1
|
Kappari L, Dasireddy JR, Applegate TJ, Selvaraj RK, Shanmugasundaram R. MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1372961. [PMID: 38803799 PMCID: PMC11129562 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1372961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) serve as key regulators in gene expression and play a crucial role in immune responses, holding a significant promise for diagnosing and managing diseases in farm animals. This review article summarizes current research on the role of miRNAs in various farm animal diseases and mycotoxicosis, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and using them for mitigation strategies. Through an extensive literature review, we focused on the impact of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of several farm animal diseases, including viral and bacterial infections and mycotoxicosis. They regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA deadenylation, decay, or translational inhibition, significantly impacting cellular processes and protein synthesis. The research revealed specific miRNAs associated with the diseases; for instance, gga-miR-M4 is crucial in Marek's disease, and gga-miR-375 tumor-suppressing function in Avian Leukosis. In swine disease such as Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and swine influenza, miRNAs like miR-155 and miR-21-3p emerged as key regulatory factors. Additionally, our review highlighted the interaction between miRNAs and mycotoxins, suggesting miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for mycotoxin exposure. For example, alterations in miRNA expression, such as the dysregulation observed in response to Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in chickens, may indicate potential mechanisms for toxin-induced changes in lipid metabolism leading to liver damage. Our findings highlight miRNAs potential for early disease detection and intervention in farm animal disease management, potentially reducing significant economic losses in agriculture. With only a fraction of miRNAs functionally characterized in farm animals, this review underlines more focused research on specific miRNAs altered in distinct diseases, using advanced technologies like CRISPR-Cas9 screening, single-cell sequencing, and integrated multi-omics approaches. Identifying specific miRNA targets offers a novel pathway for early disease detection and the development of mitigation strategies against mycotoxin exposure in farm animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laharika Kappari
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Todd J. Applegate
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu J, Ning C, Zhang J, Xu S, Wu J, Tao C, Ma F, Chen Q, Pan Z. Comparative miRNA expression profile analysis of porcine ovarian follicles: new insights into the initiation mechanism of follicular atresia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1338411. [PMID: 38174044 PMCID: PMC10761487 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1338411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Follicular atresia occurs in every stage of ovarian development, which is relevant to female fertility. In the past decade, increasing studies have confirmed that miRNAs, a class of short non-coding RNAs, play an important role in follicular atresia by post-transcription regulation of their target genes. However, the function of miRNAs on follicular atresia initiation is unknown. In the present study, high-throughput small RNA sequencing was performed to analyze differential miRNA expression profiles between healthy (HF) follicles and early atretic (EAF) follicles. A total of 237 conserved miRNA were detected, and the miR-143 is the highest expressed in follicles. Meanwhile, we also found wide sequence variations (isomiRs) in porcine ovarian miRNA, including in 5'un-translation region, core seed sequences and 3'untranslation region. Furthermore, we identified 22 differentially expressed miRNAs in EAF groups compared to HF group, of which 3 miRNAs were upregulated, as well as 19 miRNAs were downregulated, and then the RT-PCR was performed to validate these profiles. The target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted by using miRwalk, miRDB, and Targetscan database, respectively. Moreover, the gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment established that the regulating functions and signaling pathways of these miRNAs contribute to follicular atresia initiation and cell fate. In conclusion, this study provides new insights into the changes of miRNAs in early atretic follicles to demonstrate their molecular regulation in ovarian follicular atretic initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingge Liu
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Caibo Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiyong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiege Wu
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenyu Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fanhua Ma
