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Ren A, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Zhang YX, Ren CJ, Zhou Y, Zhang T, Feng XS. Pyrazines in food samples: Recent update on occurrence, formation, sampling, pretreatment and analysis methods. Food Chem 2024; 430:137086. [PMID: 37566982 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazines are a class of active aromatic substances existing in various foods. The accumulation of pyrazines has an impact on flavor and quality of food products. This review encompasses the formation mechanisms and control strategies of pyrazines via Maillard reaction (MR), including the new reactants and emerging techniques. Pyrazines characteristics are better understood through the developed sample pretreatments and detection methods. Herein, an in-depth review of pretreatments and analysis methods since 2010 is presented to explore the simple, fast, green, and effective strategies. Sample preparation methods include liquid phase extraction, solid phase extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and microextraction methods such as liquid phase microextraction, and solid phase microextraction, etc. Detections are made by chromatographic methods, and sensors, etc. Advantages and limitations are discussed and compared for providing insights to further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Ren
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yu Bian
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Ya-Jie Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yi-Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Chen-Jie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
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2
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Tambat N, Mulani SK, Ahmad A, Shaikh SB, Ahmed K. Pyrazine Derivatives—Versatile Scaffold. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022050259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, and Antibacterial Potentials and Chemical Composition of Salvia officinalis and Mentha suaveolens Grown Wild in Morocco. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:2844880. [PMID: 35755940 PMCID: PMC9217590 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2844880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This work evaluated in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties of Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) and Mentha suaveolens (M. suaveolens) essential oils (EO). The EOs were extracted, and their chemical composition was determined using GC-MS analysis. The in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities of S. officinalis and M. suaveolens EO were shown to be remarkable. Furthermore, S. officinalis EO demonstrated better antioxidant findings (using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP test) than M. suaveolens EO (p < 0.5). There were no significant differences in the inhibitory effects of the EOs on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in the antidiabetic assays. All of the examined bacterial strains (10 different strains), with the exception of P. aeruginosa, demonstrated significant sensitivity to the tested EOs, with M. suaveolens EO exhibiting better activity than S. officinalis EO. Thus, the research indicated that EO from these two medicinal plants has considerable potential for application in the formulation of antibacterial, antioxidant, and antidiabetic pharmaceuticals. However, more research studies are required to interpret the pharmacologic action of the studied EOs and their principal constituents and to confirm their safety.
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Fayek NM, Xiao J, Farag MA. A multifunctional study of naturally occurring pyrazines in biological systems; formation mechanisms, metabolism, food applications and functional properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-17. [PMID: 34933625 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2017260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural pyrazines, mainly methyl- or ethyl-substituted forms, are commonly applied as flavor ingredients in raw and roasted food. Meanwhile alkylpyrazines are used as food preservatives due to their effective antimicrobial action. These natural pyrazines are widely distributed in several biological systems such as plants, animals, and insects; each with respective physiological role. Besides, pyrazines are formed in food via thermal treatment and fermentation. This review presents the most comprehensive overview of pyrazines with correlation to their chemical structures and different applications with emphasis on their food applications. The major part deals with pyrazines generated in thermally treated food, reaction mechanisms highlighting factors and optimum conditions affecting their production. Additionally, the several metabolic reactions mediating for pyrazines metabolism in humans and excretion via the kidney are discussed and on context to their effects. Lastly, a review of the different techniques applied for pyrazines isolation, detection and quantitation is presented. The study provides future considerations and direction of research on this important dietary component and their applications. Pyrazines multifunctional chemistry is of value to the food sector, by presenting the best practices for their production whilst the detrimental effects are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin M Fayek
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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Weisskopf L, Schulz S, Garbeva P. Microbial volatile organic compounds in intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:391-404. [PMID: 33526910 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms produce and excrete a versatile array of metabolites with different physico-chemical properties and biological activities. However, the ability of microorganisms to release volatile compounds has only attracted research attention in the past decade. Recent research has revealed that microbial volatiles are chemically very diverse and have important roles in distant interactions and communication. Microbial volatiles can diffuse fast in both gas and water phases, and thus can mediate swift chemical interactions. As well as constitutively emitted volatiles, microorganisms can emit induced volatiles that are triggered by biological interactions or environmental cues. In this Review, we highlight recent discoveries concerning microbial volatile compounds and their roles in intra-kingdom microbial interactions and inter-kingdom interactions with plants and insects. Furthermore, we indicate the potential biotechnological applications of microbial volatiles and discuss challenges and perspectives in this emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Weisskopf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Vlassi A, Nesler A, Perazzolli M, Lazazzara V, Büschl C, Parich A, Puopolo G, Schuhmacher R. Volatile Organic Compounds From Lysobacter capsici AZ78 as Potential Candidates for Biological Control of Soilborne