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Zhang S, Shu M, Gong Z, Liu X, Zhang C, Liang Y, Lin Q, Zhou B, Guo T, Liu J. Enhancing extracellular monascus pigment production in submerged fermentation with engineered microbial consortia. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104499. [PMID: 38637070 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the impact of microbial interactions on Monascus pigment (MP) production. We established diverse microbial consortia involving Monascus purpureus and Lactobacillus fermentum. The addition of Lactobacillus fermentum (4% at 48 h) to the submerged fermentation of M. purpureus resulted in a significantly higher MP production compared to that achieved using the single-fermentation system. Co-cultivation with immobilized L. fermentum led to a remarkable increase of 59.18% in extracellular MP production, while mixed fermentation with free L. fermentum caused a significant decrease of 66.93% in intracellular MPs, contrasting with a marginal increase of 4.52% observed during co-cultivation with immobilized L. fermentum and the control group respectively. The findings indicate an evident enhancement in cell membrane permeability of M. purpureus when co-cultivated with immobilized L. fementum. Moreover, integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were conducted to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying MP biosynthesis and secretion following inoculation with immobilized L. fementum, with specific emphasis on glycolysis, steroid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Meng Shu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Zihan Gong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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Chen G, Zhao W, Zhao L, Song D, Chen B, Zhao X, Hu T. Regulation of the pigment production by changing Cell morphology and gene expression of Monascus ruber in high-sugar synergistic high-salt stress fermentation. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad207. [PMID: 37858303 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Extreme environment of microbial fermentation is the focus of research, which provides new thinking for the production and application of Monascus pigments (MPs). In this work, the high-sugar synergistic high-salt stress fermentation (HSSF) of MPs was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The Monascus fungus grew well under HSSF conditions with 35 g L-1 NaCl and 150 g L-1 glucose, and the extracellular yellow pigment and intracellular orange pigment yield in HSSF was 98% and 43% higher than that in conventional fermentation, respectively. Moreover, the mycelial morphology was maintained in a better status with more branches and complete surface structure, indicating good biocatalytic activity for pigment synthesis. Four extracellular yellow pigments (Y1, Y2, Y3, and Y4) were transformed into each other, and ratio of the relative content of intracellular orange pigments to yellow pigments (O/Y) significantly (P < 0.05) changed. Moreover, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (unsaturated/saturated) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased, indicating that the metabolism and secretion of intracellular and extracellular pigment might be regulated in HSSF. The pigment biosynthesis genes mppB, mppC, mppD, MpPKS5, and MpFasB2 were up-regulated, whereas the genes mppR1, mppR2, and mppE were down-regulated, suggesting that the gene expression to regulate pigment biosynthesis might be a dynamic change process in HSSF. CONCLUSIONS The HSSF system of MPs is successfully performed to improve the pigment yields. Mycelial morphology is varied to enhanced pigment secretion, and gene expression is dynamically regulated to promote pigment accumulation in HSSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Wenqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Da Song
- Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ben Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xihong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
| | - Ting Hu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, PR China
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3
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Zhao C, Penttinen P, Zhang L, Dong L, Zhang F, Li Z, Zhang X. Mechanism of Inhibiting the Growth and Aflatoxin B 1 Biosynthesis of Aspergillus flavus by Phenyllactic Acid. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:370. [PMID: 37368671 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenyllactic acid (PLA), a promising food preservative, is safe and effective against a broad spectrum of food-borne pathogens. However, its mechanisms against toxigenic fungi are still poorly understood. In this study, we applied physicochemical, morphological, metabolomics, and transcriptomics analyses to investigate the activity and mechanism of PLA inhibition of a typical food-contaminating mold, Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that PLA effectively inhibited the growth of A. flavus spores and reduced aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by downregulating key genes associated with AFB1 biosynthesis. Propidium iodide staining and transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated a dose-dependent disruption of the integrity and morphology of the A. flavus spore cell membrane by PLA. Multi-omics analyses showed that subinhibitory concentrations of PLA induced significant changes in A. flavus spores at the transcriptional and metabolic levels, as 980 genes and 30 metabolites were differentially expressed. Moreover, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated PLA-induced cell membrane damage, energy-metabolism disruption, and central-dogma abnormality in A. flavus spores. The results provided new insights into the anti-A. flavus and -AFB1 mechanisms of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhao
