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Sakoh T, Satoh N, Domon Y, Nakamura M, Kawakita M, Sakaguchi M. Aromatic residues in N-terminal domain of archaeal trehalase affect the folding and activity of catalytic domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:441. [PMID: 39145831 PMCID: PMC11327188 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Considering the structure of the bacterial GH15 family glucoamylase (GA), Thermoplasma trehalase Tvn1315 may be composed of a β-sandwich domain (BD) and a catalytic domain (CD). Tvn1315 BD weakly binds to insoluble β-glucans, such as cellulose, and helps fold CD. To determine how aromatic residues contribute to proper folding and enzyme activity, we performed alanine scanning for 32 aromatic residues in the BD. The study did not identify a single residue involved in glucan binding. However, several aromatic residues were found to be involved in BD or CD folding and in modulating the activity of the full-length enzyme. Among those aromatic residue mutations, the W43A mutation led to reduced solubility of the BD and full-length protein and resulted in a full-length enzyme with significantly lower activity. The activity of W43F and W43Y was significantly higher than that of W43A. In addition, Ala substitutions of Tyr83, Tyr113, and Tyr17 led to a reduction in trehalase activity, but Phe substitutions of these residues could be tolerated, as these mutants maintained activities similar to WT activity. Thus, these aromatic residues in BD may interact with CD and modulate enzyme activity. KEY POINTS: • Aromatic residues in the BD are involved in BD and CD folding. • Aromatic residues in the BD near the CD active site modulate enzyme activity. • BD interacts with CD and closely modulates enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sakoh
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-Cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Nagisa Satoh
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-Cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yumeka Domon
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-Cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Maho Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-Cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masao Kawakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-Cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-Cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
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Guo HZ, Wang D, Yang HT, Wu YL, Li YC, Xia GH, Zhang XY. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a pH-Stable Chitinase from Micromonospora aurantiaca with a Potential Application in Chitin Degradation. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:287. [PMID: 38921598 PMCID: PMC11204758 DOI: 10.3390/md22060287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
To promote the bioconversion of marine chitin waste into value-added products, we expressed a novel pH-stable Micromonospora aurantiaca-derived chitinase, MaChi1, in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified, characterized, and evaluated it for its chitin-converting capacity. Our results indicated that MaChi1 is of the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 18 with a molecular weight of approximately 57 kDa, consisting of a GH18 catalytic domain and a cellulose-binding domain. We recorded its optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 55 °C. It exhibited excellent stability in a wide pH range of 3.0-10.0. Mg2+ (5 mM), and dithiothreitol (10 mM) significantly promoted MaChi1 activity. MaChi1 exhibited broad substrate specificity and hydrolyzed chitin, chitosan, cellulose, soluble starch, and N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides with polymerization degrees ranging from three to six. Moreover, MaChi1 exhibited an endo-type cleavage pattern, and it could efficiently convert colloidal chitin into N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) and (GlcNAc)2 with yields of 227.2 and 505.9 mg/g chitin, respectively. Its high chitin-degrading capacity and exceptional pH tolerance makes it a promising tool with potential applications in chitin waste treatment and bioactive oligosaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhong Guo
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Dou Wang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Hui-Ting Yang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Yu-Le Wu
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Yong-Cheng Li
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
| | - Guang-Hua Xia
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Xue-Ying Zhang
- Hainan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Resources Efficient Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Seafood Processing of Haikou, National R&D Branch Center for Prawn Processing Technology (Haikou), School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (H.-Z.G.); (D.W.); (H.-T.Y.); (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-C.L.); (G.-H.X.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Provincial and Ministerial Co-Construction for Marine Food Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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3
