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Tartor H, Bernhardt LV, Mohammad SN, Kuiper R, Weli SC. In Situ Detection of Salmonid Alphavirus 3 (SAV3) in Tissues of Atlantic Salmon in a Cohabitation Challenge Model with a Special Focus on the Immune Response to the Virus in the Pseudobranch. Viruses 2023; 15:2450. [PMID: 38140691 PMCID: PMC11080939 DOI: 10.3390/v15122450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus strain 3 is responsible for outbreaks of pancreas disease in salmon and rainbow trout in Norway. Although the extensive amount of research on SAV3 focused mainly on the heart and pancreas (of clinical importance), tropism and pathogenesis studies of the virus in other salmon tissues are limited. Here, we used a combination of RT-qPCR (Q_nsp1 gene) and in situ hybridization (RNAscope®) to demonstrate the tropism of SAV3 in situ in tissues of Atlantic salmon, employing a challenge model (by cohabitation). In addition, as previous results suggested that the pseudobranch may harbor the virus, the change in the expression of different immune genes upon SAV3 infection (RT-qPCR) was focused on the pseudobranch in this study. In situ hybridization detected SAV3 in different tissues of Atlantic salmon during the acute phase of the infection, with the heart ventricle showing the most extensive infection. Furthermore, the detection of the virus in different adipose tissues associated with the internal organs of the salmon suggests a specific affinity of SAV3 to adipocyte components. The inconsistent immune response to SAV3 in the pseudobranch after infection did not mitigate the infection in that tissue and is probably responsible for the persistent low infection at 4 weeks post-challenge. The early detection of SAV3 in the pseudobranch after infection, along with the persistent low infection over the experimental infection course, suggests a pivotal role of the pseudobranch in SAV3 pathogenesis in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Tartor
- Department of Fish Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | | | | | - Raoul Kuiper
- Department of Fish Biosecurity, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway; (R.K.); (S.C.W.)
| | - Simon C. Weli
- Department of Fish Biosecurity, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 1433 Ås, Norway; (R.K.); (S.C.W.)
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Clark TC, Naseer S, Gundappa MK, Laurent A, Perquis A, Collet B, Macqueen DJ, Martin SAM, Boudinot P. Conserved and divergent arms of the antiviral response in the duplicated genomes of salmonid fishes. Genomics 2023; 115:110663. [PMID: 37286012 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral innate immunity is orchestrated by the interferon system, which appeared in ancestors of jawed vertebrates. Interferon upregulation induces hundreds of interferon-stimulated-genes (ISGs) with effector or regulatory functions. Here we investigated the evolutionary diversification of ISG responses through comparison of two salmonid fishes, accounting for the impact of sequential whole genome duplications ancestral to teleosts and salmonids. We analysed the transcriptomic response of the IFN pathway in the head kidney of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, which separated 25-30 Mya. We identified a large set of ISGs conserved in both species and cross-referenced them with zebrafish and human ISGs. In contrast, around one-third of salmonid ISG lacked orthologs in human, mouse, chicken or frog, and often between rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, revealing a fast-evolving, lineage-specific arm of the antiviral response. This study also provides a key resource for in-depth functional analysis of ISGs in salmonids of commercial significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Clark
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France; Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Shahmir Naseer
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Manu Kumar Gundappa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Bertrand Collet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Daniel J Macqueen
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Samuel A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France.
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Noguera P, Klinger M, Örün H, Grunow B, Del-Pozo J. Ultrastructural insights into the replication cycle of salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) using salmon cardiac primary cultures (SCPCs). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:2031-2041. [PMID: 34424537 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) has been affecting the salmon farming industry for over 30 years, but despite the substantial amount of studies, there are still a number of recognized knowledge gaps, for example in the transmission of the virus. In this work, an ultrastructural morphological approach was used to describe observations after infection by SPDV of an ex vivo cardiac model generated from Atlantic salmon embryos. The observations in this study and those available on previous ultrastructural work on SPDV are compared and contrasted with the current knowledge on terrestrial mammalian and insect alphaviral replication cycles, which is deeper than that of SPDV both morphologically and mechanistically. Despite their limitations, morphological descriptions remain an excellent way to generate novel hypotheses, and this has been the aim of this work. This study has used a target host, ex vivo model and resulted in some previously undescribed features, including filopodial membrane projections, cytoplasmic stress granules or putative intracytoplasmic budding. The latter suggests a new hypothesis that warrants further mechanistic research: SPDV in salmon may have retained the capacity for non-cytolytic (persistent) infections by intracellular budding, similar to that noted in arthropod vectors of other alphaviruses. In the notable absence of a known intermediate host for SPDV, the presence of this pattern suggests that both cytopathic and persistent infections may coexist in the same host. It is our hope that the ultrastructural comparison presented here stimulates new research that brings the knowledge on SPDV replication cycle up to a similar level to that of terrestrial alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Histro Örün
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bianka Grunow
- Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jorge Del-Pozo
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, UK
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Bakke AF, Bjørgen H, Koppang EO, Frost P, Afanasyev S, Boysen P, Krasnov A, Lund H. IgM+ and IgT+ B Cell Traffic to the Heart during SAV Infection in Atlantic Salmon. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E493. [PMID: 32878234 PMCID: PMC7563723 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells of teleost fish differentiate in the head kidney, and spleen, and either remain in the lymphatic organs or move to the blood and peripheral tissues. There is limited knowledge about piscine B cell traffic to sites of vaccination and infection and their functional roles at these sites. In this work, we examined the traffic of B cells in Atlantic salmon challenged with salmonid alphavirus (SAV). In situ hybridization (RNAScope) showed increased numbers of immunoglobin (Ig)M+ and IgT+ B cells in the heart in response to SAV challenge, with IgM+ B cells being most abundant. An increase in IgT+ B cells was also evident, indicating a role of IgT+ B cells in nonmucosal tissues and systemic viral infections. After infection, B cells were mainly found in the stratum spongiosum of the cardiac ventricle, colocalizing with virus-infected myocardial-like cells. From sequencing the variable region of IgM in the main target organ (heart) and comparing it with a major lymphatic organ (the spleen), co-occurrence in antibody repertoires indicated a transfer of B cells from the spleen to the heart, as well as earlier recruitment of B cells to the heart in vaccinated fish compared to those that were unvaccinated. Transcriptome analyses performed at 21 days post-challenge suggested higher expression of multiple mediators of inflammation and lymphocyte-specific genes in unvaccinated compared to vaccinated fish, in parallel with a massive suppression of genes involved in heart contraction, metabolism, and development of tissue. The adaptive responses to SAV in vaccinated salmon appeared to alleviate the disease. Altogether, these results suggest that migration of B cells from lymphatic organs to sites of infection is an important part of the adaptive immune response of Atlantic salmon to SAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Flore Bakke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (A.F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.); (P.B.); (H.L.)