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Petri Penttinen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu 611130, China
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lingzi Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ling Dong
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Fengju Zhang
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 60 Shizishan Rd., Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Rd., Chengdu 611130, China
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Huang Q, Miyaki N, Li Z, Takahashi Y, Ishizuka S, Hayakawa T, Wakamatsu JI, Kumura H. Supplementary effect of whey components on the monascin productivity of Monascus sp. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4234-4241. [PMID: 36732039 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monascus sp. has been used in fermented foods for centuries. It can synthesize yellow, red, and orange pigments as secondary metabolites. Here, we focused on yellow pigment monascin, responsible for anti-inflammation and antidiabetic effects, and investigated whether whey could be a suitable substrate with or without rice powder for monascin production using M. purpureus AHU 9085, M. pilosus NBRC 4520 and M. ruber NBRC 32318. RESULTS The growth and monascin production of the three Monascus strains were dependent on three liquid media consisting of whey and/or rice. All strains showed the best growth in a rice and whey mixed medium, in which M. ruber NBRC 32318 exhibited the highest total monascin production. Subsequent investigation of the effects of whey components indicated that a mineral cocktail in whey was particularly effective in stimulating the monascin production efficiency of M. ruber NBRC 32318. However, this recipe exhibited less stimulation, or even inhibition, for M. pilosus NBRC 4520 and M. purpureus AHU 9085, respectively. In terms of total monascin production, rice with whey provided the highest amount due to growth promotion along with relatively high production efficiency. CONCLUSION The effect of whey on growth and monascin production was strongly dependent on the Monascus strains. Even a mineral cocktail in whey could regulate monascin productivity in a strain-specific manner. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism behind the diverse responses by the minerals in the production of monascin from Monascus. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Huang
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nodoka Miyaki
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zongfei Li
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yutaroh Takahashi
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Hayakawa
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Wakamatsu
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Haruto Kumura
- Laboratory of Applied Food Science, Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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5
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Louhasakul Y, Wado H, Lateh R, Cheirsilp B. Solid-state fermentation of Saba banana peel for pigment production by Monascus purpureus. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:93-102. [PMID: 36348258 PMCID: PMC9943817 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Eco-friendly natural pigment demand has ever-increasing popularity due to health and environmental concerns. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility use of Saba banana peel as low-cost fermentable substrate for the production of pigments, xylanase and cellulase enzymes by Monascus purpureus. Among the strains tested, M. purpureus TISTR 3385 produced pigments better and had higher enzyme activities. Under the optimal pigment-producing conditions at the initial moisture content of 40% and initial pH of 6.0, the pigments comprising yellow, orange, and red produced by the fungi were achieved in the range of 0.40-0.93 UA/g/day. The maximum xylanase and cellulase activities of 8.92 ± 0.46 U/g and 4.72 ± 0.04 U/g were also obtained, respectively. More importantly, solid-state fermentation of non-sterile peel could be achieved without sacrificing the production of the pigments and both enzymes. These indicated the potential use of the peel as fermentable feedstock for pigment production by the fungi and an environmental-friendly approach for sustainable waste management and industrial pigment and enzyme application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmi Louhasakul
- Faculty of Science Technology and Agriculture, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala, 95000, Thailand.