Plant Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1748. [PMID: 32849377 PMCID: PMC7427108 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Lysobacter includes several bacterial species which show potential for being used in biological control of plant diseases. It was shown recently that several Lysobacter type strains produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which controlled the growth of Phytophthora infestans in vitro when the bacteria were grown on a protein rich medium. In the present study, Lysobacter capsici AZ78 (AZ78) has been tested for its potential to produce VOCs that may contribute to the bioactivity against soilborne plant pathogens. To this end, split Petri dish assays of bacterial cultures have been combined with GC-MS measurements with the aim to reveal the identity of the VOCs which inhibit the growth of Pythium ultimum Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia minor. While AZ78 completely suppressed the growth of P. ultimum and S. minor, the growth of R. solani was still reduced significantly. The GC-MS analysis revealed 22 VOCs to be produced by AZ78, the majority of which were (putatively) identified as mono- and dialkylated methoxypyrazines. Based on additional cultivation and GC-MS experiments, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine were selected as presumable bioactive compounds. Further bioassays employing indirect exposure to standard solutions (1–10 mg per Petri dish) of the synthetic compounds via the gas phase, revealed that each of these pyrazines was able to suppress the growth of the pathogens under investigation. The results of this study highlight the possible future implementation of pyrazine derivatives in the control of soilborne plant diseases and further support the biocontrol potential of L. capsici AZ78.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Vlassi
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Andrea Nesler
- Bi-PA nv (Biological Products for Agriculture), Londerzeel, Belgium
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Center of Agriculture, Food, Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Valentina Lazazzara
- Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Christoph Büschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Alexandra Parich
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Center of Agriculture, Food, Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.,Department of Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Janssens TKS, Tyc O, Besselink H, de Boer W, Garbeva P. Biological activities associated with the volatile compound 2,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-pyrazine. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5304172. [PMID: 30698709 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazines are 1,4-diazabenzene-based volatile organic compounds and known for their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. In the present study, we assessed the antimicrobial activity of 2,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-pyrazine, produced by Paenibacillus sp. AD87 during co-culture with Burkholderia sp. AD24. In addition, we were using transcriptional reporter assays in E. coli and mammalian cells to decipher the possible mode of action. Bacterial and mammalian luciferase reporter strains were deployed to elucidate antimicrobial and toxicological effects of 2,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-pyrazine. At high levels of exposure, 2,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-pyrazine exerted strong DNA damage response. At lower concentrations, cell-wall damage response was observed. The activity was corroborated by a general toxicity reporter assay in E. coli ΔampD, defective in peptidoglycan turnover. The maximum E. coli cell-wall stress activity was measured at a concentration close to the onset of the mammalian cytotoxicity, while other adverse outcome pathways, such as the activation of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogenic receptor, the p53 tumour suppressor and the oxidative stress-related Nrf2 transcription factor, were induced at elevated concentrations compared to the response of mammalian cells. Because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity at lower concentrations and the relatively low mammalian toxicity, 2,5-bis(1-methylethyl)-pyrazine is a potential bio-based fumigant with possible applications in food industry, agriculture or logistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry K S Janssens
- MicroLife Solutions B.V., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Surveillance, Endemic and Emerging Viruses section, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 37221 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf Tyc
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO BOX 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harrie Besselink
- BioDetection Systems B.V., Science Park 406, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO BOX 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR), PO BOX 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO BOX 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Krug L, Erlacher A, Berg G, Cernava T. A novel, nature-based alternative for photobioreactor decontaminations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2864. [PMID: 30814601 PMCID: PMC6393562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale microalgae cultivations are increasingly used for the production of animal feed, nutritional supplements and various high-value bioproducts. Due to the process size and other limitations, contaminations of microalgae fermentations with other photoautotrophic microorganism are frequently observed. In the present study, we explored the applicability of 5-isobutyl-2,3-dimethylpyrazine for the removal of contaminating microalgae from industrial photobioreactors. In order to select a representative microbial population for susceptibility experiments, reactor samples were obtained from a multi-stage cultivation process. Assignments of 18S rRNA gene fragment amplicons indicated that Haematococcus, Chlorella, and Scenedesmus were the three most frequently occurring microalgae genera in the selected reactors. Following the isolation of representative algae cultures, susceptibility tests were conducted with the antimicrobial pyrazine. It was demonstrated that all isolated contaminants are highly susceptible to the bioactive compound. The highest tolerance towards the alkylpyrazine was observed with Scenedesmus vacuolatus; solutions with 1.66% (v/v) of the active compound were required for its deactivation. Further tests with the vaporized pyrazine showed consistent reductions in the viability of treated microalgae. This pilot study provides evidence for the applicability of a novel, nature-based alternative for bioreactor decontaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Krug
- ACIB GmbH, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Erlacher
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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