| | - Håvard Bjørgen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (A.F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.); (P.B.); (H.L.)
| | - Erling Olaf Koppang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (A.F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.); (P.B.); (H.L.)
| | - Petter Frost
- MSD Animal Health Innovation AD, Thormøhlens Gate 55, 5006 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Sergey Afanasyev
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Torez 44, Saint-Petersburg 194223, Russia;
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (A.F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.); (P.B.); (H.L.)
| | | | - Hege Lund
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ullevålsveien 72, 0454 Oslo, Norway; (A.F.B.); (H.B.); (E.O.K.); (P.B.); (H.L.)
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Tomar S, Mahajan S, Kumar R. Advances in structure-assisted antiviral discovery for animal viral diseases. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149589 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gardner LD, Peck KA, Goetz GW, Linbo TL, Cameron J, Scholz NL, Block BA, Incardona JP. Cardiac remodeling in response to embryonic crude oil exposure involves unconventional NKX family members and innate immunity genes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.205567. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling results from both physiological and pathological stimuli. Compared to mammals, fish hearts show a broader array of remodeling changes in response to environmental influences, providing exceptional models for dissecting the molecular and cellular bases of cardiac remodeling. We recently characterized a form of pathological remodeling in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in response to crude oil exposure during embryonic cardiogenesis. In the absence of overt pathology (cardiomyocyte death or inflammatory infiltrate), cardiac ventricles in exposed fish showed altered shape, reduced thickness of compact myocardium, and hypertrophic changes in spongy, trabeculated myocardium. Here we used RNA sequencing to characterize molecular pathways underlying these defects. In juvenile ventricular cardiomyocytes, antecedent embryonic oil exposure led to dose-dependent up-regulation of genes involved in innate immunity and two NKX homeobox transcription factors not previously associated with cardiomyocytes, nkx2.3 and nkx3.3. Absent from mammalian genomes, the latter is largely uncharacterized. In zebrafish embryos nkx3.3 demonstrated a potent effect on cardiac morphogenesis, equivalent to nkx2.5, the primary transcription factor associated with ventricular cardiomyocyte identity. The role of nkx3.3 in heart growth is potentially linked to the unique regenerative capacity of fish and amphibians. Moreover, these findings support a cardiomyocyte-intrinsic role for innate immune response genes in pathological hypertrophy. This study demonstrates how an expanding mechanistic understanding of environmental pollution impacts – i.e., the chemical perturbation of biological systems – can ultimately yield new insights into fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Gardner
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Karen A. Peck
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Giles W. Goetz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - John P. Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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Jarungsriapisit J, Moore LJ, Mæhle S, Skår C, Einen AC, Fiksdal IU, Morton HC, Stefansson SO, Taranger GL, Patel S. Relationship between viral dose and outcome of infection in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., post-smolts bath-challenged with salmonid alphavirus subtype 3. Vet Res 2016; 47:102. [PMID: 27760562 PMCID: PMC5069985 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3) causes pancreas disease (PD) and adversely affects salmonid aquaculture in Europe. A better understanding of disease transmission is currently needed in order to manage PD outbreaks. Here, we demonstrate the relationship between viral dose and the outcome of SAV3 infection in Atlantic salmon post-smolts using a bath challenge model. Fish were challenged at 12 °C with 3 different SAV3 doses; 139, 27 and 7 TCID50 L−1 of seawater. A dose of as little as 7 TCID50 L−1 of seawater was able to induce SAV3 infection in the challenged population with a substantial level of variation between replicate tanks and, therefore, likely represents a dose close to the minimum dose required to establish an infection in a population. These data also confirm the highly infectious nature of SAV through horizontal transmission. The outcome of SAV3 infection, evaluated by the prevalence of viraemic fish, SAV3-positive hearts, and the virus shedding rate, was positively correlated to the original SAV3 dose. A maximal shedding rate of 2.4 × 104 TCID50 L−1 of seawater h−1 kg−1 was recorded 10 days post-exposure (dpe) from the highest dose group. The method reported here, for the quantification of infectious SAV3 in seawater, could be useful to monitor PD status or obtain data from SAV3 outbreaks at field locations. This information could be incorporated into pathogen dispersal models to improve risk assessment and to better understand how SAV3 spreads between farms during outbreaks. This information may also provide new insights into the control and mitigation of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiraporn Jarungsriapisit
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lindsey J Moore
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stig Mæhle
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Skår
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Sigurd O Stefansson
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, P. O. Box 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Sonal Patel
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005, Bergen, Norway.
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