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Tanveer A, Gupta S, Dwivedi S, Yadav S, Yadav D. Recycling of printed Xerographic paper using Aspergillus assiutensis enzyme cocktail: an integrated approach to sustainable development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39217-39231. [PMID: 38814560 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
To overcome the human and animal survivability risk, sustainable development is the only option on earth that can be achieved through the maximum use of renewable environmental resources. Recycling of waste paper is an emerging waste management approach to conserve natural resources. Herein, we studied enzyme-mediated process to recycle the xerographic paper by using the crude fungal extract from indigenously isolated fungi identified as Aspergillus assiutensis. The fungal enzyme cocktail has been characterized for the production of multiple enzymes namely cellulase, amylase, xylanase, pectinase, and protease. All these enzymes have pH optima in the acidic range and except cellulase and all the enzymes are stable from 10 to 80 C. In the zymogram analysis, pectinase, xylanase, amylase, and cellulase were detected at 68 kDa, ~ 54 kDa, 38 kDa, and 30 kDa, respectively. Also, the presence of protease was confirmed by the clear zone at 68, 31, and 16 kDa. A 26% decrease in the kappa number and reduction in Hex A of the pulp was observed on the treatment of the pulp with enzyme as compared to the control pulp without any treatment. The physical and chemical properties of the pulp were also improved by enzyme-mediated pulping as compared to the control The physiochemical parameter of the effluent like TDS was reduced (397 ppm) significantly in comparison to chemical deinking process and it was within the permissible limit. BOD and alkalinity were reduced when the enzymes and chemical dosage were used in combination. These results indicate that chemi-enzymatic deinking is most promising to reduce or remove the pollution parameters including ink and this approach can be used in the paper and pulp industry for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Tanveer
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ellis JR, Rowley PA. An apparent lack of synergy between degradative enzymes against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2024; 2024:10.17912/micropub.biology.001119. [PMID: 38596361 PMCID: PMC11002645 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes combat bacterial infections by degrading biomolecules to disperse Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Commercial enzyme mixtures, like cellulase and pepsin, show concentration-dependent dispersion, but low concentrations lack synergy. Only the sequential addition of pepsin followed by Arthrobacter luteus zymolyase 20T displays synergy, effectively dispersing biofilms. Purified zymolyase 100T outperforms zymolyase 20T but lacks synergy with pepsin. This study underscores the complexity of enzymatic biofilm dispersal, highlighting the need for tailored approaches based on enzyme properties and biofilm composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul A. Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States
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3
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Yunus J, Wan Dagang WRZ, Jamaluddin H, Jemon K, Mohamad SE, Jonet MA. Bacterial biofilm growth and perturbation by serine protease from Bacillus sp. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:138. [PMID: 38436775 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In nature, bacteria are ubiquitous and can be categorized as beneficial or harmless to humans, but most bacteria have one thing in common which is their ability to produce biofilm. Biofilm is encased within an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) which provides resistance against antimicrobial agents. Protease enzymes have the potential to degrade or promote the growth of bacterial biofilms. In this study, the effects of a recombinant intracellular serine protease from Bacillus sp. (SPB) on biofilms from Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed. SPB was purified using HisTrap HP column and concentrated using Amicon 30 ultra-centrifugal filter. SPB was added with varying enzyme activity and assay incubation period after biofilms were formed in 96-well plates. SPB was observed to have contrasting effects on different bacterial biofilms, where biofilm degradations were observed for both 7-day-old A. baumannii (37.26%) and S. aureus (71.51%) biofilms. Meanwhile, SPB promoted growth of P. aeruginosa biofilm up to 176.32%. Compatibility between protein components in S. aureus biofilm with SPB as well as a simpler membrane structure morphology led to higher biofilm degradation for S. aureus compared to A. baumannii. However, SPB promoted growth of P. aeruginosa biofilm due likely to its degrading protein factors that are responsible for biofilm detachment and dispersion, thus resulting in more multi-layered biofilm formation. Commercial protease Savinase which was used as a comparison showed degradation for all three bacterial biofilms. The results obtained are unique and will expand our understanding on the effects that bacterial proteases have toward biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yunus
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Rosmiza Zana Wan Dagang
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Haryati Jamaluddin
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Khairunadwa Jemon
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Shaza Eva Mohamad
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Green Technology (EGT), Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Anuar Jonet
