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Kroeger M, Vargas-Bermudez DS, Jaime J, Parada J, Groeltz J, Gauger P, Piñeyro P. First detection of PCV4 in swine in the United States: codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and direct detection within tissues. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15535. [PMID: 38969759 PMCID: PMC11226432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since PCV4 was first described in 2019, the virus has been identified in several countries in Southeast Asia and Europe. Most studies have been limited to detecting PCV4 by PCR. Thus, PCV4 has an unclear association with clinical disease. This study utilized 512 porcine clinical lung, feces, spleen, serum, lymphoid tissue, and fetus samples submitted to the ISU-VDL from June-September 2023. PCV4 was detected in 8.6% of samples with an average Ct value of 33. While detection rates among sample types were variable, lymphoid tissue had the highest detection rate (18.7%). Two ORF2 sequences were obtained from lymphoid tissue samples and had 96.36-98.98% nucleotide identity with reference sequences. Direct detection of PCV4 by RNAscope revealed viral replication in B lymphocytes and macrophages in lymph node germinal centers and histiocytic and T lymphocyte infiltration in the lamina propria of the small intestine. PCV4 detection was most commonly observed in nursery to finishing aged pigs displaying respiratory and enteric disease. Coinfection with PCV2, PCV3, and other endemic pathogens was frequently observed, highlighting the complex interplay between different PCVs and their potential roles in disease pathogenesis. This study provides insights into the frequency of detection, tissue distribution, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kroeger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diana S Vargas-Bermudez
- Animal Health Department. Center of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Production Animal, Colombia National University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jairo Jaime
- Animal Health Department. Center of Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Production Animal, Colombia National University, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Julian Parada
- CONICET- Animal Pathology Department. Agronomy and Veterinary College, Río Cuarto National University, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jennifer Groeltz
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Philip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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2
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Fang Z, Sun M, Cai X, An T, Tu Y, Wang H. Identification of a conserved B-cell epitope on the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 4. mSphere 2024:e0022524. [PMID: 38926905 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00225-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), a recently identified circovirus, is prevalent in numerous provinces in China, as well as in South Korea, Thailand, and Europe. PCV4 virus rescued from an infectious clone showed pathogenicity, suggesting the economic impact of PCV4. However, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the immunogenicity and epitopes of PCV4. This study generated a monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1D8 by immunizing mice with PCV4 virus-like particles (VLPs). Subsequently, the epitope recognized by the MAb 1D8 was identified by truncated protein expression and alanine scanning mutagenesis analysis. Results showed that the 225PKQG228 located at the C-terminus of the PCV4 Cap protein is the minimal motif binding to the MAb. Homology modeling analysis and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the epitope extends beyond the outer surface of the PCV4 VLP. Moreover, the epitope is highly conserved among PCV4 strains and does not react with other PCVs. Together, the MAb 1D8 recognized epitope shows potential for detecting PCV4. These findings significantly contribute to the design of antigens for PCV4 detection and control strategies. IMPORTANCE Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a novel circovirus. Although PCV4 has been identified in several countries, including China, Korea, Thailand, and Spain, no vaccine is available. Given the potential pathogenic effects of PCV4 on pigs, PCV4 could threaten the global pig farming industry, highlighting the urgency for further investigation. Thus, epitopes of PCV4 remain to be determined. Our finding of a conserved epitope significantly advances vaccine development and pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, China
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3
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Frant MP, Mazur-Panasiuk N, Gal-Cisoń A, Bocian Ł, Łyjak M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) in Poland: Prevalence in Wild Boar Population in Connection with African Swine Fever (ASF). Viruses 2024; 16:754. [PMID: 38793635 PMCID: PMC11125846 DOI: 10.3390/v16050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Human health is dependent on food safety and, therefore, on the health of farm animals. One of the most significant threats in regard to swine diseases is African swine fever (ASF). Infections caused by porcine circoviruses (PCVs) represent another important swine disease. Due to the ubiquitous nature of PCV2, it is not surprising that this virus has been detected in ASFV-affected pigs. However, recent data indicate that coinfection of PCV3 and ASFV also occurs. It is still