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Martínez-Zavala SA, Ortiz-Rodríguez T, Salcedo-Hernández R, Casados-Vázquez LE, Del Rincón-Castro MC, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. The chitin-binding domain of Bacillus thuringiensis ChiA74 inhibits gram-negative bacterial and fungal pathogens of humans and plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:128049. [PMID: 37963502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The chitinase ChiA74 is synthesized by Bacillus thuringiensis and possesses a modular organization composed of four domains. In the C-terminal of the enzyme is located the chitin-binding domain (CBD), which has not been isolated as a single unit or characterized. Here, we aimed to isolate the ChiA74's CBD as a single unit, determine the binding properties, and evaluate its antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. We cloned the ChiA74's CBD and expressed it in Escherichia coli BL21. The single domain was purified, analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and characterized. The recombinant CBD (rCBD) showed a molecular mass of ∼14 kDa and binds strongly to α-chitin, with Kd and Bmax of ∼4.7 ± 0.9 μM and 1.5 ± 0.1 μmoles/g chitin, respectively. Besides, the binding potential (Bmax/Kd) was stronger for α-chitin (∼0.31) than microcrystalline cellulose (∼0.19). It was also shown that the purified rCBD inhibited the growth of the clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) Vibrio cholerae, and V. parahemolyticus CVP2 with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 121 ± 9.9 and 138 ± 3.2 μg/mL, respectively, and of one of the most common GNB plant pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae with a MIC of 230 ± 13.8 μg/mL. In addition, the rCBD possessed antifungal activity inhibiting the conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum (MIC = 192 ± 37.5 μg/mL) and lacked hemolytic and agglutination activities against human erythrocytes. The significance of this work lies in the fact that data provided here show for the first time that ChiA74's CBD from B. thuringiensis has antimicrobial activity, suggesting its potential use against significant pathogenic microorganisms. Future works will be focused on testing the inhibitory effect against other pathogenic microorganisms and elucidating the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Tomás Ortiz-Rodríguez
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Rubén Salcedo-Hernández
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; CONACyT-University of Guanajuato, México
| | - Ma Cristina Del Rincón-Castro
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Program in Biomedical Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México; Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Irapuato, Guanajuato 36500, México.
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Kim SK, Park JE, Oh JM, Kim H. Molecular Characterization of Four Alkaline Chitinases from Three Chitinolytic Bacteria Isolated from a Mudflat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312822. [PMID: 34884628 PMCID: PMC8658002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Four chitinases were cloned and characterized from three strains isolated from a mudflat: Aeromonas sp. SK10, Aeromonas sp. SK15, and Chitinibacter sp. SK16. In SK10, three genes, Chi18A, Pro2K, and Chi19B, were found as a cluster. Chi18A and Chi19B were chitinases, and Pro2K was a metalloprotease. With combinatorial amplification of the genes and analysis of the hydrolysis patterns of substrates, Chi18A and Chi19B were found to be an endochitinase and exochitinase, respectively. Chi18A and Chi19B belonged to the glycosyl hydrolase family 18 (GH18) and GH19, with 869 and 659 amino acids, respectively. Chi18C from SK15 belonged to GH18 with 864 amino acids, and Chi18D from SK16 belonged to GH18 with 664 amino acids. These four chitinases had signal peptides and high molecular masses with one or two chitin-binding domains and, interestingly, preferred alkaline conditions. In the activity staining, their sizes were determined to be 96, 74, 95, and 73 kDa, respectively, corresponding to their expected sizes. Purified Chi18C and Chi18D after pET expression produced N,N′-diacetylchitobiose as the main product in hydrolyzing chitooligosaccharides and colloidal chitin. These results suggest that Chi18A, Chi18C, and Chi18D are endochitinases, that Chi19B is an exochitinase, and that these chitinases can be effectively used for hydrolyzing natural chitinous sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kyum Kim
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Jong Eun Park
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (J.E.P.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Jong Min Oh
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (J.E.P.); (J.M.O.)
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea; (J.E.P.); (J.M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-750-3751
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Belousova ME, Malovichko YV, Shikov AE, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Dissecting the Environmental Consequences of Bacillus thuringiensis Application for Natural Ecosystems. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050355. [PMID: 34065665 PMCID: PMC8155924 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a natural pathogen of different invertebrates, primarily insects, is widely used as a biological control agent. While Bt-based preparations are claimed to be safe for non-target organisms due to the immense host specificity of the bacterium, the growing evidence witnesses the distant consequences of their application for natural communities. For instance, upon introduction to soil habitats, Bt strains can affect indigenous microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, and further establish complex relationships with local plants, ranging from a mostly beneficial demeanor, to pathogenesis-like plant colonization. By exerting a direct effect on target insects, Bt can indirectly affect other organisms in the food chain. Furthermore, they can also exert an off-target activity on various soil and terrestrial invertebrates, and the frequent acquisition of virulence factors unrelated to major insecticidal toxins can extend the Bt host range to vertebrates, including humans. Even in the absence of direct detrimental effects, the exposure to Bt treatment may affect non-target organisms by reducing prey base and its nutritional value, resulting in delayed alleviation of their viability. The immense phenotypic plasticity of Bt strains, coupled with the complexity of ecological relationships they can engage in, indicates that further assessment of future Bt-based pesticides' safety should consider multiple levels of ecosystem organization and extend to a wide variety of their inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Belousova
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
| | - Yury V. Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton E. Shikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.E.B.); (Y.V.M.); (A.E.S.); (A.A.N.)