| | - Hindol Wado
- Faculty of Science Technology and Agriculture, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala, 95000, Thailand
| | - Rohana Lateh
- Faculty of Science Technology and Agriculture, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala, 95000, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
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6
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Regulated synthesis and metabolism of Monascus pigments in a unique environment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Huang Z, Hu T, Yang S, Tian X, Wu Z. Genetic responses to adding nitrates to improve hydrophilic yellow pigment in Monascus fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1341-1359. [PMID: 36705673 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12392-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrates can stimulate the biosynthesis of hydrophilic yellow pigments (HYPs) in Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. To explore the molecular mechanisms whereby nitrates (NaNO3 and NH4NO3) regulate HYP production, an integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis was conducted in this study. Nitrate addition led to an approximately 75% higher HYP production compared with the untreated group, especially compounds Y3 and Y4. Comparative transcriptomic analysis found that mpigsA, H, K, L, and P genes involved in yellow pigment biosynthesis were significantly upregulated. In addition, pigment biosynthesis-related (carbon catabolism, amino acid metabolism, polyketide synthesis, and fatty acid metabolism) genes were upregulated to provide precursors and energy for HYP biosynthesis and cell growth. Secretion-related (cytomembrane ergosterol biosynthetic, and transport) pathways were also noticeably regulated to accelerate transmembrane transport of HYPs. Meanwhile, proteomic analysis showed that nitrates improved the protein expression of hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase, oxidoreductase, glucoamylase, endo-1,4-beta-xylanase, O-acetylhomoserine, and isocitrate lyase to enhance HYP production. These findings demonstrated the regulatory mechanism of nitrates for enhancing HYP production in Monascus. KEY POINTS: • Nitrates stimulated the biosynthesis of Monascus hydrophilic yellow pigments (HYPs) • Nitrates affected transcriptional level of pigment biosynthesis- and transport genes • Increased expression of hybrid PKS-NRPS and transporters promoted production of HYPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Pan Asia (Jiangmen) Institute of Biological Engineering and Health, Jiangmen, 529080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanzhong Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaofei Tian
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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A mutant of Monascus purpureus obtained by carbon ion beam irradiation yielded yellow pigments using various nitrogen sources. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 162:110121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Analysis of metabolites of coix seed fermented by Monascus purpureus. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Li WL, Hong JL, Lu JQ, Tong SG, Ni L, Liu B, Lv XC. Comparative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Regulatory Effect and Mechanism of Tea Extracts on the Biosynthesis of Monascus Pigments. Foods 2022; 11:3159. [PMID: 37430908 PMCID: PMC9602424 DOI: 10.3390/foods11203159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) are natural edible pigments with high safety and strong function, which have been widely used in food and health products. In this study, different types of tea extracts (rich in polyphenols) were used to regulate the biosynthesis of MPs. The results showed that 15% ethanol extract of pu-erh tea (T11) could significantly increase MPs production in liquid fermentation of Monaco's purpureus M3. Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses combined with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used to further explore the regulatory mechanism of T11 on the biosynthesis of MPs. Comparative transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 1503 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the Con group and the T11 group, which were mainly distributed in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, etc. A total of 115 differential metabolites (DMs) identified by metabolomics between the Con and T11 groups were mainly enriched in glutathione metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, alanine, aspartic acid and glutamate metabolism and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, etc. The results of metabolomics were basically consistent with those of gene transcriptomics, indicating that the regulatory effect of T11 on the biosynthesis of MPs is mainly achieved through affecting the primary metabolic pathway, providing sufficient energy and more biosynthetic precursors for secondary metabolism. In this study, tea extracts with low economic value and easy access were used as promoters of MPs biosynthesis, which may be conducive to the application of MPs in large-scale industrial production. At the same time, a more systematic understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of Monascus metabolism was obtained through multi-omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362200, China
| | - Jia-Li Hong
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jin-Qiang Lu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shan-Gong Tong
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Li Ni
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xu-Cong Lv
- Food Nutrition and Health Research Center, School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang 362200, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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11
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Bai J, Gong Z, Shu M, Zhao H, Ye F, Tang C, Zhang S, Zhou B, Lu D, Zhou X, Lin Q, Liu J. Increased Water-Soluble Yellow Monascus Pigment Productivity via Dual Mutagenesis and Submerged Repeated-Batch Fermentation of Monascus purpureus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914828. [PMID: 35756045 PMCID: PMC9218666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used in the food industry for more than 2,000 years and are known for their safety, bold coloring, and physiological activity. MPs are mainly yellow (YMPs), orange (OMPs), and red (RMPs). In this study, a mutant strain Monascus purpureus H14 with high production of water-soluble YMPs (WSYMPs, λmax at 370 nm) was generated instead of primary YMPs (λmax at 420 nm), OMPs (λmax at 470 nm), and RMPs (λmax at 510 nm) produced by the parent strain M. purpureus LQ-6 through dual mutagenesis of atmospheric and room-temperature plasma and heavy ion beam irradiation (HIBI), producing 22.68 U/ml extracellular YMPs and 10.67 U/ml intracellular YMPs. WSYMP production was increased by 289.51% in optimal conditions after response surface methodology was applied in submerged fermentation. Application of combined immobilized fermentation and extractive fermentation improved productivity to 16.89 U/ml/day, 6.70 times greater than with conservative submerged fermentation. The produced WSYMPs exhibited good tone stability to environmental factors, but their pigment values were unstable to pH, light, and high concentrations of Ca2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, and Mg2+. Furtherly, the produced exYMPs were identified as two yellow monascus pigment components (monascusone B and C21H27NO7S) by UHPLC-ESI-MS. This strategy may be extended to industrial production of premium WSYMPs using Monascus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Bai
