1
|
Wang Y, Wang X, Liu X, Lin B. Research Progress on Strategies for Improving the Enzyme Properties of Bacteriophage Endolysins. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1189-1196. [PMID: 38693045 PMCID: PMC11239441 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to commonly used antibiotics is one of the major challenges to be solved today. Bacteriophage endolysins (Lysins) have become a hot research topic as a new class of antibacterial agents. They have promising applications in bacterial infection prevention and control in multiple fields, such as livestock and poultry farming, food safety, clinical medicine and pathogen detection. However, many phage endolysins display low bactericidal activities, short half-life and narrow lytic spectrums. Therefore, some methods have been used to improve the enzyme properties (bactericidal activity, lysis spectrum, stability and targeting the substrate, etc) of bacteriophage endolysins, including deletion or addition of domains, DNA mutagenesis, chimerization of domains, fusion to the membrane-penetrating peptides, fusion with domains targeting outer membrane transport systems, encapsulation, the usage of outer membrane permeabilizers. In this review, research progress on the strategies for improving their enzyme properties are systematically presented, with a view to provide references for the development of lysins with excellent performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Wang
- Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan 528300, P.R. China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Bokun Lin
- Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan 528300, P.R. China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dicks LMT, Vermeulen W. Bacteriophage-Host Interactions and the Therapeutic Potential of Bacteriophages. Viruses 2024; 16:478. [PMID: 38543843 PMCID: PMC10975011 DOI: 10.3390/v16030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthcare faces a major problem with the increased emergence of antimicrobial resistance due to over-prescribing antibiotics. Bacteriophages may provide a solution to the treatment of bacterial infections given their specificity. Enzymes such as endolysins, exolysins, endopeptidases, endosialidases, and depolymerases produced by phages interact with bacterial surfaces, cell wall components, and exopolysaccharides, and may even destroy biofilms. Enzymatic cleavage of the host cell envelope components exposes specific receptors required for phage adhesion. Gram-positive bacteria are susceptible to phage infiltration through their peptidoglycan, cell wall teichoic acid (WTA), lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), and flagella. In Gram-negative bacteria, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), pili, and capsules serve as targets. Defense mechanisms used by bacteria differ and include physical barriers (e.g., capsules) or endogenous mechanisms such as clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-associated protein (Cas) systems. Phage proteins stimulate immune responses against specific pathogens and improve antibiotic susceptibility. This review discusses the attachment of phages to bacterial cells, the penetration of bacterial cells, the use of phages in the treatment of bacterial infections, and the limitations of phage therapy. The therapeutic potential of phage-derived proteins and the impact that genomically engineered phages may have in the treatment of infections are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carratalá JV, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E, Ferrer-Miralles N. Design strategies for positively charged endolysins: Insights into Artilysin development. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108250. [PMID: 37678419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that can specifically degrade the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall, making them an attractive tool for the development of novel antibacterial agents. The use of genetic engineering techniques for the production and modification of endolysins offers the opportunity to customize their properties and activity against specific bacterial targets, paving the way for the development of personalized therapies for bacterial infections. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane that can hinder the action of recombinantly produced endolysins. However, certain endolysins are capable of crossing the outer membrane by virtue of segments that share properties resembling those of cationic peptides. These regions increase the affinity of the endolysin towards the bacterial surface and assist in the permeabilization of the membrane. In order to improve the bactericidal effectiveness of endolysins, approaches have been implemented to increase their net charge, including the development of Artilysins containing positively charged amino acids at one end. At present, there are no specific guidelines outlining the steps for implementing these modifications. There is an ongoing debate surrounding the optimal location of positive charge, the need for a linker region, and the specific amino acid composition of peptides for modifying endolysins. The aim of this study is to provide clarity on these topics by analyzing and comparing the most effective modifications found in previous literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vicente Carratalá