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Sakaguchi M, Mukaeda H, Kume A, Toyoda Y, Sakoh T, Kawakita M. Evaluation of the roles of hydrophobic residues in the N-terminal region of archaeal trehalase in its folding. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3181-3194. [PMID: 33791835 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplasma trehalase Tvn1315 is predicted to be composed of a β-sandwich domain (BD) and a catalytic domain (CD) based on the structure of the bacterial GH15 family glucoamylase (GA). Tvn1315 as well as Tvn1315 (Δ5), in which the 5 N-terminal amino acids are deleted, could be expressed in Escherichia coli as active enzymes, but deletion of 10 residues (Δ10) led to inclusion body formation. To further investigate the role of the N-terminal region of BD, we constructed five mutants of Δ5, in which each of the 5th to 10th residues of the N-terminus of Tvn1315 was mutated to Ala. Every mutant protein could be recovered in soluble form, but only a small fraction of the Y9A mutant was recovered in the soluble fraction. The Y9A mutant recovered in soluble form had similar specific activity to the other proteins. Subsequent mutation analysis at the 9th position of Tvn1315 in Δ5 revealed that aromatic as well as bulky hydrophobic residues could function properly, but residues with hydroxy groups impaired the solubility. Similar results were obtained with mutants based on untruncated Tvn1315. When the predicted BD, Δ5BD, Δ10BD, and BD mutants were expressed, the Δ10BD protein formed inclusion bodies, and the BD mutants behaved similarly to the Δ5 and full-length enzyme mutants. These results suggest that the hydrophobic region is involved in the solubilization of BD during the folding process. Taken together, these results indicate that the solubility of CD depends on BD folding. KEY POINTS: • N-terminal hydrophobic region of the BD is involved in the protein folding. • The N-terminal hydrophobic region of the BD is also involved in the BD folding. • BD is able to weakly interact with the insoluble β-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Sakaguchi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
| | - Hinako Mukaeda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Anna Kume
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yukiko Toyoda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Takumi Sakoh
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Masao Kawakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, 2,665-1 Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
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Kumar M, Rajput M, Soni T, Vivekanand V, Pareek N. Chemoenzymatic Production and Engineering of Chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl Glucosamine for Refining Biological Activities. Front Chem 2020; 8:469. [PMID: 32671017 PMCID: PMC7329927 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) and N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc) are currently of enormous relevance to pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetics, food, and agriculture industries due to their wide range of biological activities, which include antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, anticoagulant, wound healing, immunoregulatory, and hypocholesterolemic effects. A range of methods have been developed for the synthesis of COS with a specific degree of polymerization along with high production titres. In this respect, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial means, along with modern genetic manipulation techniques, have been extensively explored; however no method has been able to competently produce defined COS and GlcNAc in a mono-system approach. Henceforth, the chitin research has turned toward increased exploration of chemoenzymatic processes for COS and GlcNAc generation. Recent developments in the area of green chemicals, mainly ionic liquids, proved vital for the specified COS and GlcNAc synthesis with better yield and purity. Moreover, engineering of COS and GlcNAc to generate novel derivatives viz. carboxylated, sulfated, phenolic acid conjugated, amino derived COS, etc., further improved their biological activities. Consequently, chemoenzymatic synthesis and engineering of COS and GlcNAc emerged as a useful approach to lead the biologically-active compound-based biomedical research to an advanced prospect in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Meenakshi Rajput
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Twinkle Soni
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Centre for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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8