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zihan Gong
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Shu
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Fanyu Ye
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Chenglun Tang
- Nanjing Sheng Ming Yuan Health Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Industrial Biotechnology JITRI Co. Ltd., Nanjing, China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Dong Lu
- Biophysics Research Laboratory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Biophysics Research Laboratory, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Safety Monitoring and Early Waring, Changsha, China
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12
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Effect of arginine supplementation on Monacolin K yield of Monascus purpureus. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Shi J, Qin X, Zhao Y, Sun X, Yu X, Feng Y. Strategies to enhance the production efficiency of Monascus pigments and control citrinin contamination. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Bhatnagar S, Aoyagi H. Thermal and UV Degradation Kinetics of Water-Soluble Extracellular Pigment Produced by Talaromyces purpurogenus. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Wei S, He Y, Yang J, Li Y, Liu Z, Wang W. Effects of exogenous ascorbic acid on yields of citrinin and pigments, antioxidant capacities, and fatty acid composition of Monascus ruber. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Huang ZF, Yang SZ, Liu HQ, Tian XF, Wu ZQ. Sodium starch octenyl succinate facilitated the production of water-soluble yellow pigments in Monascus ruber fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6691-6706. [PMID: 34463799 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11512-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural water-soluble Monascus pigments (WSMPs) have been in increasing demand but have not been able to achieve industrial production due to the low production rate. This study aimed to improve the biosynthesis and secretion of extracellular yellow pigments (EYPs) through submerged fermentation with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10,910 supplemented with sodium starch octenyl succinate (OSA-SNa). The results demonstrated that the yield was 69.68% and 48.89% higher than that without OSA-SNa in conventional fermentation (CF) and extractive fermentation (EF), respectively. The mainly increased EYP components were Y3 and Y4 in CF, but they were mainly Y1 and Y2 as well as secreted intracellular pigments, including Y5, Y6, O1, and O2, in EF. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the mycelium presented an uneven surface profile with obvious wrinkles and small fragments with OSA-SNa. It was found that a higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio in the cell membrane resulted in increased permeability and facilitated the export of intracellular yellow pigments into the broth with OSA-SNa treatment. In addition, a higher NAD+/NADH ratio and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity provided a reducing condition for yellow pigment biosynthesis. Gene expression analysis showed that the expression levels of the key genes for yellow pigment biosynthesis were significantly upregulated by OSA-SNa. This study provides an effective strategy to promote the production of WSMPs by microparticle-enhanced cultivation using OSA-SNa. KEY POINTS: • OSA-SNa addition facilitated the production of Monascus yellow pigments. • Mycelial morphology and membrane permeability were affected by OSA-SNa. • The key gene expression of yellow pigments was upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shan-Zhong Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hai-Qing Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Pan Asia (Jiangmen) Institute of Biological Engineering and Health, Jiangmen, 529080, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Tian
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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17
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Shi J, Zhao W, Lu J, Wang W, Yu X, Feng Y. Insight into Monascus pigments production promoted by glycerol based on physiological and transcriptome analyses. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Inducing red pigment and inhibiting citrinin production by adding lanthanum(III) ion in Monascus purpureus fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1905-1912. [PMID: 33576885 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) are widely used natural colorants in Asian countries. The problems of low extracellular red pigment (ERP) and high citrinin remain to be solved in Monascus pigment production. The effect of lanthanum(III) ion (LaCl3) on Monascus purpureus fermentation was investigated in this study. The yields of ERP and biomass respectively reached maxima of 124.10 U/mL and 33.10 g/L by adding 0.4 g/L La3+ on the second day in the total 8-day fermentation; simultaneously, citrinin was decreased by 59.93% and 38.14% in the extracellular and intracellular fractions, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were obviously improved by La3+ treatment, while the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased compared with the control. The ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids in mycelia was increased from 2.94 to 3.49, indicating that the permeability and fluidity of the cell membrane were enhanced under La3+ treatment. Gene expression analysis showed that the relative expression levels of Monascus pigment synthesis genes (pksPT, mppB, mppD, MpFasB2, and MpPKS5) were significantly upregulated by La3+ treatment, and in contrast, the relative expression levels of citrinin synthesis genes (ctnA, pksCT and mppC) were markedly downregulated. This work confirmed that LaCl3 possesses the potential to induce red pigment biosynthesis and inhibit citrinin production in M. purpureus fermentation. KEY POINTS: • La3+ induced red pigment and inhibited citrinin production in Monascus fermentation. • La3+ regulated genes expression up for Monascus pigment and down for citrinin. • La3+ increased the UFAs in cell membrane to enhance the permeability and fluidity.