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shah S, Das R, Chavan B, Bajpai U, Hanif S, Ahmed S. Beyond antibiotics: phage-encoded lysins against Gram-negative pathogens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1170418. [PMID: 37789862 PMCID: PMC10542408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1170418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics remain the frontline agents for treating deadly bacterial pathogens. However, the indiscriminate use of these valuable agents has led to an alarming rise in AMR. The antibiotic pipeline is insufficient to tackle the AMR threat, especially with respect to the WHO critical category of priority Gram-negative pathogens, which have become a serious problem as nosocomial and community infections and pose a threat globally. The AMR pandemic requires solutions that provide novel antibacterial agents that are not only effective but against which bacteria are less likely to gain resistance. In this regard, natural or engineered phage-encoded lysins (enzybiotics) armed with numerous features represent an attractive alternative to the currently available antibiotics. Several lysins have exhibited promising efficacy and safety against Gram-positive pathogens, with some in late stages of clinical development and some commercially available. However, in the case of Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane acts as a formidable barrier; hence, lysins are often used in combination with OMPs or engineered to overcome the outer membrane barrier. In this review, we have briefly explained AMR and the initiatives taken by different organizations globally to tackle the AMR threat at different levels. We bring forth the promising potential and challenges of lysins, focusing on the WHO critical category of priority Gram-negative bacteria and lysins under investigation for these pathogens, along with the challenges associated with developing them as therapeutics within the existing regulatory framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Shah
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Ritam Das
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Bhakti Chavan
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Urmi Bajpai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarmad Hanif
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| | - Syed Ahmed
- Techinvention Lifecare Private Limited, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sitthisak S, Manrueang S, Khongfak S, Leungtongkam U, Thummeepak R, Thanwisai A, Burton N, Dhanoa GK, Tsapras P, Sagona AP. Antibacterial activity of vB_AbaM_PhT2 phage hydrophobic amino acid fusion endolysin, combined with colistin against Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7470. [PMID: 37156803 PMCID: PMC10167329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage lytic enzymes are promising antimicrobial agents. In this study, an endolysin derived from vB_AbaM_PhT2 (vPhT2), was identified. This endolysin represented the conserved lysozyme domain. Recombinant endolysin (lysAB- vT2) and hydrophobic fusion endolysin (lysAB-vT2-fusion) were expressed and purified. Both endolysins showed lytic activity against bacterial crude cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC of lysAB-vT2-fusion was 2 mg/ml corresponding to 100 µM, while the MIC of lysAB-vT2 was more than 10 mg/ml (400 µM). Combination of lysAB-vT2-fusion with colistin, polymyxin B or copper was synergistic against A. baumannii (FICI value as 0.25). Antibacterial activity of lysAB-vT2-fusion plus colistin at the fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) revealed that it can inhibit Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and various strains of extremely drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDRAB) and phage resistant A. baumannii. The lysAB- vT2-fusion still retained its antibacterial activity after incubating the enzyme at 4, 20, 40 and 60 °C for 30 min. The lysAB-vT2-fusion could inhibit the mature biofilm, and incubation of lysAB-vT2-fusion with T24 human cells infected with A. baumannii led to a partial reduction of LDH release from T24 cells. In summary, our study highlights the antimicrobial ability of engineered lysAB-vT2-fusion endolysin, which can be applied for the control of A. baumannii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sutthirat Sitthisak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
- Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Suphattra Manrueang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Supat Khongfak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Udomluk Leungtongkam
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Rapee Thummeepak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Aunchalee Thanwisai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Nathan Burton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gurneet K Dhanoa
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Antonia P Sagona
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang Y, Li Q, Zhang S, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Qi Q, Lu X. Identification and Molecular Modification of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriophage Lysin LysDZ25. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:497-506. [PMID: 36787534 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous emergence and spread of drug-resistant and multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, traditional antibiotic treatment has gradually lost its effect. There is an urgent need to develop and study new and effective bio-green inhibitors to control S. aureus. In this study, the S. aureus phage DZ25 was isolated from milk and the lysin LysDZ25 with excellent tolerance to serum and NaCl solution was identified. Subsequently, to improve the lytic activity and thermal stability of LysDZ25, RoseTTAFold was used to construct three-dimensional (3D) structures, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was used for conformational acquisition, and the MDL strategy previously developed in our lab was used to rationally design variants. After two rounds of rational design, the optimal variant with improved thermal stability, S333V/N245R/D299L, was obtained, and its half-life time was 4.0-fold that of wild-type LysDZ25. At 37, 40, 45, and 50 °C, the lytic activity of the optimal triple-point variant S333V/N245R/D299L was increased by 17.3-, 26.7-, 20.2-, and 50.1-fold compared with that of the wild-type LysDZ25, respectively. Finally, cell count was used to evaluate the lytic activity, and the results showed that the optimal variant S333V/N245R/D299L could drop about 3.5 log 10 values compared with the control and about 2.6 log 10 values compared with the wild-type LysDZ25.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ning H, Zhang J, Zhao Q, Lin H, Wang J. Development of the phage lysin-loaded liposomes as preservatives for live clams. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 387:110059. [PMID: 36580845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.110059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous applications of phage lysins against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) are a challenge due to the gram-negative bacteria outer membrane barrier. This study aimed to improve the antibacterial effect of V. parahaemolyticus phage lysin Lysqdvp001 (Lys), the best-characterized lysin with lytic activity against multiple species of Vibrios, by using liposome delivery. Various kinds of Lys-loaded liposome (Lys-lip) systems were designed and tested. The antibacterial activities of cationic guar gum (CGG) containing liposomes were much higher than the other liposomes, causing >5 log10CFU/mL of reductions of V. parahaemolyticus in buffer and severely damaging the bacterial cell structure. Moreover, some CGG liposome formulations retained high antibacterial effect after both 60-80 °C heat treatments and freeze-drying. Besides, the most stable liposome formulation killed 99 % of V. parahaemolyticus in the seawater with live clams, and its depuration rate against the bacterial contaminated clams also reached 99 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houqi Ning
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, No. 308, Ningxia Road, 266003 Qingdao, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hwang YJ, Jo J, Kim E, Yoon H, Hong H, Kim MS, Myung H. Motility increase of adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) induced by a sub-inhibitory concentration of recombinant endolysin LysPA90. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1093670. [PMID: 36619993 PMCID: PMC9814724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1093670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endolysins are bacteriophage enzymes required for the eruption of phages from inside host bacteria via the degradation of the peptidoglycan cell wall. Recombinant endolysins are increasingly being seen as potential antibacterial candidates, with a number currently undergoing clinical trials. Bacteriophage PBPA90 infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa harbors a gene encoding an endolysin, lysPA90. Herein, recombinant LysPA90 demonstrated an intrinsic antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli in vitro. It was observed that a sub-inhibitory concentration of the recombinant protein induced the upregulation of genes related to flagella biosynthesis in a commensal E. coli strain. Increases in the number of bacterial flagella, and in motility, were experimentally substantiated. The treatment caused membrane stress, leading to the upregulation of genes rpoE, rpoH, dnaK, dnaJ, and flhC, which are upstream regulators of flagella biosynthesis. When adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains were treated with subinhibitory concentrations of the endolysin, bacterial adhesion and invasion into intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells was seen to visibly increase under microscopic examination. Bacterial counting further corroborated this adhesion and invasion of AIEC strains into Caco-2 cells, with a resultant slight decrease in the viability of Caco-2 cells then being observed. Additionally, genes related to flagella expression were also upregulated in the AIEC strains. Finally, the enhanced expression of the proinflammatory cytokine genes TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP1 in Caco-2 cells was noted after the increased invasion of the AIEC strains. While novel treatments involving endolysins offer great promise, these results highlight the need for the further exploration of possible unanticipated and unintended effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jung Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
- LyseNTech Co. Ltd., Seongnam, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Jaehak Jo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Eunsuk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Hyunjin Yoon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Hong
- LyseNTech Co. Ltd., Seongnam, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Min Soo Kim
- LyseNTech Co. Ltd., Seongnam, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| | - Heejoon Myung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yong-In, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
- LyseNTech Co. Ltd., Seongnam, Gyung-Gi Do, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ning H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Lin H, Wang J. Development of highly efficient artilysins against Vibrio parahaemolyticus via virtual screening assisted by molecular docking. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
