1
|
Isolation and molecular characterization of bovine herpesvirus 4 from cattle in mainland China. Arch Virol 2021; 166:619-626. [PMID: 33410994 PMCID: PMC7788162 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is one of the most important of the known viral respiratory and reproductive pathogens of both young and adult cattle. However, BoHV-4 has not been isolated or detected in mainland China prior to this study. In 2019, BoHV-4 strain 512 was isolated from cattle in Heilongjiang Province, China, using MDBK cells, and characterized by PCR, nucleotide sequence analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Two other unknown herpesvirus strains, BL6010 and J4034, which were isolated from cattle in 2009 in China and stored at -70℃, were also propagated in MDBK cells and identified as BoHV-4 by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial nucleotide sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene and glycoprotein B (gB) gene for the three isolates indicated that these three Chinese strains belong to BoHV-4 genotype 1. A preliminary virus neutralization test revealed that 64% of the 70 bovine sera (45/70) collected from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, had anti-BoHV-4 antibodies and that natural BoHV-4 infection occurred in cattle in China. Here, we report for the first time the isolation and molecular characterization of BoHV-4 from cattle in mainland China.
Collapse
|
2
|
Infectious Agents Identified by Real-Time PCR, Serology and Bacteriology in Blood and Peritoneal Exudate Samples of Cows Affected by Parietal Fibrinous Peritonitis after Caesarean Section. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030134. [PMID: 32933113 PMCID: PMC7558678 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the pathogens potentially involved in parietal fibrinous peritonitis (PFP). PFP is a complication of laparotomy in cattle, characterized by an accumulation of exudate inside a fibrinous capsule. We have studied 72 cases of PFP in Belgian blue cows, confirmed by a standard diagnostic protocol. Blood was collected to evaluate the presence of antibodies for Mycoplasma bovis(M. bovis), Coxiella burnetii(C. burnetii) and Bovine Herpesvirus 4(BoHV4) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Peritoneal exudate was obtained from the PFP cavity to perform bacteriological culture, and to identify the DNA of M. bovis, C. burnetii and BoHV4 using real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Bacteriological culture was positive in most peritoneal samples (59/72); Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) (51/72) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (20/72) were the most frequently identified. For BoHV4, the majority of cows showed positive serology and qPCR (56/72 and 49/72, respectively). Contrariwise, M. bovis (17/72 and 6/72, respectively) and C. burnetii (15/72 and 6/72, respectively) were less frequently detected (p < 0.0001). Our study proves that PFP can no longer be qualified as a sterile inflammation. Moreover, we herein describe the first identification of BoHV4 and C. burnetii in cows affected by PFP.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee Y, Maes R, Kiupel M, Nauwynck H, Soboll Hussey G. Characterization of feline herpesvirus-1 deletion mutants in tissue explant cultures. Virus Res 2020; 284:197981. [PMID: 32315701 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is the primary cause of viral respiratory and ocular disease in cats. While commercial vaccines can provide clinical protection, they do not protect from infection or prevent latency. Moreover, they are not safe for intranasal administration. Our overall objective is to develop a new mucosal vaccine against FHV-1 disease to address these shortcomings. Feline herpesvirus-1 deletion mutants of glycoprotein C (gC-), gE (gE-), US3-encoded serine/threonine protein kinase (PK-), and both gE and thymidine kinase (gE-TK-) were generated by bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis. Tracheal tissue explants from eight cats were used to compare the pattern of viral infection and associated tissue damage, as well as virus spread through the basement membrane following inoculation with wild-type virus (WT), and gE-, gE-TK-, PK-, and gC- mutants. Tissues were collected at 24, 48, or 72 hours post-inoculation (hpi) followed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FHV-1. Histological changes were graded based on the distribution of virus infected cells and the severity of tissue damage. Inoculations with the WT virus resulted in maximal scores at 72 hpi both at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 and 0.1. Inoculation with the gE- mutant produced scores similar to scores of explants inoculated with the WT virus at 24 and 48 hpi, but scores were significantly decreased at 72 hpi. Explants inoculated with the gE-TK- mutant showed significantly decreased scores at all time points. Further, the majority of explants inoculated with the PK- mutant resulted in scores of zero at all time points, regardless of MOI. Finally, inoculation with WT resulted in significant stromal invasion below the infected epithelium, while stromal invasion was observed in less than 50 % of the samples following inoculation with gE-, gE-TK-, PK-, or gC- mutants and confined closely to the area surrounding the infected epithelium. In conclusion, the gE-TK- and PK- mutants exhibited significantly reduced virulence, tissue damage and spread to the underlying stroma, suggesting that they may be good vaccine candidates for in vivo testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Roger Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Díaz JM, Prieto A, López-Lorenzo G, López-Novo C, Iglesias A, Díaz P, Panadero R, Moral J, López C, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P, Fernández G. Monitoring of the shedding and serological dynamics of Bovine gammaherpesvirus type 4 in a dairy cattle herd. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108495. [PMID: 31767098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine gammaherpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4) is increasingly related with reproductive disease in cattle, but its epidemiology is not fully understood. We monitored the serological response and shedding of BoHV-4 in a positive dairy cattle farm with metritis. First, we performed an ELISA to detect BoHV-4 antibodies in all the animals (n = 104). Afterwards, ten seronegative heifers introduced in the production lot and sera samples were monthly taken for four months and then 6-10 months after introduction to detect BoHV-4 antibodies by ELISA. Moreover, a vaginal swab was taken after calving to detect BoHV-4 by PCR. Concurrently, a weekly collection of vaginal and nasal swabs and milk was performed during the first month post-partum in multiparous cows with metritis (n = 14), heifers with metritis (n = 4), heifers without metritis but positive to BoHV-4 (ELISA or PCR) (n = 2) and multiparous cows without metritis (n = 3). Seropositivity was higher in older animals and in the production lot. Three heifers which shed BoHV-4 after parturition resulted seronegative at first but eventually seroconverted. In the same vein, most heifers seroconverted after 6-10 months in the production lot (8/10). Multiparous cows shed virus by various routes: 13/14 (93 %) in vaginal secretions, 7/14 (50 %) in nasal exudates and 7/14 (50 %) in milk. However, in the other groups, shedding was only detected in vaginal swabs from the first week post-partum. Our study describes BoHV-4 shedding in field conditions. Seronegative animals may become horizontally infected when moved to a contaminated environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Alberto Prieto
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Cynthia López-Novo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Antonio Iglesias
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosario Panadero
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Javier Moral
- Sociedad Veterinaria del Eo SLP, 33770, Vegadeo, Spain
| | - Ceferino López
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Pablo Díez-Baños
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Patrocinio Morrondo
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gammaherpesvirus BoHV-4 infects bovine respiratory epithelial cells mainly at the basolateral side. Vet Res 2019; 50:11. [PMID: 30736853 PMCID: PMC6368735 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus that is widespread in cattle. However, only a few studies about the pathogenesis of BoHV-4 primary infection have been reported. In the present study, ex vivo models with bovine nasal and tracheal mucosa explants were used to study the cellular BoHV-4-host interactions. Infection was observed in nasal but not in tracheal epithelial cells. To find a possible correlation between the integrity and restricted infection of the respiratory epithelium, both nasal mucosal and tracheal explants were treated with EGTA, a drug that disrupts the intercellular junctions, before inoculation. The infection was analyzed based on the number of plaques, plaque latitude and number of infected single cells, as determined by immunofluorescence. BoHV-4 infection in nasal mucosal explants was enhanced upon opening the tight junctions with EGTA. Infection in tracheal explants was only found after treatment with EGTA. In addition, primary bovine respiratory epithelial cells (BREC) were isolated, grown at the air–liquid interface and infected either at the apical or basolateral side by BoHV-4. The results showed that BoHV-4 preferentially bound to and entered BREC at the basolateral surfaces of both nasal and tracheal epithelial cells. The percentage of BoHV-4 infection was significantly increased both from nasal and tracheal epithelial cells after treatment with EGTA, which indicates that the BoHV-4 receptor is mainly located at the basolateral surface of these cells. Thus, our findings demonstrate that integrity of the respiratory epithelium is crucial in the host’s innate defense against primary BoHV-4 infections.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang B, Pascottini OB, Xie J, Desmarets L, Cui T, Opsomer G, Nauwynck HJ. Presence of gammaherpesvirus BoHV-4 in endometrial cytology samples is not associated with subclinical endometritis diagnosed at artificial insemination in dairy cows. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:130-137. [PMID: 30642588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the past, bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) has been suggested to be associated with metritis and endometritis. However, not many field studies investigated the association between BoHV-4 and subclinical endometritis (SCE). In the present study, the association between the intrauterine presence of BoHV-4 and SCE diagnosed during artificial insemination (AI) was examined on two dairy farms in Belgium. An immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) and an enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) were used to screen the serum for anti-BoHV-4 antibodies. A SYBR green based one step real time qPCR was used to detect and quantify BoHV-4 (ORF20) in nasal, uterine and vaginal samples collected at AI. A reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect mRNA (gB) as proof of a productive BoHV-4 infection. BoHV-4 was detected in 39.4% (farm A)/23.8% (farm B) of the nasal samples, 48.5% (farm A)/19.0% (farm B) of the uterine samples and 51.5% (farm A)/42.9% (farm B) of the vaginal samples. Active replication was only detected in farm A in 38.5% of the BoHV-4 positive nasal samples and in 5.9% positive cases of the vaginal samples. The prevalence of SCE diagnosed at AI was 45.5% and 42.9% in farm A and farm B, respectively. The presence of SCE was associated with a reduced pregnancy outcome at artificial insemination (AI) (P<0.001). The occurrence of SCE at AI was not associated with the presence of latent or productive BoHV4 infections in the uterus nor in the vagina and nose (P>0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium; Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Osvaldo Bogado Pascottini
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jiexiong Xie
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lowiese Desmarets
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Tingting Cui
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Geert Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|