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengxiang Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li C, Wu X, Yang Y, Shi J, Wang S, Li J, Tian Y, Liu C, Han H, Xu S, Han X, Ma Y, Zheng L, Li J. METTL14 and FTO mediated m 6A modification regulate PCV2 replication by affecting miR-30a-5p maturity. Virulence 2023; 14:2232910. [PMID: 37418592 PMCID: PMC10332184 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2232910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic modification of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation plays an important role in virus infection and replication. However, its role in Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) replication has not been well studied. Here, we demonstrated that m6A modifications are increased in PK-15 cells after PCV2 infection. In particular, PCV2 infection could increase the expression of methyltransferase METTL14 and demethylase FTO. Moreover, interfering with METTL14 accumulation reduced the m6A methylation level and virus reproduction, whereas depleting the FTO demethylase enhanced the m6A methylation level and stimulated virus reproduction. Besides, we showed that METTL14 and FTO regulate PCV2 replication by affecting the process of miRNA maturity, especially the miRNA-30a-5p. Taken together, our results demonstrated that the m6A modification positively affects PCV2 replication and the role of m6A modification in the replication mechanism of the PCV2 virus provides a new idea for the prevention and control of the PCV2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, jinan, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianli Shi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, jinan, P. R. China
| | - Hong Han
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, jinan, P. R. China
| | - Shaojian Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, jinan, P. R. China
| | - Xianjie Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingru Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Limei Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, jinan, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao J, Pan H, Liu Y, He Y, Shi H, Ge C. Interacting Networks of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Regulate Layer Hens Performance. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:141. [PMID: 36672882 PMCID: PMC9859134 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg production is a vital biological and economic trait for poultry breeding. The 'hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis' determines the egg production, which affects the layer hens industry income. At the organism level, the HPO axis is influenced by the factors related to metabolic and nutritional status, environment, and genetics, whereas at the cellular and molecular levels, the HPO axis is influenced by the factors related to endocrine and metabolic regulation, cytokines, key genes, signaling pathways, post-transcriptional processing, and epigenetic modifications. MiRNAs and lncRNAs play a critical role in follicle selection and development, atresia, and ovulation in layer hens; in particular, miRNA is known to affect the development and atresia of follicles by regulating apoptosis and autophagy of granulosa cells. The current review elaborates on the regulation of the HPO axis and its role in the laying performance of hens at the organism, cellular, and molecular levels. In addition, this review provides an overview of the interactive network regulation mechanism of the HPO axis in layer hens, as well as comprehensive knowledge for successfully utilizing their genetic resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Zhao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
| | - Hongbin Pan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang He
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hongmei Shi
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Changrong Ge
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University Kunming, Kunming 650201, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Advances in Crosstalk between Porcine Circoviruses and Host. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071419. [PMID: 35891399 PMCID: PMC9315664 DOI: 10.3390/v14071419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs), including PCV1 to PCV4, are non-enveloped DNA viruses with a diameter of about 20 nm, belonging to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae. PCV2 is an important causative agent of porcine circovirus disease or porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVD/PCVAD), which is highly prevalent in pigs and seriously affects the swine industry globally. Furthermore, PCV2 mainly causes subclinical symptoms and immunosuppression, and PCV3 and PCV4 were detected in healthy pigs, sick pigs, and other animals. Although the pathogenicity of PCV3 and PCV4 in the field is still controversial, the infection rates of PCV3 and PCV4 in pigs are increasing. Moreover, PCV3 and PCV4 rescued from infected clones were pathogenic in vivo. It is worth noting that the interaction between virus and host is crucial to the infection and pathogenicity of the virus. This review discusses the latest research progress on the molecular mechanism of PCVs–host interaction, which may provide a scientific basis for disease prevention and control.