10
|
Yuan Y, Li Q, Zhang S, Gu J, Huang G, Qi Q, Lu X. Enhancing thermal stability and lytic activity of phage lysin PlyAB1 from Acinetobacter baumannii. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2731-2742. [PMID: 35859248 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
With the increasingly serious drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii, it is urgent to find new antibacterial drugs. Phage lysin PlyAB1 has a bactericidal effect on drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, which has the potential to replace antibiotics to fight infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii. However, its application is limited by its thermal stability and lytic activity. To solve these problems, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with Hotspot wizard 3.0 were used to identify key residue sites affecting thermal stability, and evolutionary analysis combined with multiple sequence alignment was used to identify key residue sites affecting lytic activity. Four single-point variants with significantly increased thermal stability and four single-point variants with significantly lytic activity were obtained, respectively. Furthermore, by superimposing mutations, we obtained three double-point variants G100Q/K69R, G100R/K69R, and G100K/K69R with significantly improved thermal stability and improved lytic activity. At 45℃, the lytic activity and half-life of the optimal variant G100Q/K69R were 1.51 folds and 24 folds higher than those of the wild PlyAB1, respectively. These results deepen our understanding of the structure and function of phage lysin and contribute to the application of phage lysin in antibiotic substitution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jinhong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guangtao Huang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xuemei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim J, Kim JC, Ahn J. Assessment of bacteriophage-encoded endolysin as a potent antimicrobial agent against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2022; 168:105576. [PMID: 35561980 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the potential of using newly purified Salmonella phage-encoded endolysin LysPB32 as novel antibiotic alternative. The endolysin LysPB32 was characterized by analyzing pH and thermal stability, lytic spectrum, antimicrobial activity, and mutant frequency against Salmonella Typhimurium KCCM 40253 (STKCCM), S. Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (STATCC), S. Typhimurium CCARM 8009 (STCCARM), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (KPATCC), K. pneumoniae CCARM 10237 (KPCCARM), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (PAATCC), Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 1911 (LMATCC), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (SAATCC), and S. aureus CCARM 3080 (SACCARM). The molecular weight of LysPB32 is 17 kDa that was classified as N-acetyl-β-d-muramidase. The optimum activity of LysPB32 against the outer membrane (OM) permeabilized STKCCM, STATCC, and STCCARM was observed at 37 °C and pH 6.5. LysPB32 had a broad spectrum of muralytic activity against antibiotic-sensitive STKCCM (41 mOD/min), STATCC (32 mOD/min), and SBKACC (25 mOD/min) and antibiotic-resistant STCCARM (35 mOD/min) and KPCCARM (31 mOD/min). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of polymyxin B against STKCCM, STCCARM, and STATCC were decreased by 4-, 4-, and 8-folds, respectively, when treated with LysPB32. The combination of LysPB32 and polymyxin B effectively inhibited the growth of STKCCM, STCCARM, and STATCC after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C, showing 4.9-, 4.4-, and 3.3-log reductions, respectively. The mutant frequency was low in STKCCM, STCCARM, and STATCC treated with combination of LysPB32-polymyxin B system. The results suggest the LysPB32-polymyxin system can be a potential candidate for alternative therapeutic agent to control antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu B, Yao X, Han G, Luo Z, Zhang J, Yong K, Wang Y, Luo Y, Yang Z, Ren M, Cao S. Isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae Phage vB_KpnS_MK54 and Pathological Assessment of Endolysin in the Treatment of Pneumonia Mice Model. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854908. [PMID: 35387089 PMCID: PMC8978833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the improper use of antibiotics, an increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria have been reported worldwide, posing challenges for disease treatment. Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important zoonotic pathogen that colonises the respiratory tract. Endolysin therapy has emerged with the development of phages. In this study, a lytic phage vB_KpnS_MK54 was isolated from the drinking water of a forest musk deer (FMD) farm in Sichuan Province. It was the first reported phage obtained from FMD. The primary biological characteristics were determined, and whole-genome sequencing analysis was performed. The phage which belongs to the family Siphoviridae is highly specific for lytic host bacteria and is moderately adaptable to different environments. Whole-genome sequencing results showed that the phage genome size was 46,218 bp. There were 80 coding DNA sequences (CDSs) in total, 32 of which had known functions. The last CDS is the phage endolysin LysG24. A new peptide-modified endolysin (LysCA) was constituted by connecting the cecropin