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Liu J, Wu J, Cai X, Zhang S, Liang Y, Lin Q. Regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus via cofactor metabolic engineering strategies. Food Microbiol 2020; 95:103689. [PMID: 33397619 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of cofactor metabolism on secondary metabolite production in M. purpureus through the application of different cofactor engineering strategies. Total pigment production dramatically increased by 39.08% and 40.89%, and yellow pigment production increased by 74.62% and 114.06% after the addition of 1.0 mg/L of the exogenous cofactor reagents methyl viologen and rotenone, respectively, in submerged batch-fermentation. The extracellular red pigment tone changed to yellow with the application of electrolytic stimulation at 800 mV/cm2, but almost no citrinin production was detected. In addition, the total pigment, yellow pigment and citrinin production increased by 35.46%, 54.89% and 6.27% after disruption of the nuoⅠ gene that encodes NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, respectively. Thus, cofactor metabolic engineering strategies could be extended to the industrial production of Monascus pigment or high yellow pigment with free citrinin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Jingyan Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Xinru Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Ying Liang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and By-products, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China.
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20
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Yang SZ, Huang ZF, Liu HQ, Hu X, Wu ZQ. Improving mycelial morphology and adherent growth as well as metabolism of Monascus yellow pigments using nitrate resources. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9607-9617. [PMID: 33044600 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycelial adhesion affects cell growth and the production of water-soluble extracellular yellow pigment (EYP) in submerged fermentation with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. Two nitrates, NaNO3 and KNO3, were used as nitrogen sources for mitigating mycelial adhesion and improving the production of EYP in this study. The results showed that the adhesion of mycelia in the fermentation broth significantly decreased by adding 5 g/L NaNO3, which prevented mycelia from attaching to the inner wall of the Erlenmeyer flask. It was suggested that NaNO3 reduced the total amount of extracellular polysaccharides, increased extracellular proteins, and decreased the viscosity of the fermentation broth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that the mycelial morphology was shorter and more dispersed and vigorous under NaNO3 conditions than under the control conditions. The biomass increased by 49.2% and 45.4% with 5 g/L NaNO3 and 6 g/L KNO3 treatment, respectively, compared with that of the control, and the maximum production of EYP was 267.1 and 241.8 AU350, which increased by 70.0% and 53.9% compared with that of the control, respectively. Simultaneously, the ratios of intracellular yellow pigment to orange pigment increased significantly with 5 g/L of NaNO3 addition (p < 0.05). Genetic analysis found that the expression levels of the key genes for Monascus pigment biosynthesis were significantly upregulated by NaNO3 addition (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). This study provides an effective strategy for the production of water-soluble Monascus yellow pigments.Key Points• Nitrate addition decreased mycelial adhesion and improved cell growth in Monascus pigment fermentation.• The biosynthesis genes of water-soluble extracellular yellow pigment (EYP) were upregulated by nitrate addition.• The mycelial morphology was significantly influenced to enhance EYP biosynthesis with nitrate addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Zhong Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hai-Qing Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.,Pan Asia (Jiangmen) Institute of Biological Engineering and Health, Jiangmen, 529080, China
| | - Xi Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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21
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Zhou B, Yang J, Bi L, Li J, Ma Y, Tian Y, Zhong H, Ren J. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis by Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra-Mass Spectrometry Reveals a Cross-Protection Mechanism for Monascus To Tolerate High-Concentration Ammonium Chloride. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:6672-6682. [PMID: 32489101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To achieve the accumulation of targeted secondary metabolites, microorganisms must adopt various protection mechanisms to avoid or reduce damage to cells caused by abiotic stresses, which formed from the changes of physical and chemical culture conditions. The protection mechanism of Monascus sp. to tolerate high-concentration ammonium chloride was analyzed by sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra-mass spectrometry proteomics in this work, and the results indicated that abiotic stresses caused by high-concentration ammonium chloride inhibited the synthesis of chitin and glycoprotein, leading to a decrease in cell wall integrity and, thus, affecting cell growth. At the same time, it also inhibited the complex enzyme III and IV activities of the mitochondrial cytochrome respiratory chain, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. With the aim to respond to abiotic stresses, the cross-protection mechanism was implemented in Monascus, including self-protection of the Monascus cell by promoting synthesis of trehalose, a molecular chaperone that facilitates protein folding (such as heat-shock protein) and autophagy-related proteins, through not the enzyme protection system (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, NADPH oxidase, and alternative oxidase) but the glutathione/glutaredoxin system, to maintain the intracellular redox state and then eliminate or reduce ROS damage to the cell. At the same time, an alternative respiratory pathway related to NADH dehydrogenase was activated to balance the material and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Luanluan Bi
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yifan Ma
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Zhong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Ren
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Sources Safety and Processing, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, People's Republic of China
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22
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Investigation of the mycelial morphology of Monascus and the expression of pigment biosynthetic genes in high-salt-stress fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2469-2479. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Patrovsky M, Sinovska K, Branska B, Patakova P. Effect of initial pH, different nitrogen sources, and cultivation time on the production of yellow or orange Monascus purpureus pigments and the mycotoxin citrinin. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:3494-3500. [PMID: 31763000 PMCID: PMC6848812 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus purpureus was grown in submerged liquid culture using ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate, and peptone as nitrogen sources while initial medium pH was adjusted to 2.5, 5.5, 6.5, or 8.0. The combined effect of culture pH and nitrogen source on the biosynthesis of yellow (ankaflavin and monascin) and orange (rubropunctatin and monascorubrin) pigments, plus the mycotoxin citrinin, was evaluated chromatographically. Optimum cultivation conditions, that is, initial pH 2.5 and 8.8 g/L peptone as a nitrogen source, resulted in high levels of production of yellow and orange pigments (sum of pigment concentration 1,138 mg/L) and negligible citrinin concentration (2 mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej Patrovsky
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague 6Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Sinovska
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague 6Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Branska
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague 6Czech Republic
| | - Petra Patakova
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and Technology PraguePrague 6Czech Republic
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24
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Li L, Chen S, Gao M, Ding B, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Wu Q, Chen F. Acidic conditions induce the accumulation of orange Monascus pigments during liquid-state fermentation of Monascus ruber M7. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:8393-8402. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Gmoser R, Ferreira JA, Taherzadeh MJ, Lennartsson PR. Post-treatment of Fungal Biomass to Enhance Pigment Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2019; 189:160-174. [PMID: 30957195 PMCID: PMC6689318 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-019-02961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new post-treatment method of fungal biomass after fermentation is revealed. The post-treatment strategy was utilized to produce pigments as an additional valuable metabolite. Post-treatment included incubation at 95% relative humidity where the effects of harvesting time, light, and temperature were studied. Pigment-producing edible filamentous fungus Neurospora intermedia cultivated on ethanol plant residuals produced 4 g/L ethanol and 5 g/L fungal biomass. Harvesting the pale biomass after 48 h submerged cultivation compared to 24 h or 72 h increased pigmentation in the post-treatment step with 35% and 48%, respectively. The highest pigment content produced, 1.4 mg/g dry fungal biomass, was obtained from washed biomass treated in light at 35 °C whereof the major impact on pigmentation was from washed biomass. Moreover, post-treated biomass contained 50% (w/w) crude protein. The post-treatment strategy successfully adds pigments to pre-obtained biomass. The pigmented fungal biomass can be considered for animal feed applications for domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gmoser
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Allégatan 1, 503 32, Borås, Sweden.