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Paek A, Kim MJ, Park HY, Yoo JG, Jeong SE. Functional expression of recombinant hybrid enzymes composed of bacterial and insect's chitinase domains in E. coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 136:109492. [PMID: 32331713 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the functional alteration of the recombinant hybrid chitinases composed of bacterial and insect's domains, we cloned the constitutional domains from chitinase-encoding cDNAs of a bacterial species, Bacillus thuringiensis (BtChi) and a lepidopteran insect species, Mamestra brassicae (MbChi), respectively, swapped one's leading signal peptide (LSP) - catalytic domain (CD) - linker region (LR) (LCL) with the other's chitin binding domain (ChBD) between the two species, and confirmed and analyzed the functional expression of the recombinant hybrid chitinases and their chitinolytic activities in the transformed E. coli strains. Each of the two recombinant cDNAs, MbChi's LCL connected with BtChi's ChBD (MbLCL-BtChBD) and BtChi's LCL connected with MbChi's ChBD (BtLCL-MbChBD), was successfully introduced and expressed in E. coli BL21 strain. Although both of the two hybrid enzymes were found to be expressed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, the effects of the introduced genes on the chitin metabolism appear to be dramatically different between the two transformed E. coli strains. BtLCL-MbChBD remarkably increased not only the cell proliferation rate, extracellular and cellular chitinolytic activity, but also cellular glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine levels, while MbLCL-BtChBD showed about the same profiles in the three tested subjects as those of the strains transformed with each of the two native chitinases, indicating that a combination of the bacterial CD of TIM barrel structure with characteristic six cysteine residues and insect ChBD2 including a conserved six cysteine-rich region (6C) enhances the attachment of the enzyme molecule to chitin compound by MbChBD, and so increases the catalytic efficiency of bacterial CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Paek
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Hee Yun Park
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Je Geun Yoo
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea
| | - Seong Eun Jeong
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Hannam University, 1646 Yooseong-daero, Yooseong-gu, Daejon 34054, South Korea.
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9
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Martínez-Zavala SA, Barboza-Pérez UE, Hernández-Guzmán G, Bideshi DK, Barboza-Corona JE. Chitinases of Bacillus thuringiensis: Phylogeny, Modular Structure, and Applied Potentials. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3032. [PMID: 31993038 PMCID: PMC6971178 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The most important bioinsecticide used worldwide is Bacillus thuringiensis and its hallmark is a rich variety of insecticidal Cry protein, many of which have been genetically engineered for expression in transgenic crops. Over the past 20 years, the discovery of other insecticidal proteins and metabolites synthesized by B. thuringiensis, including chitinases, antimicrobial peptides, vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), and siderophores, has expanded the applied value of this bacterium for use as an antibacterial, fungicidal, and nematicidal resource. These properties allow us to view B. thuringiensis not only as an entity for the production of a particular metabolite, but also as a multifaceted microbial factory. In particular, chitinases of B. thuringiensis are secreted enzymes that hydrolyze chitin, an abundant molecule in the biosphere, second only to cellulose. The observation that chitinases increase the insecticidal activity of Cry proteins has stimulated further study of these enzymes produced by B. thuringiensis. Here, we provide a review of a subset of our knowledge of B. thuringiensis chitinases as it relates to their phylogenetic relationships, regulation of expression, biotechnological potential for controlling entomopathogens, fungi, and nematodes, and their use in generating chitin-derived oligosaccharides (ChOGs) that possess antibacterial activities against a number of clinically significant bacterial pathogens. Recent advances in the structural organization of these enzymes are also discussed, as are our perspective for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Martínez-Zavala
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Uriel E Barboza-Pérez
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo Hernández-Guzmán
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dennis K Bideshi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Food Department, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Graduate Program in Biosciences, Life Science Division, University of Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico.,Department of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
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Malovichko YV, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Repertoire of the Bacillus thuringiensis Virulence Factors Unrelated to Major Classes of Protein Toxins and Its Role in Specificity of Host-Pathogen Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E347. [PMID: 31212976 PMCID: PMC6628457 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a Gram-positive soil bacteria that infects invertebrates, predominantly of Arthropoda phylum. Due to its immense host range Bt has become a leading producer of biopesticides applied both in biotechnology and agriculture. Cytotoxic effect of Bt, as well as its host specificity, are commonly attributed either to proteinaceous crystal parasporal toxins (Cry and Cyt) produced by bacteria in a stationary phase or to soluble toxins of Vip and Sip families secreted by vegetative cells. At the same time, numerous non-toxin virulence factors of Bt have been discovered, including metalloproteases, chitinases, aminopolyol antibiotics and nucleotide-mimicking moieties. These agents act at each stage of the B. thuringiensis invasion and contribute to cytotoxic properties of Bt strains enhancing toxin activity, ensuring host immune response evasion and participating in extracellular matrix degeneration. In this review we attempt to classify Bt virulence factors unrelated to major groups of protein toxins and discuss their putative role in the establishment of Bt specificity to various groups of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Anton A Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Kirill S Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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Juárez-Hernández EO, Casados-Vázquez LE, Brieba LG, Torres-Larios A, Jimenez-Sandoval P, Barboza-Corona JE. The crystal structure of the chitinase ChiA74 of Bacillus thuringiensis has a multidomain assembly. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2591. [PMID: 30796308 PMCID: PMC6385353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no structural information about any chitinase synthesized by Bacillus thuringiensis, the most successful microbial insect larvicide used worldwide. In this study, we solved the 3D structure of the chitinase ChiA74 at 2.26 Å. The crystal structure shows that ChiA74 is composed of a modular arrangement formed by (i) a catalytic region (CD), (ii) a chitinase insertion domain (CID), (iii) a fibronectin type III domain (FnIII), and (iv) a chitin binding domain (CBD). The location of the CBD with respect to the CD has no structural similarity to other chitinases with known structures. The activity of a ChiA74 lacking its secretion signal peptide (ChiA74Δsp) and a truncated version lacking its CBD/FnIII domains (ChiA74Δsp-50) did not have statistical differences in activity against colloidal chitin. However, ChiA74Δsp exhibits 4.5 and 2.0 higher activity than versions lacking the CBD (ChiA74Δsp-60) and CBD/FnIII domains (ChiA74Δsp-50), respectively, when crystalline chitin was used as substrate. Our data suggest that the CBD might plays a significant role in crystalline chitin hydrolysis. We also demonstrated the importance of the catalytic E211 in the CD, as mutants ChiA74ΔspE211N and ChiA74ΔspD207N, E211N were inactive against colloidal and crystalline chitins, chitosan and 4-MU-GlcNAc3. ChiA74 has a processive activity producing oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization (DP) of 1 (GlcNAc) and 2 (GlcNAc2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania O Juárez-Hernández
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Posgrado en Biociencias, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, Mexico
| | - Luz E Casados-Vázquez
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Posgrado en Biociencias, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, Mexico.,Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Alimentos, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, Mexico
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (LANGEBIO-CINVESTAV), Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-243, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Pedro Jimenez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (LANGEBIO-CINVESTAV), Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36824, Mexico.
| | - José E Barboza-Corona
- Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Posgrado en Biociencias, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, Mexico. .,Universidad de Guanajuato Campus Irapuato-Salamanca, División de Ciencias de la Vida, Departamento de Alimentos, Irapuato, Guanajuato, 36500, Mexico.
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Oyeleye A, Normi YM. Chitinase: diversity, limitations, and trends in engineering for suitable applications. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR2018032300. [PMID: 30042170 PMCID: PMC6131217 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinases catalyze the degradation of chitin, a ubiquitous polymer generated from the cell walls of fungi, shells of crustaceans, and cuticles of insects. They are gaining increasing attention in medicine, agriculture, food and drug industries, and environmental management. Their roles in the degradation of chitin for the production of industrially useful products and in the control of fungal pathogens and insect pests render them attractive for such purposes. However, chitinases have diverse sources, characteristics, and mechanisms of action that seem to restrain optimization procedures and render standardization techniques for enhanced practical applications complex. Hence, results of laboratory trials are not usually consistent with real-life applications. With the growing field of protein engineering, these complexities can be overcome by modifying or redesigning chitinases to enhance specific features required for specific applications. In this review, the variations in features and mechanisms of chitinases that limit their exploitation in biotechnological applications are compiled. Recent attempts to engineer chitinases for improved efficiency are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokunmi Oyeleye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Yahaya M Normi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Center, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
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Wang D, Li A, Han H, Liu T, Yang Q. A potent chitinase from Bacillus subtilis for the efficient bioconversion of chitin-containing wastes. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:863-868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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