A peptide residues with LysG24 to investigate the antibacterial activities of both LysG24 and LysCA. The results showed that the lytic profile of LysG24 and LysCA was wider than that of phage MK54. For in vitro tests, both endolysins destroyed 99% of the host bacteria within 6 h. The lysing ability and environmental adaptability of LysCA were significantly stronger than those of LysG24. For in vivo tests, LysG24 and LysCA exhibited therapeutic effects in a mouse model of pneumonia wherewith the mice were infected with K. pneumoniae (LPKP), wherein both LysG24 and LysCA can effectively reduce the pulmonary inflammatory response. The LPKP bacterial load in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the bacterial group, among which LysCA displayed a more obvious therapeutic effect. Furthermore, the safety test showed that the endolysins had no toxic effects on mice. In general, both LysG24 and LysCA showed excellent antibacterial activity in vivo and in vitro, with high safety and strong adaptability to the environment, manifesting their latent potential as new antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueping Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangli Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zidan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Jieru Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Kang Yong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zexiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Meishen Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Suizhong Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ye J, Guo J, Li T, Tian J, Yu M, Wang X, Majeed U, Song W, Xiao J, Luo Y, Yue T. Phage-based technologies for highly sensitive luminescent detection of foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1843-1867. [PMID: 35142431 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens and microbial toxins are the main causes of foodborne illness. However, trace pathogens and toxins in foods are difficult to detect. Thus, techniques for their rapid and sensitive identification and quantification are urgently needed. Phages can specifically recognize and adhere to certain species of microbes or toxins due to molecular complementation between capsid proteins of phages and receptors on the host cell wall or toxins, and thus they have been successfully developed into a detection platform for pathogens and toxins. This review presents an update on phage-based luminescent detection technologies as well as their working principles and characteristics. Based on phage display techniques of temperate phages, reporter gene detection assays have been designed to sensitively detect trace pathogens by luminous intensity. By the host-specific lytic effects of virulent phages, enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescent detection technologies for pathogens have been exploited. Notably, these phage-based luminescent detection technologies can discriminate viable versus dead microbes. Further, highly selective and sensitive immune-based assays have been developed to detect trace toxins qualitatively and quantitatively via antibody analogs displayed by phages, such as phage-ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and phage-IPCR (immuno-polymerase chain reaction). This literature research may lead to novel and innocuous phage-based rapid detection technologies to ensure food safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Ye
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqing Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tairan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengxi Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Usman Majeed
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Yane Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Laboratory of Nutritional and Healthy Food-Individuation Manufacturing Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research Center of Food Safety Risk Assessment and Control, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ning H, Cong Y, Lin H, Wang J. Development of cationic peptide chimeric lysins based on phage lysin Lysqdvp001 and their antibacterial effects against Vibrio parahaemolyticus: A preliminary study. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 358:109396. [PMID: 34560361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cationic peptide chimeric lysins, Lysqdvp001-5aa, Lysqdvp001-10aa and Lysqdvp001-15aa, were designed based on lysin Lysqdvp001 from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) phage qdvp001. These chimeric lysins showed equivalent peptidoglycan hydrolysis activities with Lysqdvp001 and could lyse the bacteria from the outside. The antibacterial activity as well as outer and inner membrane permeabilization of Lysqdvp001 and chimeric lysins against V. parahaemolyticus were Lysqdvp001-15aa>Lysqdvp001-10aa>Lysqdvp001-5aa>Lysqdvp001. Lysqdvp001-15aa exhibited an excellent antibacterial activity with minimum inhibition and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively, and its antibacterial spectrum was much broader than phage qdvp001. Membrane hyperpolarization and membrane phospholipid exposure of V. parahaemolyticus were observed after Lysqdvp001-15aa treatments. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed Lysqdvp001-15aa destroyed structure integrity of V. parahaemolyticus. Besides, MIC and MBC of Lysqdvp001-15aa decreased V. parahaemolyticus counts in oyster by 3.20 and 4.03 log10CFU/g. Lysqdvp001-15aa at MBC eradicated about 50% of V. parahaemolyticus biofilms and inhibited over 90% of the formation of the bacterial biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houqi Ning