Collapse
|
6
|
Höltig D, Reiner G. [Opportunities and risks of the use of genetic resistances to infectious diseases in pigs - an overview]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:46-58. [PMID: 35235982 DOI: 10.1055/a-1751-3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Demands for health, performance and welfare in pigs, as well as the desire for consumer protection and reduced antibiotic use, require optimal measures in advance of disease development. This includes, in principle, the use of genetically more resistant lines and breeding animals, whose existence has been proven for a wide range of pathogen-host interactions. In addition, attempts are being made to identify the gene variants responsible for disease resistance in order to force the selection of suitable populations, also using modern biotechnical technics. The present work is intended to provide an overview of the research status achieved in this context and to highlight opportunities and risks for the future.The evaluation of the international literature shows that genetic disease resistance exist in many areas of swine diseases. However, polygenic inheritance, lack of animal models and the influence of environmental factors during evaluation render their implementation in practical breeding programs demanding. This is where modern molecular genetic methods, such as Gene Editing, come into play. Both approaches possess their pros and cons, which are discussed in this paper. The most important infectious diseases in pigs, including general diseases and epizootics, diseases of the respiratory and digestive tract and diseases of the immune system are taken into account.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Höltig
- Klinik für kleine Klauentiere, forensische Medizin und Ambulatorische Klinik, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
| | - Gerald Reiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee SH, Lim KS, Hong KC, Kim JM. Genetic association of polymorphisms in porcine RGS16 with porcine circovirus viral load in naturally infected Yorkshire pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1223-1231. [PMID: 34957439 PMCID: PMC8672253 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 16 (RGS16) is known to be
associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). PCV2 associated disease
(PCVAD) is a serious problem in the swine industry. The representative symptoms
of PCVAD are high viral titer proliferation and decreased average daily gain. In
this study, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the
RGS16 region, including the upstream region. Of the 22
identified SNPs, rs332913874, rs326071195, and rs318298586 were genotyped in 142
Yorkshire pigs. These SNPs were significantly associated with the PCV2 viral
load. Moreover, the haplotype combination was also related to the PCV2 viral
load. The haplotype and diplotype analysis also had a significant difference
with the PCV2 viral load. Taken together, our results suggest that
RGS16 SNPs considerably affect the PCV2 viral load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.,Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Ki-Chang Hong
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
miRNA Regulatory Functions in Farm Animal Diseases, and Biomarker Potentials for Effective Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063080. [PMID: 33802936 PMCID: PMC8002598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by targeting either the 3′ untranslated or coding regions of genes. They have been reported to play key roles in a wide range of biological processes. The recent remarkable developments of transcriptomics technologies, especially next-generation sequencing technologies and advanced bioinformatics tools, allow more in-depth exploration of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs. These technologies have offered great opportunities for a deeper exploration of miRNA involvement in farm animal diseases, as well as livestock productivity and welfare. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of miRNA roles in major farm animal diseases with a particular focus on diseases of economic importance. In addition, we discuss the steps and future perspectives of using miRNAs as biomarkers and molecular therapy for livestock disease management as well as the challenges and opportunities for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs related to disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu P, Jia S, Wang K, Fan Z, Zheng H, Lv J, Jiang Y, Hou Y, Lou B, Zhou H, Zhang Y, Guo K. MiR-140 inhibits classical swine fever virus replication by targeting Rab25 in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells. Virulence 2021; 11:260-269. [PMID: 32114898 PMCID: PMC7051144 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1735051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is one of the most important viral pathogens leading worldwide threats to pig industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in regulating virus replication, but whether miRNAs affect CSFV infection is still poorly understood. In previous study, we identified four miRNAs that were down-regulated by CSFV in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVEC). In this study, miR-140, one of the most potently down-regulated genes was investigated. We found that the miRNA expression was significantly inhibited by CSFV infection. Subsequent studies revealed that miR-140 mimics significantly inhibited CSFV replication, while the inhibition of endogenous miR-140 enhanced CSFV replication. By using bioinformatics prediction, luciferase reporter system, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot assays, we further demonstrated that miR-140 bind to the 3' UTR of Rab25 mRNA to regulate its expression. We also analyzed the expression pattern of Rab25 in SUVECs after CSFV infection. The results showed that CSFV infection induced Rab25 expression. Finally, Rab25 was found to promote CSFV replication. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that CSFV inhibits miR-140 expression and miR-140 inhibits replication by binding to host factor Rab25.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Shuangkai Jia