unclear whether PCV infection plays a role in ASFV infection, and that subject requires further analysis. The aim of this study was to assess whether PCV3 and PCV4 are present in the wild boar population in Poland (real-time PCR). The analysis was performed on wild boar samples collected for routine ASF surveillance in Poland, between 2018 and 2021. By extension, the obtained data were compared in regard to ASFV presence in these samples, thus investigating the odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland. In addition, sequencing of PCV3 and phylogenetic analysis were performed, based on a full genome and a capsid gene. In the current study, we demonstrated the high prevalence of PCV3 in the wild boar population in Poland; meanwhile, PCV4 was not detected. The odds of ASFV infection on the grounds of the PCV3 carrier state in free-ranging Suidae in Poland was more than twice as high. Ten full genome sequences of PCV3 were obtained, all of them belonging to clade 3a. The similarity between them was in the range of 98.78-99.80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Piotr Frant
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Natalia Mazur-Panasiuk
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Gal-Cisoń
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Łukasz Bocian
- Department of Epidemiology and Risk Assessment, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Łyjak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
| | - Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.G.-C.); (M.Ł.); (A.S.-B.)
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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4
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Wang LQ, Li JX, Chen XM, Cao XY, Zhang HL, Zheng LL, Ma SJ. Molecular detection and genetic characteristics of porcine circovirus 3 and porcine circovirus 4 in central China. Arch Virol 2024; 169:115. [PMID: 38709425 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are a significant cause of concern for swine health, with four genotypes currently recognized. Two of these, PCV3 and PCV4, have been detected in pigs across all age groups, in both healthy and diseased animals. These viruses have been associated with various clinical manifestations, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and respiratory and enteric signs. In this study, we detected PCV3 and PCV4 in central China between January 2022 and February 2023. We tested fecal swabs and tissue samples from growing-finishing and suckling pigs with or without respiratory and systemic manifestations and found the prevalence of PCV3 to be 15.15% (15/99) and that of PCV3/PCV4 coinfection to be 4.04% (4/99). This relatively low prevalence might be attributed to the fact that most of the clinical samples were collected from pigs exhibiting respiratory signs, with only a few samples having been obtained from pigs with diarrhea. In some cases, PCV2 was also detected, and the coinfection rates of PCV2/3, PCV2/4, and PCV2/3/4 were 6.06% (6/99), 5.05% (5/99), and 3.03% (3/99), respectively. The complete genomic sequences of four PCV3 and two PCV4 isolates were determined. All four of the PCV3 isolates were of subtype PCV3b, and the two PCV4 isolates were of subtype PCV4b. Two mutations (A24V and R27K) were found in antibody recognition domains of PCV3, suggesting that they might be associated with immune escape. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PCV3 and PCV4 that will be useful in future investigations of genotyping, immunogenicity, and immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Qing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Life Science, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xi-Meng Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yue Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Lei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Fang Z, Tu Y, Sun M, Wang S, Cai X, An T, Wang H. Generation of porcine circovirus type 4 virus-like particles and their use to detect serum antibodies. Arch Virol 2024; 169:67. [PMID: 38451379 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-05997-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4), first identified in 2019 as a newly emerging pathogen, has been found in several provinces of China, as well as in Korea and Thailand. Since PCV4 is not included in immunization programs, epidemiological investigations should be conducted for detection of anti-PCV4 antibodies. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are frequently used for serological analysis of pathogen infections. However, there have been no reports on using PCV4 VLPs for serological investigation of PCV4 infection. In this study, we generated self-assembled PCV4 VLPs using an E. coli expression system, purified them using a two-step process, and used them to develop an indirect ELISA. This ELISA method was found to be highly specific, sensitive, and repeatable, making it suitable for PCV4 antibody detection in serum samples. Finally, the ELISA was used to analyze 422 serum samples collected from across several regions in China, 134 of which tested positive. Thus, the PCV4-VLP-based ELISA can effectively detect antibodies against PCV4 in serum samples, making it a useful tool for PCV4 epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Shanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
- Heilongjiang Veterinary Biopharmaceutical Engineering Technology Research Center, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150069, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin, 150069, China.