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Yu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Hong Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China
| | - Jingxue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 5, Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rahman MU, Wang W, Sun Q, Shah JA, Li C, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhang B, Chen W, Wang S. Endolysin, a Promising Solution against Antimicrobial Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1277. [PMID: 34827215 PMCID: PMC8614784 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis for human public health which threatens the effective prevention and control of ever-increasing infectious diseases. The advent of pandrug-resistant bacteria makes most, if not all, available antibiotics invalid. Meanwhile, the pipeline of novel antibiotics development stagnates, which prompts scientists and pharmacists to develop unconventional antimicrobials. Bacteriophage-derived endolysins are cell wall hydrolases which could hydrolyze the peptidoglycan layer from within and outside of bacterial pathogens. With high specificity, rapid action, high efficiency, and low risk of resistance development, endolysins are believed to be among the best alternative therapeutic agents to treat multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria. As of now, endolysins have been applied to diverse aspects. In this review, we comprehensively introduce the structures and activities of endolysins and summarize the latest application progress of recombinant endolysins in the fields of medical treatment, pathogen diagnosis, food safety, and agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb ur Rahman
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (M.u.R.); (Q.S.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Weixiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China;
| | - Qingqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (M.u.R.); (Q.S.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junaid Ali Shah
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (M.u.R.); (Q.S.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yanmei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (M.u.R.); (Q.S.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuanrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (M.u.R.); (Q.S.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| | - Bailing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210003, China;
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (M.u.R.); (Q.S.); (C.L.); (Y.S.); (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gontijo MTP, Jorge GP, Brocchi M. Current Status of Endolysin-Based Treatments against Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1143. [PMID: 34680724 PMCID: PMC8532960 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a public health concern. Bacteriophages and bacteriophage-derived lytic enzymes have been studied in response to the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The availability of tRNAs and endolysin toxicity during recombinant protein expression is circumvented by codon optimization and lower expression levels using inducible pET-type plasmids and controlled cultivation conditions, respectively. The use of polyhistidine tags facilitates endolysin purification and alters antimicrobial activity. Outer membrane permeabilizers, such as organic acids, act synergistically with endolysins, but some endolysins permeate the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria per se. However, the outer membrane permeation mechanisms of endolysins remain unclear. Other strategies, such as the co-administration of endolysins with polymyxins, silver nanoparticles, and liposomes confer additional outer membrane permeation. Engineered endolysins comprising domains for outer membrane permeation is also a strategy used to overcome the current challenges on the control of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Metagenomics is a new strategy for screening endolysins with interesting antimicrobial properties from uncultured phage genomes. Here, we review the current state of the art on the heterologous expression of endolysin, showing the potential of bacteriophage endolysins in controlling bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Túlio Pardini Gontijo
- Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas 13083-862, Brazil; (G.P.J.); (M.B.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bacteriophage Technology and Modern Medicine. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080999. [PMID: 34439049 PMCID: PMC8388951 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriophage (or phage for short) has been used as an antibacterial agent for over a century but was abandoned in most countries after the discovery and broad use of antibiotics. The worldwide emergence and high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria have led to a revival of interest in the long-forgotten antibacterial therapy with phages (phage therapy) as an alternative approach to combatting AMR bacteria. The rapid progress recently made in molecular biology and genetic engineering has accelerated the generation of phage-related products with superior therapeutic potentials against bacterial infection. Nowadays, phage-based technology has been developed for many purposes, including those beyond the framework of antibacterial treatment, such as to suppress viruses by phages, gene therapy, vaccine development, etc. Here, we highlighted the current progress in phage engineering technology and its application in modern medicine.