| | - Jorge A Ferreira
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Allégatan 1, 503 32, Borås, Sweden
| | - Mohammad J Taherzadeh
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Allégatan 1, 503 32, Borås, Sweden
| | - Patrik R Lennartsson
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Allégatan 1, 503 32, Borås, Sweden
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26
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Embaby AM, Hussein MN, Hussein A. Monascus orange and red pigments production by Monascus purpureus ATCC16436 through co-solid state fermentation of corn cob and glycerol: An eco-friendly environmental low cost approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207755. [PMID: 30532218 PMCID: PMC6287831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study underlines a statistically optimized, low cost, effective approach for efficient co-valorization of two non-efficiently utilized, highly accumulated, raw agro-industrial wastes: corn cob and glycerol for co-production of natural biopigments: monascus orange and red pigments by the aid of Monascus purpureus strain ATCC 16436. A three step sequential, statistical modeling approach: one variable at a time (OVAT), Plackett-Burman design (PBD), and central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the production of monascus pigments using co-solid state fermentation of the two raw agro-industrial wastes. Corn cob among other carbon sources (e.g., rice grains, sugarcane bagasse, and potato peel) was the most appropriate substrate triggering co-production of orange and red monascus pigments; deduced from OVAT. Glycerol and inoculum size proved to impose significant consequences (P<0.05) on the production of monascus pigments as inferred from PBD. The optimal levels of inoculum size (12 x 1011 spores/mL) and glycerol (2.17 M) did achieve a maximal color value of 133.77 and 108.02 color value units/mL of orange and red pigments, respectively at 30 oC after 10 days; concluded from CCD with an agitation speed of 150 rpm. Present data would underpin the large scale production of monascus pigments using the present approach for efficient exploitation of such biopigments in food, pharmaceutical and textile industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira M. Embaby
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Biotechnology department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohamed N. Hussein
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Biotechnology department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hussein
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Biotechnology department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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27
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Huang T, Tan H, Chen G, Wang L, Wu Z. Rising temperature stimulates the biosynthesis of water-soluble fluorescent yellow pigments and gene expression in Monascus ruber CGMCC10910. AMB Express 2017. [PMID: 28651383 PMCID: PMC5483225 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monascus species can produce secondary metabolites that have a polyketide structure. In this study, four types of extracellular water-soluble yellow pigments (Y1–Y4) were generated by submerged fermentation with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910, of which Y3 and Y4 had strong yellow fluorescence. The composition of the pigment mixtures was closely related to the fermentation temperature. The dominating pigments changed from Y1 to Y3 and Y4 when fermentation temperature increased from 30 to 35 °C. Increasing the temperature to 35 °C changed the metabolic pathways of the pigments, which inhibited the biosynthesis of Y1 and enhanced the biosynthesis of Y3 and Y4. Moreover, the yield of Y1 reduced insignificantly, while the yields of Y3 and Y4 increased by 98.21 and 79.31% respectively under two-stage temperature fermentation condition. The expression levels of the relative pigment biosynthetic genes, such as MpFasA2, MpFasB2, MpPKS5, mppR1, mppB, and mppE, were up-regulated at 35 °C. The two-stage temperature strategy is a potential method for producing water-soluble Monascus yellow pigments with strong yellow fluorescence.