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6
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Opriessnig T, Xiao CT, Mueller NJ, Denner J. Emergence of novel circoviruses in humans and pigs and their possible importance for xenotransplantation and blood transfusions. Xenotransplantation 2024; 31:e12842. [PMID: 38501706 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As sequencing is becoming more broadly available, virus discovery continues. Small DNA viruses contribute to up to 60% of the overall virus load in pigs. Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are small DNA viruses with a single-stranded circular genome. They are common in pig breeds and have not been properly addressed for their potential risk in xenotransplantation. Whereas PCV1 is non-pathogenic in pigs, PCV2 has been associated with various disease manifestations. Recently two new circoviruses have been described, PCV3 and PCV4. While PCV4 is currently present mainly in Asia, PCV3 is widely distributed, and has been identified in commercial pigs, wild boars, and pigs generated for xenotransplantation. In one case PCV3 was transmitted by pigs to baboons via heart transplantation. PCV3 pathogenicity in pigs was controversial initially, however, the virus was found to be associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), reproductive failure, and multisystemic inflammation. Inoculation studies with PCV3 infectious clones confirmed that PCV3 is pathogenic. Most importantly, recently discovered human circoviruses (CV) are closely related to PCV3. METHODS Literature was evaluated and summarized. A dendrogram of existing circoviruses in pigs, humans, and other animal species was created and assessed at the species level. RESULTS We found that human circoviruses can be divided into three species, human CV1, CV2, and CV3. Human CV2 and CV3 are closest to PCV3. CONCLUSIONS Circoviruses are ubiquitous. This communication should create awareness of PCV3 and the newly discovered human circoviruses, which may be a problem for blood transfusions and xenotransplantation in immune suppressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, UK
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Denner
- Institute of Virology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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7
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Zheng J, Li N, Li X, Han Y, Lv X, Zhang H, Ren L. The Nuclear Localization Signal of Porcine Circovirus Type 4 Affects the Subcellular Localization of the Virus Capsid and the Production of Virus-like Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2459. [PMID: 38473709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is a newly identified virus belonging to PCV of the Circoviridae family, the Circovirus genus. We previously found that PCV4 is pathogenic in vitro, while the virus's replication in cells is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated the N-terminal of the PCV4 capsid (Cap) and identified an NLS at amino acid residues 4-37 of the N-terminus of the PCV4 Cap, 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRRRGLWPRASRRRYRWRRKN37. The NLS was further divided into two fragments (NLS-A and NLS-B) based on the predicted structure, including two α-helixes, which were located at 4RSRYSRRRRNRRNQRR19 and 24PRASRRRYRWRRK36, respectively. Further studies showed that the NLS, especially the first α-helixes formed by the NLS-A fragment, determined the nuclear localization of the Cap protein, and the amino acid 4RSRY7 in the NLS of the PCV4 Cap was the critical motif affecting the VLP packaging. These results will provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the infection mechanism of PCV4 and developing subunit vaccines based on VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Nan Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 666 Liuying West Road, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yaqi Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinru Lv
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- College of Animal Sciences, Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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8
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Lai DC, Nguyen DMT, Nguyen TT, Ngo TNT, Do DT. Co-circulation and genetic characteristics of porcine circoviruses in postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome cases in commercial swine farms. Virusdisease 2023; 34:531-538. [PMID: 38046060 PMCID: PMC10686971 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-023-00849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the co-infection and genetic characteristics of Porcine circoviruses in PMWS-affected pigs in five commercial farrow-to-finish swine farms in Vietnam. By the end of 2022, the percentage of PMWS-affected pigs in these farms has increased significantly compared to previous years. The lymph node samples from ten PMWS typical cases were randomly collected to test for the presence of PRRSV, PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4. While PRRSV and PCV4 were not found in these cases, 10 and 3 out of 10 samples were positive for PCV2 and PCV3, respectively. Three farms in the study showed the co-infection of PCV2 and PCV3 in affected pigs. Besides, all PCV-positive samples were sequenced to evaluate genetic characterization of PCVs in PMWS-affected cases. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all PCV3 strains in the study were clustered into PCV3b genotype. 8 out of 10 PCV2 strains belonged to PCV2d genotype while the remaining two strains belonged to PCV2b genotypes. Two farms had co-circulation of PCV2b and PCV2d genotypes in two different age groups of pigs, which is reported for the first time in Vietnam. Several amino acid substitutions were identified in important antigenic regions in the capsid protein of the PCV2 field strains compared to vaccine strains. Taken together, the results showed the high co-prevalence of PCV3 and PCV2, and the wide genetic diversity of PCV2 field and vaccine strains may be the cause of the increased PMWS situation in these pig farms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-023-00849-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danh Cong Lai
