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Ramírez-Rico G, Martinez-Castillo M, Ruiz-Mazón L, Meneses-Romero EP, Palacios JAF, Díaz-Aparicio E, Abascal EN, de la Garza M. Identification, Biochemical Characterization, and In Vivo Detection of a Zn-Metalloprotease with Collagenase Activity from Mannheimia haemolytica A2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1289. [PMID: 38279292 PMCID: PMC10816954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases in ruminants are a main cause of economic losses to farmers worldwide. Approximately 25% of ruminants experience at least one episode of respiratory disease during the first year of life. Mannheimia haemolytica is the main etiological bacterial agent in the ruminant respiratory disease complex. M. haemolytica can secrete several virulence factors, such as leukotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, and proteases, that can be targeted to treat infections. At present, little information has been reported on the secretion of M. haemolytica A2 proteases and their host protein targets. Here, we obtained evidence that M. haemolytica A2 proteases promote the degradation of hemoglobin, holo-lactoferrin, albumin, and fibrinogen. Additionally, we performed biochemical characterization for a specific 110 kDa Zn-dependent metalloprotease (110-Mh metalloprotease). This metalloprotease was purified through ion exchange chromatography and characterized using denaturing and chaotropic agents and through zymography assays. Furthermore, mass spectrometry identification and 3D modeling were performed. Then, antibodies against the 110 kDa-Mh metalloprotease were produced, which achieved great inhibition of proteolytic activity. Finally, the antibodies were used to perform immunohistochemical tests on postmortem lung samples from sheep with suggestive histology data of pneumonic mannheimiosis. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the 110-Mh metalloprotease participates as a virulence mechanism that promotes damage to host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Faculty of Professional Studies Cuautitlan, Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico;
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Moises Martinez-Castillo
- Liver, Pancreas and Motility Laboratory, Unit of Research in Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 06726, Mexico;
| | - Lucero Ruiz-Mazón
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | | | | | - Efrén Díaz-Aparicio
- National Center for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health and Safety, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research (INIFAP), Mexico City 05110, Mexico
| | - Erasmo Negrete Abascal
- Faculty of Professional Studies Iztacala, Autonomous National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
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Jiao Z, Jiang J, Meng Y, Wu G, Tang J, Chen T, Fu Y, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Gao H, Man C, Chen Q, Du L, Wang F, Chen S. Immune Cells in the Spleen of Mice Mediate the Inflammatory Response Induced by Mannheimia haemolytica A2 Serotype. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:317. [PMID: 38275777 PMCID: PMC10812571 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) is an opportunistic pathogen and is mainly associated with respiratory diseases in cattle, sheep, and goats. (2) Methods: In this study, a mouse infection model was established using a M. haemolytica strain isolated from goats. Histopathological observations were conducted on various organs of the mice, and bacterial load determination and RNA-seq analysis were specifically performed on the spleens of the mice. (3) Results: The findings of this study suggest that chemokines, potentially present in the spleen of mice following a M. haemolytica challenge, may induce the migration of leukocytes to the spleen and suppress the release of pro-inflammatory factors through a negative feedback regulation mechanism. Additionally, an interesting observation was made regarding the potential of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells congregating in the spleen to differentiate into immune cells, which could potentially collaborate with leukocytes in their efforts to counteract M. haemolytica invasion. (4) Conclusions: This study revealed the immune regulation mechanism induced by M. haemolytica in the mouse spleen, providing valuable insights into host-pathogen interactions and offering a theoretical basis for the prevention, control, and treatment of mannheimiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fengyang Wang
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.J.); (J.J.); (Y.M.); (G.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.G.); (C.M.); (Q.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Si Chen
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, Animal Genetic Engineering Key Lab of Haikou, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Z.J.); (J.J.); (Y.M.); (G.W.); (J.T.); (T.C.); (Y.F.); (Y.C.); (Z.Z.); (H.G.); (C.M.); (Q.C.); (L.D.)