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28
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Huang T, Tan H, Lu F, Chen G, Wu Z. Changing oxidoreduction potential to improve water-soluble yellow pigment production with Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:208. [PMID: 29162105 PMCID: PMC5697053 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monascus pigments are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their safety to human health. Our previous study found that glucose concentration induced extracellular oxidoreduction potential (ORP) changes could influence extracellular water-soluble yellow pigment production by Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910 in submerged fermentation. In this study, H2O2 and dithiothreitol (DTT) were used to change the oxidoreduction potential for investigating the effects of oxidative or reductive substances on Monascus yellow pigment production by Monascus ruber CGMCC 10910. Results The extracellular ORP could be controlled by H2O2 and DTT. Both cell growth and extracellular water-soluble yellow pigment production were enhanced under H2O2-induced oxidative (HIO) conditions and were inhibited under dithiothreitol-induced reductive conditions. By optimizing the amount of H2O2 added and the timing of the addition, the yield of extracellular water-soluble yellow pigments significantly increased and reached a maximum of 209 AU, when 10 mM H2O2 was added on the 3rd day of fermentation with M. ruber CGMCC 10910. Under HIO conditions, the ratio of NADH/NAD+ was much lower than that in the control group, and the expression levels of relative pigment biosynthesis genes were up-regulated; moreover, the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was increased while 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity was inhibited. Conclusions Oxidative conditions induced by H2O2 increased water-soluble yellow pigment accumulation via up-regulation of the expression levels of relative genes and by increasing the precursors of pigment biosynthesis through redirection of metabolic flux. In contrast, reductive conditions induced by dithiothreitol inhibited yellow pigment accumulation. This experiment provides a potential strategy for improving the production of Monascus yellow pigments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-017-0828-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hailing Tan
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fangju Lu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gong Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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29
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Chen G, Bei Q, Huang T, Wu Z. Variations in Monascus pigment characteristics and biosynthetic gene expression using resting cell culture systems combined with extractive fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:117-126. [PMID: 29098409 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monascus pigments are promising sources of natural food colorants, and their productivity can be improved by a novel extractive fermentation technology. In this study, we investigated the variations in pigment characteristics and biosynthetic gene expression levels in resting cell culture systems combined with extractive fermentation in Monascus anka GIM 3.592. Although the biomass was low at about 6 g/L DCW, high pigment titer of approximately 130 AU470 was obtained in the resting culture with cells from extractive fermentation, illustrating that it had a good biocatalytic activity for pigment synthesis. The oxidation-reduction potential value correlated with the rate of relative content of the intracellular orange pigments to the yellow pigments (O/Y, r > 0.90, p < 0.05), indicating that the change in pigment characteristics may be responsible for the cellular redox activity. The up- or down-regulation of the pigment biosynthetic genes (MpFasA2, MpFasB2, MpPKS5, mppD, mppB, mppR1, and mppR2) in the resting culture with extractive culture cells was demonstrated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. Moreover, the mppE gene associated with the yellow pigment biosynthesis was significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated by about 18.6%, whereas the mppC gene corresponding to orange pigment biosynthesis was significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated by approximately 21.0%. These findings indicated that extractive fermentation was beneficial for the biosynthesis of the intracellular orange pigment. The mechanism described in this study proposes a potential method for the highly efficient production of Monascus pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Bei
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqiang Wu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Tracking of pigment accumulation and secretion in extractive fermentation of Monascus anka GIM 3.592. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:172. [PMID: 28978326 PMCID: PMC5628469 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Monascus pigments are promising sources for food and medicine due to their natural food-coloring functions and pharmaceutical values. The innovative technology of extractive fermentation is used to promote pigment productivity, but reports of pigment trans-membrane secretion mechanism are rare. In this study, tracking of pigment accumulation and secretion in extractive fermentation of Monascus anka GIM 3.592 was investigated. Results The increased vacuole size in mycelia correlated with fluorescence intensity (r > 0.85, p < 0.05), which indicates that intracellular pigments with strong fluorescence accumulated in the cytoplasmic vacuole. After adding nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, the uptake of rhodamine123 (Rh123) and 1-N-phenylnaphthylamine (NPN) and the release of K+ and Na+ rapidly increased, demonstrating that the physiological performances of the cell membrane varied upon damaging the integrity, increasing the permeability, and changing the potential. Simultaneously, the fatty acid composition also varied, which caused a weak fluidity in the membrane lipids. Therefore, the intracellular pigments embedded in Triton X-100 were secreted through the ion channels of the cell membrane. Dense, spherical pigment-surfactant micelles with an average size of 21 nm were distributed uniformly in the extraction broth. Based on the different pigment components between extractive fermentation and batch fermentation, a threefold decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio in mycelia and a more than 200-fold increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity in extracellular broth occurred, further suggesting that a reduction reaction for pigment conversion from orange pigments to yellow pigments occurred in non-aqueous phase solution. Conclusions A putative model was established to track the localization of Monascus pigment accumulation and its trans-membrane secretion in extractive fermentation. This finding provides a theoretical explanation for microbial extractive fermentation of Monascus pigments, as well as other non-water-soluble products. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0786-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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