- Medical College of QingHai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Zhixin Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Hongqing Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Jiangman Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Yanfen Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Yufeng Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Bihao Lou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Hongchao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Yanming Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| | - Kangkang Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Qiu M, Li T, Wang B, Gong H, Huang T. miR-146a-5p Regulated Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis by Targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:411-418. [PMID: 31544687 PMCID: PMC7460735 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190911142926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: microRNAs (miRNAs) are a small, endogenous non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation of many biological processes, including embryo implantation and placental development. In our previous study, miR-146a-5p was found expressed higher in the serum exosomes of pregnant sows than non-pregnant. The research on miR-146a-5p has been mainly related to human diseases, but there are few studies on its effects on the reproduction of sows in early pregnancy. Objective: In this article, our motivation is to study the role of miR-146a-5p in the early pregnancy of sows on the cell proliferetion and apoptosis by targeting SMAD3 and SMAD4. Methods: Bioinformatics software was used to identify the target genes of miR-146a-5p. The wild-type and mutant-type recombinant plasmids of dual-luciferase reporter with 3'-UTR of Smad3 or 3'-UTR of Smad4 were constructed, and co-transfected in porcine kidney cell (PK-15 cell) with miR-146a-5p mimic, mimic-NC(M-NC), inhibitor and inhibitor-NC(IN-NC), then dual-luciferase activity analysis, qRT-PCR and Western blot were performed to verify the target genes. After the transfection of BeWo choriocarcinoma cell (BeWo cell) with miR-146a-5p mimic, M-NC, inhibitor and IN-NC, the mRNA expression of Caspase-3, BAX and Bcl-2 was measured using qRT-PCR, and the cell proliferation was measured using CCK-8 kit. Results: The luciferase, mRNA and protein expression of Smad3 in PK-15 cells treated by Smad3-3'-UTR-W co-transfected with miR-146a-5p mimic were significantly lower than that with miR-146a-5p M-NC, and the results of Smad4 were similar to Smad3, but the protein expression had a trend to lower in mimic group. The expression level of Bcl-2 in the miR-146a-5p mimic group was significantly lower than that in the miR-146a-5p M-NC group, but the expression pattern of Caspase-3 was just opposite. The mimic of miR-146a-5p reduced the proliferation of BeWo cells, however the inhibitor increased. Conclusion: Smad3 and Smad4 are the direct target genes of miR-146a-5p. The expression of Smad3 and Smad4 were affected by the mimic and inhibitor of miR-146a-5p. miR-146a-5p affects cell apoptosis and proliferation by regulating their target genes. This study provided new data to understand the regulation mechanism of early pregnancy in sows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.,Institute of Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.,Animal Husbandry General Station of Yili Prefecture, Yili 835000, China
| | - Binhu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Hongbin Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Su F, Yu X, Geng N, Li L, Wang R, Zhang M, Liu J, Liu Y, Han B. RNA-Seq Whole Transcriptome Analysis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in Response to Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:642. [PMID: 33426011 PMCID: PMC7793973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a common mastitis pathogen widespread in the natural environment of dairy farms, is capable of invading mammary epithelial cells making treatment difficult. However, the mechanism of the response of bovine mammary epithelial cell to S. aureus invasion remains elusive. In this study, transcriptomic analysis and bioinformatics tools were applied to explore the differentially expressed RNAs in bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) between the control and S. aureus-treated group. A total of 259 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs), 27 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs), and 21 differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) were found. These RNAs mainly enrich the inflammatory response, immune response, endocytosis, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. qRT-PCR was used to analyze the quality of the RNA-seq results. In particular, to the defense mechanism of bovine mammary epithelial cells against intracellular S. aureus, the PPAR signaling pathway and the genes (ACOX2, CROT, and NUDT12) were found to be up-regulated to promote the production of peroxisomes and ROS, DRAM1 expression was also up-regulated to facilitate the activation of autophagy, indicating that the above mechanisms were involved in the elimination of intracellular S. aureus in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Feng Su
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Na Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Liping Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Run Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang W, Teng J, Han X, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Tang H. miR-458b-5p regulates ovarian granulosa cells proliferation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting catenin beta-1. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:957-966. [PMID: 33152225 PMCID: PMC8100484 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian follicular development, which dependent on the proliferation and differentiation of granulosa cells (GCs), is a complex biological process in which miRNA plays an important role. Our previous study showed that miR-458b-5p is associated with ovarian follicular development in chicken. The detailed function and molecular mechanism of miR-458b-5p in GCs is unclear. METHODS The luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between miR-458b-5p and catenin beta-1 (CTNNB1), which is an important transcriptional regulatory factor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry with propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeling were applied to explore the effect of miR-458b-5p on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of chicken GCs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels. RESULTS We demonstrated that the expression of miR-458b-5p and CTNNB1 showed the opposite relationship in GCs and theca cells of hierarchical follicles. The luciferase reporter assay confirmed that CTNNB1 is the