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Jugert CS, Didier A, Plötz M, Jessberger N. Strain-specific Antimicrobial Activity of Lactoferrin-based Food Supplements. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100153. [PMID: 37640158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The iron-binding glycoprotein lactoferrin is well known for its wide range of antibacterial effects. However, the aim of this study was to show that its antibacterial activity is not generally applicable to a bacterial species as a whole. In disk diffusion assays performed with 112 isolates from 13 bacterial species (including the foodborne pathogens Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus), a lactoferrin-based food supplement showed no inhibition of growth on 24%, moderate inhibition on 31%, and strong inhibition on 45% of all tested isolates. Minimal inhibitory concentrations against B. cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strain-specifically ranged from 0.31 mg/mL to no impairment at all. Further 11 commercially available lactoferrin-based food supplements and purified bovine lactoferrin showed strain- as well as product-specific growth inhibition. In comparison to bovine lactoferrin, human lactoferrin showed no inhibitory effects. In summary, purified lactoferrin and lactoferrin-based food supplements inhibit bacterial growth in a dose-, strain-, and product-dependent manner. Thus, a general antimicrobial effect of lactoferrin against a specific bacterial species cannot be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara-Sophie Jugert
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Didier
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Madeleine Plötz
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadja Jessberger
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, Germany.
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Rodriguez-Ochoa N, Cortes-Reynosa P, Rodriguez-Rojas K, de la Garza M, Salazar EP. Bovine holo-lactoferrin inhibits migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:193-201. [PMID: 36319786 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in developed countries and the main cause of deaths in women worldwide. Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding protein constituted for a single polypeptide chain that is folded into two symmetrical lobes that bind Fe2+ or Fe3+. Lf has the ability to reversibly bind Fe3+ and is found free of Fe3+ (Apo-Lf) or associated with Fe3+ (Holo-Lf) with a different three-dimensional conformation. However, the role of bovine Apo-Lf (Apo-BLf) and bovine Holo-Lf (Holo-BLf) in the migration and invasion induced by linoleic acid (LA) and fetal bovine serum (FBS), as well as in the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial proteins in breast cancer cells has not been studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Scratch wound assays demonstrated that Holo-BLf and Apo-BLf do not induce migration, however they differentially inhibit the migration induced by FBS and LA in breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Western blot, invasion, zymography and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy assays demonstrated that Holo-BLf partly inhibit the invasion, FAK phosphorylation at tyrosine (Tyr)-397 and MMP-9 secretion, whereas it increased the number and size of focal adhesions induced by FBS in MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, Holo-BLf induced a slight increase of E-cadherin expression in MCF-7 cells, and inhibited vimentin expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION Holo-BLf inhibits cellular processes that mediate the invasion process in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninive Rodriguez-Ochoa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN. Ciudad de Mexico, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pedro Cortes-Reynosa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN. Ciudad de Mexico, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karem Rodriguez-Rojas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN. Ciudad de Mexico, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN. Ciudad de Mexico, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Perez Salazar
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Cinvestav-IPN. Ciudad de Mexico, Av. IPN # 2508, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Mansour GH, Razzak LA, Suvik A, Wahid MEA. Stimulating immunoglobulin response by intramuscular delivery of exopolysaccharides-adjuvanted mannheimiosis vaccine in goats. Vet World 2022; 15:2945-2952. [PMID: 36718330 PMCID: PMC9880838 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2945-2952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Pneumonic mannheimiosis (PM) is a common respiratory bacterial disease among small ruminants. Despite numerous management methods, vaccination remains a suitable strategy to combat or reduce PM in goats and sheep. Thus, a study was conducted in Malaysia to evaluate the immunogenicity of exopolysaccharide-adjuvanted Mannheimia haemolytica A2 vaccine (EPS-MHA2) under laboratory and field conditions for its potential use as an efficient vaccine against PM. Materials and Methods This study induced immunoglobulin (Ig) responses following intramuscular (IM) delivery of the EPS-MHA2 vaccine on 12 goats for about 7 months. Goats were divided into three groups, with three goats per group, and they were vaccinated intramuscularly as follows: Group 1 was vaccinated with an adjuvanted vaccine prepared from formalin-killed M. haemolytica serotypes A2 and EPS excipient; Group 2 was vaccinated with formalin-killed M. haemolytica seed only, whereas Group 3 was injected with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as the negative control. Measures of specific immunity included serum IgM, IgG, and IgA as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid secretory IgA and the size and number of the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT). Results From the 1st day of vaccination, Groups 1 and 2 showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum IgM, IgG, and IgA levels. However, the antibodies started to decline 5-week post-vaccination, indicating that the booster dose was necessary. On the second exposure to the same vaccine (booster), the level of antibodies showed a significant increase (p < 0.05), particularly IgG. All groups were challenged intratracheally by virulent MHA2 2 weeks after the decline of second antibodies on the administration of booster. All goats were euthanatized and necropsied 4-week post-challenge. The number and size of the BALT in Group 1 goats significantly increased compared with those in Group 2 and the unvaccinated control. Bacteriological parameters were evaluated, in which MHA2 was reisolated successfully from lung samples in Group 3. The IgA level produced by the group vaccinated with EPS-MHA2 was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that the MHA2 vaccine and PBS groups. All data obtained were analyzed statistically using a one-way analysis of variance. The results indicate that IM injection of EPS-MHA2 vaccine significantly enhanced the immune response against MHA2. Conclusion Therefore, the addition of EPS to MHA2 (EPS-MHA2 vaccine) can effectively protect goats from lethal mannheimiosis infection. Factors such as the ideal concentration of EPS should be further studied to verify its application potential as a vaccine adjuvant, and the extraction of EPS from different microalgae species should be further investigated. This study showed a novel and exciting set of data and a vaccination system, in which the suppressive effects of mannheimiosis may be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Hussein Mansour
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Laith Abdul Razzak
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - A. Suvik
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Effendy Abd. Wahid
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia,Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Terengganu, Malaysia,Corresponding author: Mohd Effendy Abd. Wahid, e-mail: Co-authors: GHM: , LAR: , AS:
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Avalos-Gómez C, Ramírez-Rico G, Ruiz-Mazón L, Sicairos NL, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin: An Effective Weapon in the Battle Against Bacterial Infections. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:3243-3260. [PMID: 36284379 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221025153216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains with respect to commercially available antimicrobial drugs has marked a watershed in treatment therapies to fight pathogens and has stimulated research on alternative remedies. Proteins of the innate immune system of mammals have been highlighted as potentially yielding possible treatment options for infections. Lactoferrin (Lf) is one of these proteins; interestingly, no resistance to it has been found. Lf is a conserved cationic nonheme glycoprotein that is abundant in milk and is also present in low quantities in mucosal secretions. Moreover, Lf is produced and secreted by the secondary granules of neutrophils at infection sites. Lf is a molecule of approximately 80 kDa that displays multiple functions, such as antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Lf can synergize with antibiotics, increasing its potency against bacteria. Lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides resulting from the N-terminal end of Lf by proteolytic cleavage with pepsin. They exhibit several anti-bacterial effects similar to those of the parental glycoprotein. Synthetic analog peptides exhibiting potent antimicrobial properties have been designed. The aim of this review is to update understanding of the structure and effects of Lf and Lfcins as anti-bacterial compounds, focusing on the mechanisms of action in bacteria and the use of Lf in treatment of infections in patients, including those studies where no significant differences were found. Lf could be an excellent option for prevention and treatment of bacterial diseases, mainly in combined therapies with antibiotics or other antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán- Teoloyucan, Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - Lucero Ruiz-Mazón
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Nidia León Sicairos
- Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa, Unidad de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Boorei MA, Paul BT, Abdullah Jesse FF, Teik Chung EL, Mohd Lila MA. Responses of selected biomarkers, female reproductive hormones and tissue changes in non-pregnant does challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A2 and its outer membrane protein (OMP) immunogen. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105674. [PMID: 35820581 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannheimia haemolytica causative agent of pneumonic mannheimiosis, a common respiratory disease of goat and sheep, which cause huge economic losses to farmers worldwide. Pneumonic mannheimiosis caused by M. haemolytica serotype A2 has been reported among small ruminants in Malaysia. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and outer membrane protein (OMP) are major virulence determinants for M. haemolytica serotype A2. Although pneumonic mannheimiosis is known to cause poor reproductive performance in small ruminants under field conditions, there is a dearth of published information on the specific effects of M. haemolytica serotype A2 infection on the female reproductive physiology. In this experiment, we explored the impact of M. haemolytica serotype A2 and its OMP immunogen on selected pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins, female reproductive hormones, and cellular changes in visceral and female reproductive organs of non-pregnant does. METHODOLOGY Twelve healthy, non-pregnant, Boer crossbreds does were divided equally into three groups (n = 4); Group 1 served as the negative control and was challenged with 2 ml of sterile PBS intranasally. Group 2 served as the positive control and was challenged with 2 ml of 109 colonies forming unit (CFU) of M. haemolytica serotype A2 suspension intranasally. Group 3 was challenged with 2 ml of OMP extracted from 109 CFU of M. haemolytica A2 intramuscularly. The experimental does were monitored for clinical signs and responses periodically. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h and 3, 7, 21, 35 and 56 days post treatment for serological analyses. All does were euthanised using the halal slaughter method on day 60 post challenge/treatment. Tissues from the uterus, liver, lung and associated bronchial lymph nodes were collected and fixed in 10% formalin for 14 days for histopathological study. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the challenged/treated groups showed significant (p < 0.05) increase in the rectal temperature, respiratory rate, heart rate, and rumen motility. Serum analyses revealed that the concentrations of progesterone and estrogen hormones were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in groups 2 & 3. In contrast, the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6) and acute phase proteins (Hp and SAA) were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the challenged/treated groups compared to the control group. Histopathological lesion scoring revealed mild to moderate cellular changes characterised by congestion, haemorrhage, degeneration, leucocytic cellular infiltration, and cellular necrosis in the tissues of does from the OMP treatment and bacterial challenge groups compared to the control group. CONCLUSION The findings from this study suggests that M. haemolytica serotype A2 and its OMP immunogen induced mild to moderate inflammatory and degenerative changes which may potentially interfere with fertilization through hormonal imbalances and cause temporary loss of fertility in infected does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdirahman Boorei
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Bura Thlama Paul
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Ramírez-Rico G, Martinez-Castillo M, Avalos-Gómez C, de la Garza M. Bovine apo-lactoferrin affects the secretion of proteases in Mannheimia haemolytica A2. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000269. [PMID: 34816089 PMCID: PMC8604176 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannheimia haemolytica serotype A2 is the main bacterial causative agent of ovine mannheimiosis, a disease that leads to substantial economic losses for livestock farmers. Several virulence factors allow M. haemolytica to colonize the lungs and establish infection. Virulence factors can be directly secreted into the environment by bacteria but are also released through outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). In addition, due to the abuse of antibiotics in the treatment of this disease, multidrug-resistant bacterial strains of M. haemolytica have emerged. One therapeutic alternative to antibiotics or an adjuvant to be used in combination with antibiotics could be lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional cationic glycoprotein of the mammalian innate immune system to which no bacterial resistance has been reported. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of bovine iron-free Lf (apo-BLf) on the production and secretion of proteases into culture supernatant (CS) and on their release in OMVs. Zymography assays showed that addition of sub-MIC concentrations of apo-BLf to M. haemolytica cultures inhibited protease secretion without affecting culture growth. Biochemical characterization revealed that these proteases were mainly cysteine- and metalloproteases. The secretion of a 100 kDa metalloprotease was inhibited by sub-MIC concentrations of apo-BLf since this protease was present in the cytoplasm and OMVs but not in CS proteins, as corroborated by Western blotting. On the other hand, proteases produced by M. haemolytica caused cleavage of apo-BLf. However, when Lf is cleaved, peptides known as lactoferricins, which are more bactericidal than natural Lf, can be produced. M. haemolytica A2 protease-mediated degradation of host tissue proteins could be an important virulence factor during the infectious process of pneumonia in ovines. The mechanism of M. haemolytica protease secretion could be inhibited by treatment with apo-BLf in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Ramírez-Rico
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CdMx 07360, Mexico.,Present address: Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Km 2.5 Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, Cuautitlán Izcalli, 54714, Mexico
| | - Moises Martinez-Castillo
- Laboratorio de Hígado, Páncreas y Motilidad (HIPAM). Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM. Hospital General de México, Col Doctores, CdMx 06726, Mexico
| | - Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CdMx 07360, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, CdMx 07360, Mexico
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9
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Zarzosa-Moreno D, Avalos-Gómez C, Ramírez-Texcalco LS, Torres-López E, Ramírez-Mondragón R, Hernández-Ramírez JO, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Lactoferrin and Its Derived Peptides: An Alternative for Combating Virulence Mechanisms Developed by Pathogens. Molecules 2020; 25:E5763. [PMID: 33302377 PMCID: PMC7762604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant pathogens, it is necessary to develop options to fight infections caused by these agents. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a cationic nonheme multifunctional glycoprotein of the innate immune system of mammals that provides numerous benefits. Lf is bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal, can stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, facilitate iron absorption, improve neural development and cognition, promote bone growth, prevent cancer and exert anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects. Lactoferrin is present in colostrum and milk and is also produced by the secondary granules of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which store this glycoprotein and release it at sites of infection. Lf is also present in many fluids and exocrine secretions, on the surfaces of the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems that are commonly exposed to pathogens. Apo-Lf (an iron-free molecule) can be microbiostatic due to its ability to capture ferric iron, blocking the availability of host iron to pathogens. However, apo-Lf is mostly microbicidal via its interaction with the microbial surface, causing membrane damage and altering its permeability function. Lf can inhibit viral entry by binding to cell receptors or viral particles. Lf is also able to counter different important mechanisms evolved by microbial pathogens to infect and invade the host, such as adherence, colonization, invasion, production of biofilms and production of virulence factors such as proteases and toxins. Lf can also cause mitochondrial and caspase-dependent regulated cell death and apoptosis-like in pathogenic yeasts. All of these mechanisms are important targets for treatment with Lf. Holo-Lf (the iron-saturated molecule) can contain up to two ferric ions and can also be microbicidal against some pathogens. On the other hand, lactoferricins (Lfcins) are peptides derived from the N-terminus of Lf that are produced by proteolysis with pepsin under acidic conditions, and they cause similar effects on pathogens to those caused by the parental Lf. Synthetic analog peptides comprising the N-terminus Lf region similarly exhibit potent antimicrobial properties. Importantly, there are no reported pathogens that are resistant to Lf and Lfcins; in addition, Lf and Lfcins have shown a synergistic effect with antimicrobial and antiviral drugs. Due to the Lf properties being microbiostatic, microbicidal, anti-inflammatory and an immune modulator, it represents an excellent natural alternative either alone or as adjuvant in the combat to antibiotic multidrug-resistant bacteria and other pathogens. This review aimed to evaluate the data that appeared in the literature about the effects of Lf and its derived peptides on pathogenic bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses and how Lf and Lfcins inhibit the mechanisms developed by these pathogens to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zarzosa-Moreno
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Christian Avalos-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacán 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Luisa Sofía Ramírez-Texcalco
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Erick Torres-López
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Ricardo Ramírez-Mondragón
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Juan Omar Hernández-Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Estado de México, Mexico; (L.S.R.-T.); (E.T.-L.); (R.R.-M.); (J.O.H.-R.)
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico; (D.Z.-M.); (C.A.-G.); (J.S.-L.)
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10
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Hu R, Liu H, Wang M, Li J, Lin H, Liang M, Gao Y, Yang M. An OMV-Based Nanovaccine Confers Safety and Protection against Pathogenic Escherichia coli via Both Humoral and Predominantly Th1 Immune Responses in Poultry. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112293. [PMID: 33233490 PMCID: PMC7699605 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infection in poultry causes enormous economic losses and public health risks. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and nano-sized proteolipids enriched with various immunogenic molecules have gained extensive interest as novel nanovaccines against bacterial infections. In this study, after the preparation of APEC O2-derived OMVs (APEC_OMVs) using the ultracentrifugation method and characterization of them using electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analyses, we examined the safety and vaccination effect of APEC_OMVs in broiler chicks and investigated the underlying immunological mechanism of protection. The results showed that APEC_OMVs had membrane-enclosed structures with an average diameter of 89 nm. Vaccination with 50 μg of APEC_OMVs had no side effects and efficiently protected chicks against homologous infection. APEC_OMVs could be effectively taken up by chicken macrophages and activated innate immune responses in macrophages in vitro. APEC_OMV vaccination significantly improved activities of serum non-specific immune factors, enhanced the specific antibody response and promoted the proliferation of splenic and peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to mitogen. Furthermore, APEC_OMVs also elicited a predominantly IFN-γ-mediated Th1 response in splenic lymphocytes. Our data revealed the involvement of both non-specific immune responses and specific antibody and cytokine responses in the APEC_OMV-mediated protection, providing broader knowledge for the development of multivalent APEC_OMV-based nanovaccine with high safety and efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujiu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (R.H.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Haojing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (R.H.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mimi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (R.H.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Animal Engineering, Yangling Vocational and Technical College, No.24 Weihui Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China;
| | - Hua Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (R.H.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingyue Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (R.H.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Yupeng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (R.H.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mingming Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No.22 Xinong Road, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; (R.H.); (H.L.); (M.W.); (H.L.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (M.Y.)
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