- Structural And Applied Genomics Centre, Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute (MGVI), National Institute of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM), Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Ellis JR, Rowley PA. An apparent lack of synergy between degradative enzymes against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.05.561034. [PMID: 37873330 PMCID: PMC10592981 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.561034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of enzymes represents an approach to combat bacterial infections by degrading extracellular biomolecules to disperse Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Commercial enzyme preparations, including cellulase, amylase, pectinase, zymolyase, and pepsin, exhibit concentration-dependent dispersion of S. aureus biofilms. Here, we report that low concentrations of these enzymes generally lack synergy when combined or added together sequentially to biofilms. Only the addition of a protease (pepsin) followed by a commercial mixture of degradative enzymes from Arthrobacter luteus (zymolyase 20T), demonstrated synergy and was effective at dispersing S. aureus biofilms. A more purified mixture of Arthrobacter luteus enzymes (zymolyase 100T) showed improved dispersal of S. aureus biofilms compared to zymolyase 20T but lacked synergy with pepsin. This study emphasizes the complexity of enzymatic biofilm dispersal and the need for tailored approaches based on the properties of degradative enzymes and biofilm composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R Ellis
- University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Paul A Rowley
- University of Idaho, Department of Biological Sciences, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
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5
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Filipe D, Vieira L, Ferreira M, Oliva-Teles A, Salgado J, Belo I, Peres H. Enrichment of a Plant Feedstuff Mixture's Nutritional Value through Solid-State Fermentation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2883. [PMID: 37760283 PMCID: PMC10525834 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant feedstuffs are the main ingredients of animal feed. Owing to food-feed competition, increasing the utilization efficiency of these feedstuffs is important for animal nutrition. This can be achieved via solid-state fermentation (SSF). SSF of a plant feedstuff mixture (PFM) (25% rapeseed meal, soybean meal, rice bran, and sunflower meal) by three fungi (Aspergillus ibericus MUM 03.29, Aspergillus niger CECT 2088, and Aspergillus niger CECT 2915) resulted in an increase in protein content by 5%, irrespective of fungi, a reduction in cellulose content by 9 to 11%, and of hemicellulose content by 21 to 34%, relative to unfermented PFM. Enzyme production was measured: the highest cellulase (123.7 U/g), xylanase (431.8 U/g), and beta-glucosidase (117.9 U/g) activity were achieved with A. niger CECT 2088. Principal component analysis showed a positive correlation between all fermented PFMs and enzyme production, protein content, digestibility, and fiber reduction. Bioprocessing of the PFM by SSF increased its nutritional value and digestibility, making it more appealing for animal feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Filipe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.F.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Vieira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.F.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Ferreira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.F.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José Salgado
- Industrial Biotechnology and Environmental Engineering Group “BiotecnIA”, Chemical Engineering Department, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Isabel Belo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 1021 1055, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (D.F.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR-UP), Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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6
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Ellis JR, Bull JJ, Rowley PA. Fungal Glycoside Hydrolases Display Unique Specificities for Polysaccharides and Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020293. [PMID: 36838258 PMCID: PMC9964650 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercially available cellulases and amylases can disperse the pathogenic bacteria embedded in biofilms. This suggests that polysaccharide-degrading enzymes would be useful as antibacterial therapies to aid the treatment of biofilm-associated bacteria, e.g., in chronic wounds. Using a published enzyme library, we explored the capacity of 76 diverse recombinant glycoside hydrolases to disperse Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Four of the 76 recombinant glycoside hydrolases digested purified cellulose, amylose, or pectin. However, these enzymes did not disperse biofilms, indicating that anti-biofilm activity is not general to all glycoside hydrolases and that biofilm activity cannot be predicted from the activity on pure substrates. Only one of the 76 recombinant enzymes was detectably active in biofilm dispersion, an α-xylosidase from Aspergillus nidulans. An α-xylosidase cloned subsequently from Aspergillus thermomutatus likewise demonstrated antibiofilm activity, suggesting that α-xylosidases, in general, can disperse Staphylococcus biofilms. Surprisingly, neither of the two β-xylosidases in the library degraded biofilms. Commercial preparations of amylase and cellulase that are known to be effective in the dispersion of Staphylococcus biofilms were also analyzed. The commercial cellulase contained contaminating proteins with multiple enzymes exhibiting biofilm-dispersing activity. Successfully prospecting for additional antibiofilm enzymes may thus require large libraries and may benefit from purified enzymes. The complexity of biofilms and the diversity of glycoside hydrolases continue to make it difficult to predict or understand the enzymes that could have future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Ellis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James J. Bull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Paul A. Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Correspondence:
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7