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University - HCMC (NLU), Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA
| | - Duyen My Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University - HCMC (NLU), Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Toan Tat Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University - HCMC (NLU), Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tram Ngoc Thi Ngo
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University - HCMC (NLU), Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tien Do
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University - HCMC (NLU), Quarter 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Peng Q, Shi J, Lang Y, Zhu Y, Huang X, Cao S, Yan Q, Zhao S. Phylogenetic Analysis and Serological Investigation of Porcine Circovirus Indicates Frequent Infection with Various Subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15850. [PMID: 37958833 PMCID: PMC10649267 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are notorious for triggering severe diseases in pigs and causing serious economic losses to the swine industry. In the present study, we undertook a comprehensive approach for the investigation of PCV prevalence, including the phylogenetic analysis of obtained PCV sequences, the determination of major circulating genotypes and serological screening based on different recombinant Cap proteins with specific immunoreactivity. Epidemiological surveillance data indicate that PCV2d and PCV3a are widely distributed in Southwest China, while PCV4 has only sporadic circulation. Meanwhile, serological investigations showed high PCV2 antibody positivity in collected serum samples (>50%), followed by PCV4 (nearly 50%) and PCV3 (30-35%). The analysis supports different circulation patterns of PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4 and illustrates the PCV2/PCV3 genetic evolution characteristics on a nationwide basis. Taken together, our findings add up to the current understanding of PCV epidemiology and provide new tools and insight for PCV antiviral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiqiang Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yulan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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10
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Park SW, Park IB, Kang SJ, Bae J, Chun T. Interaction between host cell proteins and open reading frames of porcine circovirus type 2. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:698-719. [PMID: 37970506 PMCID: PMC10640953 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by a systemic inflammation after porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. It was one of the most economically important pathogens affecting pig production worldwide before PCV2 vaccine was first introduced in 2006. After the development of a vaccine against PCV2a type, pig farms gradually restored enormous economic losses from PMWS. However, vaccine against PCV2a type could not be fully effective against several different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b - PCV2h). In addition, PCV2a vaccine itself could generate antigenic drift of PCV2 capsid. Therefore, PCV2 infection still threats pig industry worldwide. PCV2 infection was initially found in local tissues including reproductive, respiratory, and digestive tracks. However, PCV2 infection often leads to a systemic inflammation which can cause severe immunosuppression by depleting peripheral lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues. Subsequently, a secondary infection with other microorganisms can cause PMWS. Eleven putative open reading frames (ORFs) have been predicted to encode PCV2 genome. Among them, gene products of six ORFs from ORF1 to ORF6 have been identified and characterized to estimate its functional role during PCV2 infection. Acquiring knowledge about the specific interaction between each PCV2 ORF protein and host protein might be a key to develop preventive or therapeutic tools to control PCV2 infection. In this article, we reviewed current understanding of how each ORF of PCV2 manipulates host cell signaling related to immune suppression caused by PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Won Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - In-Byung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Joonbeom Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
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11