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu D, Zhao S, Dou J, Xu X, Zhi Y, Wen L. Engineered endolysin-based "artilysins" for controlling the gram-negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori. AMB Express 2021; 11:63. [PMID: 33913058 PMCID: PMC8081812 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection can cause a variety of gastrointestinal diseases. In severe cases, there is a risk of gastric cancer. Antibiotics are often used for clinical treatment of H. pylori infections. However, because of antibiotic overuse in recent years and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, there is an urgent need to develop new treatment methods and drugs to achieve complete eradication of H. pylori. Endolysins and holins encoded by bacterial viruses (i.e., phages) represent a promising avenue of investigation. These lyase-based antibacterial drugs act on the bacterial cell wall to destroy the bacteria. Currently, a type of endolysin that has been studied more frequently acts on the amide bond between peptidoglycans, and holin is a transmembrane protein that can punch holes in the cell membrane. However, as a Gram-negative bacterium, H. pylori possesses a layer of impermeable lipopolysaccharides on the cell wall, which prevents endolysin interaction with the cell wall. Therefore, we designed a genetic linkage between an endolysin enzyme and a holin enzyme with a section of polypeptides (e.g., polycations and hydrophobic peptides) that enable penetration of the outer membrane. These complexes were designated “artilysins” and were efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli. In vitro bacteriostasis experiments showed that the purified artilysins had strong bacteriostatic effects on H. pylori. In addition, the surface of H. pylori was perforated and destroyed, as confirmed by electron microscopy, which was proved that artilysins had bacteriolytic effect on H. pylori.
Collapse
|
19
|
Grabowski Ł, Łepek K, Stasiłojć M, Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Zdrojewska K, Maciąg-Dorszyńska M, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Bacteriophage-encoded enzymes destroying bacterial cell membranes and walls, and their potential use as antimicrobial agents. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126746. [PMID: 33773329 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Appearance of pathogenic bacteria resistant to most, if not all, known antibiotics is currently one of the most significant medical problems. Therefore, development of novel antibacterial therapies is crucial for efficient treatment of bacterial infections in the near future. One possible option is to employ enzymes, encoded by bacteriophages, which cause destruction of bacterial cell membranes and walls. Bacteriophages use such enzymes to destroy bacterial host cells at the final stage of their lytic development, in order to ensure effective liberation of progeny virions. Nevertheless, to use such bacteriophage-encoded proteins in medicine and/or biotechnology, it is crucial to understand details of their biological functions and biochemical properties. Therefore, in this review article, we will present and discuss our current knowledge on the processes of bacteriophage-mediated bacterial cell lysis, with special emphasis on enzymes involved in them. Regulation of timing of the lysis is also discussed. Finally, possibilities of the practical use of these enzymes as antibacterial agents will be underlined and perspectives of this aspect will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Łepek
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Karolina Zdrojewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Monika Maciąg-Dorszyńska
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jing XY, Li FM. Predicting Cell Wall Lytic Enzymes Using Combined Features. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:627335. [PMID: 33585423 PMCID: PMC7874139 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.627335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the overuse of antibiotics, people are worried that existing antibiotics will become ineffective against pathogens with the rapid rise of antibiotic-resistant strains. The use of cell wall lytic enzymes to destroy bacteria has become a viable alternative to avoid the crisis of antimicrobial resistance. In this paper, an improved method for cell wall lytic enzymes prediction was proposed and the amino acid composition (AAC), the dipeptide composition (DC), the position-specific score matrix auto-covariance (PSSM-AC), and the auto-covariance average chemical shift (acACS) were selected to predict the cell wall lytic enzymes with support vector machine (SVM). In order to overcome the imbalanced data classification problems and remove redundant or irrelevant features, the synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) was used to balance the dataset. The F-score was used to select features. The Sn, Sp, MCC, and Acc were 99.35%, 99.02%, 0.98, and 99.19% with jackknife test using the optimized combination feature AAC+DC+acACS+PSSM-AC. The Sn, Sp, MCC, and Acc of cell wall lytic enzymes in our predictive model were higher than those in existing methods. This improved method may be helpful for protein function prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Jing