direct target of miR-458b-5p. Using CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry with PI and Annexin V-FITC labeling, we observed that transfection with the miR-458b-5p mimics significantly reduced proliferation and has no effects on apoptosis of chicken GCs. In addition, miR-458b-5p decreased the mRNA and protein expression of CD44 molecule and matrix metallopeptidase 7, which are the downstream effectors of CTNNB1 in Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and play functional roles in cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Taken together, the data indicate that miR-458b-5p regulates ovarian GCs proliferation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by targeting CTNNB1, suggesting that miR-458b-5p and its target gene CTNNB1 may potentially play a role in chicken ovarian follicular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Jun Teng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xu Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He J, Leng C, Pan J, Li A, Zhang H, Cong F, Wang H. Identification of lncRNAs Involved in PCV2 Infection of PK-15 Cells. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060479. [PMID: 32560439 PMCID: PMC7350310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause severe disease in infected pigs, resulting in massive economic loss for the swine industry. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been widely employed to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms of the PCV2 infection. Numerous differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins, together with their associated signaling pathways, have been identified during PCV2 infection, paving the way for analysis of their biological functions. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulators of multiple biological processes. However, little is known regarding their role in the PCV2 infection. Hence, in our study, RNA-seq was performed by infecting PK-15 cells with PCV2. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that the cytoskeleton, apoptosis, cell division, and protein phosphorylation were significantly disturbed. Then, using stringent parameters, six lncRNAs were identified. Additionally, potential targets of the lncRNAs were predicted using both cis- and trans-prediction methods. Interestingly, we found that the HOXB (Homeobox B) gene cluster was probably the target of the lncRNA LOC106505099. Enrichment analysis of the target genes showed that numerous developmental processes were altered during PCV2 infection. Therefore, our study revealed that lncRNAs might affect porcine embryonic development through the regulation of the HOXB genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin He
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China;
| | - Jiazhen Pan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Aoqi Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Huanan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.H.); (J.P.); (A.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
MiRNA Targeted NP Genome of Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines Provide Cross-Protection against a Lethal Influenza Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010065. [PMID: 32028575 PMCID: PMC7158662 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The miRNA-based strategy has been used to develop live attenuated influenza vaccines. In this study, the nucleoprotein (NP) genome segment of the influenza virus was inserted by different perfect miRNA-192-5p target sites, and the virus was rescued by standard reverse genetics method, so as to verify the virulence and protective efficacy of live attenuated vaccine in cells and mice. The results showed there was no significant attenuation in 192t virus with one perfect miRNA-192-5p target site, and 192t-3 virus with three perfect miRNA target sites. However, 192t-6 virus with 6 perfect miRNA target sites and 192t-9 virus with 9 perfect miRNA target sites were both significantly attenuated after infection, and their virulence were similar to that of temperature-sensitive (TS) influenza A virus (IAV) which is a temperature-sensitive live attenuated influenza vaccine. Mice were immunized with different doses of 192t-6, 192t-9, and TS IAV. Four weeks after immunization, the IgG in serum and IgA in lung homogenate were increased in the 192t-6, 192t-9, and TS IAV groups, and the numbers of IFN-γ secreting splenocytes were also increased in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, 192t-6, and 192t-9 can protect the mice against the challenge of homologous PR8 H1N1 virus and heterosubtypic H3N2 influenza virus. MiRNA targeted viruses 192t-6 and 192t-9 were significantly attenuated and showed the same virulence as TS IAV and played a role in the cross-protection.
Collapse
|
15
|
PCV2 Regulates Cellular Inflammatory Responses through Dysregulating Cellular miRNA-mRNA Networks. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111055. [PMID: 31766254 PMCID: PMC6893612 DOI: 10.3390/v11111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is closely linked to postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and other PCV-associated diseases (PCVADs), which influence the global pig industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved classes of endogenous small non-coding RNA that regulate almost every cellular process. According to our previous transcription study, PCV2 infection causes up-regulation of genes related to inflammation. To reveal the function of miRNAs in PCV2 infection and PCV2-encoded miRNAs, next generation sequencing and data analysis was performed to explore miRNA expression in PCV2-infected cells and non-infected cells. Data analysis found some small RNAs matched the PCV2 genome but PCV2 does not express miRNAs in an in vitro infection (PK-15 cells). More than 297 known and 427 novel miRNAs were identified, of which 44 miRNAs were differently expressed (DE). The pathways of inflammation mediated by chemokine and cytokine signaling pathway (P00031), were more perturbed in PCV2-infected cells than in mock controls. DE miRNAs and DE mRNA interaction network clearly revealed that PCV2 regulates the cellular inflammatory response through dysregulating the cellular miRNA-mRNA network. MiRNA overexpression and down-expression results demonstrated that miRNA dysregulation could affect PCV2 infection-induced cellular inflammatory responses. Our study revealed that host miRNA can be dysregulated by PCV2 infection and play an important role in PCV2-modulated inflammation.