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Chen XM, Zhao YY, Liu XC, Han YY, Zhang YH, Hou CY, Zheng LL, Ma SJ, Chen HY. Molecular detection and genetic characteristics of a novel porcine circovirus (porcine circovirus 4) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Shaanxi and Henan Provinces of China. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 98:102009. [PMID: 37390696 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is a recently discovered circovirus that was first reported in 2019 in several pigs with severe clinical disease in Hunan province of China, and also identified in pigs infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). To further investigate the epidemic profile and genetic characteristics of the two viruses, 150 clinical samples were collected from 9 swine farms in Shaanxi and Henan provinces of China, and a SYBR Green I-based duplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was developed for detecting PCV4 and PRRSV simultaneously. The results showed the limits of detection were 41.1 copies/μL and 81.5 copies/μL for PCV4 and PRRSV, respectively. The detection rates of PCV4 and PRRSV were 8.00% (12/150) and 12.00% (18/150) respectively, and a case of co-infection with PCV4 and PRRSV was found in the lung tissue of a suckling pig with respiratory symptom. Subsequently, the complete genomic sequences of five PCV4 strains were obtained, of which one PCV4 strain (SX-ZX) was from Shaanxi province, and these strains were 1770 nucleotides in length and had 97.7%-99.4% genomic identity with 59 PCV4 reference strains. The genome characteristic of the SX-ZX strain was evaluated from three aspects, a "stem-loop" structure, ORF1 and ORF2. As essential elements for the replication, the 17-bp iterative sequence was predicted as the stem structure, in which three non-tandem hexamers were found at downstream with H1/H2 (12-CGGCACACTTCGGCAC-27) as the minimal binding site. Three of the five PCV4 strains were clustered into PCV4b, which was composed of Suidae, fox, dairy cow, dog and raccoon dog. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven PRRSV strains from the present study were clustered into the PRRSV-2 genotype. Collectively, these data extend our understanding of the genome characteristic of PCV4 as well as the molecular epidemiology and the genetic profile of PCV4 and PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Meng Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Yi Zhao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Han
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hang Zhang
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yao Hou
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Lan Zheng
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Jie Ma
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Ying Chen
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengdong New District Longzi Lake 15#, Zhengzhou 450046, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Sirisereewan C, Nguyen TC, Piewbang C, Jittimanee S, Kedkovid R, Thanawongnuwech R. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) in Thailand during 2019-2020. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5168. [PMID: 36997663 PMCID: PMC10063680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32382-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 4 (PCV4) is considered a novel PCV, firstly found in China in 2019 and later discovered in Korea. This present study investigated the prevalence and genetic characteristics of PCV4 from high pig-density areas in Thailand during 2019-2020. From 734 samples, three samples (0.4%) from aborted fetuses and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) cases were found positive for PCV4, two of the PCV4-positive samples were coinfected with both PCV2 and PRRSV, and the other PCV4-positive sample was found coinfected with PCV2. In situ hybridization (ISH) revealed the presence of PCV4 in the bronchial epithelial cells and in lymphocytes and histiocyte-like cells in the lymphoid follicles of the PRDC-affected pig. The complete Thai PCV4 genome had over 98% nucleotide identity with other PCV4 strains and was closely related to the Korean and Chinese PCV4b strains. Importantly, the amino acid residue at position 212 of the Cap gene is recommended for differentiating PCV4a (212L) from PCV4b (212M) based on currently available PCV4 genome sequences. These findings provide important clues for the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and genetic characteristics of PCV4 in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitawat Sirisereewan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanh Che Nguyen
- The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chutchai Piewbang
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suphattra Jittimanee
- Research Group for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals and Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Roongtham Kedkovid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Swine Reproduction, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals and One Health Research Cluster, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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13