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Feng-Min Li
- College of Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Allué-Guardia A, Saranathan R, Chan J, Torrelles JB. Mycobacteriophages as Potential Therapeutic Agents against Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020735. [PMID: 33450990 PMCID: PMC7828454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current emergence of multi-, extensively-, extremely-, and total-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis poses a major health, social, and economic threat, and stresses the need to develop new therapeutic strategies. The notion of phage therapy against bacteria has been around for more than a century and, although its implementation was abandoned after the introduction of drugs, it is now making a comeback and gaining renewed interest in Western medicine as an alternative to treat drug-resistant pathogens. Mycobacteriophages are genetically diverse viruses that specifically infect mycobacterial hosts, including members of the M. tuberculosis complex. This review describes general features of mycobacteriophages and their mechanisms of killing M. tuberculosis, as well as their advantages and limitations as therapeutic and prophylactic agents against drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. This review also discusses the role of human lung micro-environments in shaping the availability of mycobacteriophage receptors on the M. tuberculosis cell envelope surface, the risk of potential development of bacterial resistance to mycobacteriophages, and the interactions with the mammalian host immune system. Finally, it summarizes the knowledge gaps and defines key questions to be addressed regarding the clinical application of phage therapy for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Allué-Guardia
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
| | - Rajagopalan Saranathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (R.S.); (J.C.)
| | - John Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; (R.S.); (J.C.)
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Tuberculosis Group, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.-G.); (J.B.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The diversity of advanced genetic engineering techniques that have become available in recent years has enabled a more precise manipulation of genes and genomes. Among these, bacteriophage genomes stand out as an interesting target due to their dependence on a host for replication, which previously complicated their manipulation, and due as well to the many possible fields in which they can be used. In this review, we highlight recent applications for which genetically modified bacteriophages are being employed: as phage therapy in medicine, animal industries and agricultural settings; as a source of new antimicrobials; as biosensors for research, health and environmental purposes; and as genetic engineering tools themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroki Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gutiérrez D, Briers Y. Lysins breaking down the walls of Gram-negative bacteria, no longer a no-go. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 68:15-22. [PMID: 33053478 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phage lysins are one of the most advanced classes of antibacterials under clinical evaluation and have a new mode of action based on peptidoglycan degradation. Lysins were initially excluded from use against Gram-negative pathogens because of their impermeable outer membrane, but are now increasingly developed as effective antibacterials against these critical priority pathogens. Generally, three routes of investigation have been recently explored and advanced to different extents, including the use of lysins that possess intrinsic activity due to a positively charged C-terminus that destabilizes the outer membrane, the use of physical or chemical means to disrupt the outer membrane integrity and protein engineering to equip the lysin with the necessary tools to overcome the outer membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Yves Briers
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Opportunities for broadening the application of cell wall lytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9019-9040. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|