the virulence of three H3N2 canine influenza virus isolates from Korea and China in mouse and Guinea pig models. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:149. [PMID: 29716608 PMCID: PMC5930860 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) has been the most common subtype in Korea and China since 2007. Here, we compared the pathogenicity and transmissibility of three H3N2 CIV strains [Chinese CIV (JS/10), Korean CIV (KR/07), and Korean recombinant CIV between the classic H3N2 CIV and the pandemic H1N1 virus (MV/12)] in BALB/c mouse and guinea pig models. The pandemic H1N1 (CA/09) strain served as the control. Results BALB/c mice infected with H1N1 had high mortality and obvious body weight loss, whereas no overt disease symptoms were observed in mice inoculated with H3N2 CIV strains. The viral titers were higher in the group MV/12 than those in groups JS/10 and KR/07, while the mice infected with JS/10 showed higher viral titers in all tissues (except for the lung) than the mice infected with KR/07. The data obtained in guinea pigs also demonstrated that group MV/12 presented the highest loads in most of the tissues, followed by group JS/10 and KR/07. Also, direct contact transmissions of all the three CIV strains could be observed in guinea pigs, and for the inoculated and the contact groups, the viral titer of group MV/12 and KR/07 was higher than that of group JS/10 in nasal swabs. These findings indicated that the matrix (M) gene obtained from the pandemic H1N1 may enhance viral replication of classic H3N2 CIV; JS/10 has stronger viral replication ability in tissues as compared to KR/07, whereas KR/07 infected guinea pigs have more viral shedding than JS/10 infected guinea pigs. Conclusions There exists a discrepancy in pathobiology among CIV isolates. Reverse genetics regarding the genomes of CIV isolates will be helpful to further explain the virus characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Woonsung Na
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Aram Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Heejun Yuk
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-in, 17066, South Korea
| | - Sung-Jae Kim
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-in, 17066, South Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virology Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, and School of Agricultural Biotechnology, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yong-in, 17066, South Korea.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neundong-ro, Seoul, 143-701, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea
| | - Maoda Pang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yongshan Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea.
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Yuan X, Lin H, Li B, He K, Fan H. Swinepox virus vector-based vaccines: attenuation and biosafety assessments following subcutaneous prick inoculation. Vet Res 2018; 49:14. [PMID: 29415767 PMCID: PMC5804073 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Swinepox virus (SPV) has several advantages as a potential clinical vector for a live vector vaccine. In this study, to obtain a safer and more efficient SPV vector, three SPV mutants, Δ003, Δ010, and ΔTK were successfully constructed. A virus replication experiment showed that these SPV mutants had lower replication abilities compared to wtSPV in 10 different host-derived cell lines. Animal experiments with mouse and rabbit models demonstrate that these three mutants and wtSPV did not cause any clinical signs of dermatitis. No fatalities were observed during a peritoneal challenge assay with these mutants and wtSPV in a mouse model. Additionally, the three mutants and wtSPV were not infectious at 60 h after vaccination in rabbit models. Furthermore, we evaluated biosafety, immunogenicity and effectiveness of the three mutants in 65 1-month-old piglets. The results show that there were no clinical signs of dermatitis in the Δ003 and ΔTK vaccination groups. However, mild signs were observed in the Δ010 vaccination groups when virus titres were high, and apparent clinical signs were observed at the sites of inoculation. Samples from all experimental pig groups were assessed by qPCR, and no SPV genomic DNA was found in five organs, faeces or blood. This suggests that the infectious abilities of wtSPV and the SPV mutants were poor and limited. In summary, this study indicates that two mutants of SPV, Δ003 and ΔTK, may be promising candidates for an attenuated viral vector in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yuan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Sciences, Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Research, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Kalhoro DH, Gao S, Xie X, Liang S, Luo S, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Canine influenza virus coinfection with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius enhances bacterial colonization, virus load and clinical presentation in mice. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:87. [PMID: 27259293 PMCID: PMC4893303 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0708-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine influenza virus (CIV) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (Sp) are pathogens that cause respiratory disease in dogs. Considering bacterial infections following influenza are a leading cause of illness and death, it is of particular meaning to investigate the interaction between these two pathogens. In this study, BALB/c mice were used as a mouse model to assess whether inoculation with CIV H3N2 followed by S. pseudintermedius 72 h later resulted in exacerbation of disease. Disease was characterized by assessment of body weight loss, titration of virus and bacteria, histopathology, and cytokine production. Results There was a significantly greater decrease in body weight in the co-infected group compared with the CIV-only and SP-only groups. CIV inoculation increased bacterial colonization, whereas secondary infection with S. pseudintermedius elevated the viral RNA load of CIV in tissues. The histological lesions in the brain, spleen and lung were more severe in the CIV/Sp group than in the singly treated groups. Infection with CIV alone, Sp alone or coinfection stimulated a significantly higher release of cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN)-γ, interleukin 6 (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and lymphotactin (Lptn), than was observed in the mock-infected group (PBS). Moreover, the levels of IFN-γ in the spleen and lung were higher in the CIV/Sp group compared with the CIV-only and Sp-only groups. Conclusion Our findings provide the first demonstration that the secondary infection of mice with Sp leads to increased clinical signs and lesions during canine influenza. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0708-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanshan Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xing Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shan Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Su Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Molecular analyses of H3N2 canine influenza viruses isolated from Korea during 2013-2014. Virus Genes 2016; 52:204-17. [PMID: 26810402 PMCID: PMC4792367 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-015-1274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Canine influenza A virus (CIV) causes a respiratory disease among dog populations and is prevalent in North America and Asia. Recently, Asian H3N2 CIV infection has been of particular concern, with recent reports related to reassortants with pandemic 2009 strains, direct transmission from a human H3N2, a possibility of H3N2 CIV transmission to other mammals, and even the first outbreak of H3N2 CIVs in North America in April 2015. However, despite these global concerns, our understanding of how influenza A virus transmission impacts the overall populations of H3N2 CIVs remains incomplete. Hence, we investigated the evolutionary history of the most recent two Korean CIV isolates, A/canine/Korea/BD-1/2013 and A/canine/Korea/DG1/2014, along with 57 worldwide CIVs, using comprehensive molecular analyses based on genomic genotyping. This study presents that the new Korean CIV isolates are closely related to the predominantly circulating H3N2 CIVs with genotypes K, G, E, 3B, F, 2D, F, and 1E, carrying several mutations in antigenic and host determinant sites. Also, our findings show that the genome-wide genetic variations within the H3N2 CIVs are low; however, two antigenic protein (HA and NA) analysis demonstrates genetic diversification of the H3N2 CIVs, which evolves independently between Korea and China.
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