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu G, Wang Y, Jiang S, Sui M, Wang C, Kang L, Sun Y, Jiang Y. Suppression of lymphocyte apoptosis in spleen by CXCL13 after porcine circovirus type 2 infection and regulatory mechanism of CXCL13 expression in pigs. Vet Res 2019; 50:17. [PMID: 30819249 PMCID: PMC6394056 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) is one of the most serious infectious diseases in pigs worldwide. The primary causative agent of PCVAD is porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), which can cause lymphoid depletion and immunosuppression in pigs. Our previous study demonstrated that Laiwu (LW) pigs, a Chinese indigenous pig breed, have stronger resistance to PCV2 infection than Yorkshire × Landrace (YL) pigs. In this study, we found that the YL pigs showed more severe lymphocyte apoptosis and higher viral load in the spleen tissue than LW pigs. To illustrate the differential gene expression between healthy and infected spleens, transcriptome profiling of spleen tissues from PCV2-infected and control YL pigs was compared by RNA sequencing. A total of 90 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was identified, including CD207, RSAD2, OAS1, OAS2, MX2, ADRB3, CXCL13, CCR1, and ADRA2C, which were significantly enriched in gene ontology (GO) terms related to the defense response to virus and cell-cell signaling, and another nine DEGs, KLF11, HGF, PTGES3, MAP3K11, XDH, CYCS, ACTC1, HSPH1, and RYR2, which were enriched in GO terms related to regulation of cell proliferation or apoptosis. Among these DEGs, the CXCL13 gene, which can suppress lymphocyte apoptosis during PCV2 infection, was significantly down-regulated in response to PCV2 infection in YL but not in LW pigs. By analysis of the regulatory elements in the promoter and 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of porcine CXCL13, we found that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) -1014 G (LW) > A (YL) and the Sus scrofa microRNA-296-5p (ssc-miR-296-5p) participated in regulating CXCL13 expression during the response to PCV2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Minmin Sui
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Changying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Li Kang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Yi Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| | - Yunliang Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an, 271018 Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie X, Gan Y, Pang M, Shao G, Zhang L, Liu B, Xu Q, Wang H, Feng Y, Yu Y, Chen R, Wu M, Zhang Z, Hua L, Xiong Q, Liu M, Feng Z. Establishment and characterization of a telomerase-immortalized porcine bronchial epithelial cell line. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9763-9776. [PMID: 30078190 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary porcine bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) are an ideal model to study the molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of various porcine respiratory pathogens. However, the short lifespan of primary PBECs greatly limit their application. Here, we isolated and cultured primary PBECs and established immortalized PBECs by transfecting primary PBECs with the pEGFP-hTERT recombinant plasmid containing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Immortalized PBECs (hTERT-PBECs) retained the morphological and functional features of primary PBECs as indicated by cytokeratin 18 expression, telomerase activity assay, proliferation assays, karyotype analysis, and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Compared to primary PBECs, hTERT-PBECs had higher telomerase activity, extended replicative lifespan, and displayed enhanced proliferative activity. Moreover, this cell line is not transformed in vitro and does not exhibit a malignant phenotype in vivo, suggesting that it can be safely used in further studies. Besides, hTERT-PBECs were susceptible to swine influenza virus of H3N2 subtype and porcine circovirus type 2. In conclusion, the immortalized hTERT-PBECs represent a valuable in vitro model, which can be widely used in the study of porcine respiratory pathogenic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maoda Pang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lizhong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Maojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|