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Li ZC, Lu LF, Zhang C, Wang XL, Tong JF, Han KJ, Chen DD, Li XY, Zhou L, Gui JF, Li S. GCRV NS38 counteracts SVCV proliferation by intracellular antagonization during co-infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:142-156. [PMID: 36526167 PMCID: PMC10006313 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral co-infection has been found in animals; however, the mechanisms of co-infection are unclear. The abundance and diversity of viruses in water make fish highly susceptible to co-infection. Here, we reported a co-infection in fish, which resulted in reduced host lethality and illustrated the intracellular molecular mechanism of viral co-infection. The spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a highly lethal virus that infects Cyprinidae, such as zebrafish. The mortality of SVCV infection was significantly reduced when co-infected with the grass carp reovirus (GCRV). The severity of tissue damage and viral proliferation of SVCV was also reduced in co-infection with GCRV. The transcriptome bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the effect on the host transcripts in response to SVCV infection was significantly reduced in co-infection. After excluding the extracellular interactions of these two viruses, the intracellular mechanisms were studied. We found that the GCRV NS38 remarkably decreased SVCV infection and viral proliferation. The interaction between GCRV NS38 and SVCV nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) proteins was identified, and NS38 downregulated both N and P proteins. Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein was degraded by NS38 indispensable of the autophagy receptor, sequestosome 1 (p62). Meanwhile, K63-linked ubiquitination of the P protein was reduced by NS38, leading to ubiquitinated degradation of the P protein. These results reveal that the intracellular viral protein interactions are a crucial mechanism of co-infection and influence the host pathology and expand our understanding in intracellular viral interactions co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue-Li Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jin-Feng Tong
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke-Jia Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi-Yin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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14
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Pérot P, Fourgeaud J, Rouzaud C, Regnault B, Da Rocha N, Fontaine H, Le Pavec J, Dolidon S, Garzaro M, Chrétien D, Morcrette G, Molina TJ, Ferroni A, Leruez-Ville M, Lortholary O, Jamet A, Eloit M. Circovirus Hepatitis Infection in Heart-Lung Transplant Patient, France. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:286-293. [PMID: 36596569 PMCID: PMC9881760 DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In March 2022, a 61-year-old woman in France who had received a heart-lung transplant sought treatment with chronic hepatitis mainly characterized by increased liver enzymes. After ruling out common etiologies, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing to analyze a liver biopsy sample and identified an unknown species of circovirus, tentatively named human circovirus 1 (HCirV-1). We found no other viral or bacterial sequences. HCirV-1 shared 70% amino acid identity with the closest known viral sequences. The viral genome was undetectable in blood samples from 2017-2019, then became detectable at low levels in September 2020 and peaked at very high titers (1010 genome copies/mL) in January 2022. In March 2022, we found >108 genome copies/g or mL in the liver and blood, concomitant with hepatic cytolysis. We detected HCirV-1 transcripts in 2% of hepatocytes, demonstrating viral replication and supporting the role of HCirV-1 in liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Béatrice Regnault
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Nicolas Da Rocha
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Hélène Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Jérôme Le Pavec
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Samuel Dolidon
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Margaux Garzaro
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Delphine Chrétien
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Guillaume Morcrette
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Thierry Jo Molina
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Agnès Ferroni
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
| | - Marianne Leruez-Ville
- Institut Pasteur Pathogen Discovery Laboratory, Paris, France (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- The OIE Collaborating Center for the Detection and Identification in Humans of Emerging Animal Pathogens, Paris (P. Pérot, B. Regnault, N. Da Rocha, D. Chrétien, M. Eloit)
- Institut Imagine, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, M. Leruez-Ville); Université Paris Cité, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, A. Jamet)
- Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris (J. Fourgeaud, G. Morcrette, T.J. Molina, A. Ferroni, M. Leruez-Ville, A. Jamet)
- Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Paris (C. Rouzaud, M. Garzaro, O. Lortholary)
- Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint Joseph-Marie Lannelongue, Équipe Mobile de Microbiologie Clinique, Paris (C. Rouzaud)
- Hôpital Cochin Département d'Hépatologie-Addictologie, Paris (H. Fontaine)
- Université Paris–Sud, Paris (J. Le Pavec)
- Hôpital Marie Lannelongue Service de Pneumologie et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (J. Le Pavec, S. Dolidon)
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Paris (A. Jamet)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France (M. Eloit)
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