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Ashwini S, Bhavani PV, Deepa N, Sowmya N, Raghavendra MP. Development of sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers for accurate and differential identification of multienzyme-producing and non-enzymatic Aspergillus strains of industrial importance. Arch Microbiol 2022; 205:2. [PMID: 36436138 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus strains are known to produce multiple enzymes of industrial importance. To screen Aspergillus isolates and select a strain with the ability to produce multiple enzymes and discriminate it from non-enzymatic strains, a rapid and accurate approach is required. With this background, a DNA fingerprinting-based study was conducted to develop a simple but accurate molecular detection method with the potential to discriminate multienzyme-producing Aspergillus strains from non-enzymatic strains, irrespective of species. To achieve this, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) PCR was employed to derive group-specific Sequence Characterized Amplified Region (SCAR) markers (i.e., markers corresponding to PCR amplicons of known DNA sequence). To this end, both group-specific (multienzyme-producing and non-enzymatic Aspergillus group) SCAR markers were sought by comparing the ERIC fingerprint profiles and used to develop primers for use in specific and differential identification of multienzyme-producing Aspergillus isolates. As an outcome, the two SCAR-PCR formats were developed. One format is for specific identification of multienzyme-producing Aspergillus strains (SCAR-PCR1), and the other for identifying non-enzymatic Aspergillus strains (SCAR-PCR2). Both SCAR-PCRs were able to discriminate between these two contrasting groups. These formats are simple but accurate and rapid compared to the time-consuming and laborious conventional methods. Therefore, they could be efficient as an alternative strategy for the high-throughput screening of industrially important Aspergillus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankar Ashwini
- Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, Maharani's Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570005, India.,Department of Microbiology, Bharathiyar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | | | - Nagaraj Deepa
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, India
| | - Nagaraj Sowmya
- Pentavalent Bio Sciences Private Limited, Electronic City, Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560100, India
| | - Maddur Puttaswamy Raghavendra
- Postgraduate Department of Microbiology, Maharani's Science College for Women, JLB Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570005, India.
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8
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Jakhesara, Tulsani NJ, Hinsu AT, Jyotsana B, Dafale NA, Patil NV, Purohit HJ, Joshi CG. Genome analysis and CAZy repertoire of a novel fungus Aspergillus sydowii C6d with lignocellulolytic ability isolated from camel rumen. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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9
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Kaur H, Kaur A, Soni SK, Rishi P. Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a 'green approach'. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:455-481. [PMID: 35673761 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2085566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes, also known as biocatalysts, display vital properties like high substrate specificity, an eco-friendly nature, low energy inputs, and cost-effectiveness. Among their numerous known applications, enzymes that can target biofilms or their components are increasingly being investigated for their anti-biofouling action, particularly in healthcare, food manufacturing units and environmental applications. Enzymes can target biofilms at different levels like during the attachment of microorganisms, formation of exopolymeric substances (EPS), and their disruption thereafter. In this regard, a consortium of carbohydrases that can target heterogeneous polysaccharides present in the EPS matrix may provide an effective alternative to conventional chemical anti-biofouling methods. Further, for complete annihilation of biofilms, enzymes can be used alone or in conjunction with other antimicrobial agents. Enzymes hold the promise to replace the conventional methods with greener, more economical, and more efficient alternatives. The present article explores the potential and future perspectives of using carbohydrases as effective anti-biofilm agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmanpreet Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arashdeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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10
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Lakshmi SA, Alexpandi R, Shafreen RMB, Tamilmuhilan K, Srivathsan A, Kasthuri T, Ravi AV, Shiburaj S, Pandian SK. Evaluation of antibiofilm potential of four-domain α-amylase from Streptomyces griseus against exopolysaccharides (EPS) of bacterial pathogens using Danio rerio. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:243. [PMID: 35381886 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a major issue in healthcare settings as 75% of nosocomial infection arises due to biofilm residing bacteria. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), a key component of the biofilm matrix, contribute to the persistence of cells in a complex milieu and defends greatly from exogenous stress and demolition. It has been shown to be vital for biofilm scaffold and pathogenic features. The present study was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of four domain-containing α-amylase from Streptomyces griseus (SGAmy) in disrupting the EPS of multidrug-resistant bacteria, especially methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In vitro analysis of preformed biofilm unveiled the antibiofilm efficacy of SGAmy against MRSA (85%, p < 0.05) and P. aeruginosa (82%, p < 0.05). The total carbohydrate content in the EPS matrix of MRSA and P. aeruginosa was significantly reduced to 71.75% (p < 0.01) and 74.09% (p < 0.01), respectively. The findings inferred from in vitro analysis were further corroborated through in vivo studies using an experimental model organism, Danio rerio. Remarkably, the survival rate was extended to 88.8% (p < 0.05) and 74.2% (p < 0.05) in MRSA and P. aeruginosa infected fishes, respectively. An examination of gills, kidneys, and intestines of D. rerio organs depicted the reduced level of microbial colonization in SGAmy-treated cohorts and these findings were congruent with bacterial enumeration results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Alagu Lakshmi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Rajaiah Alexpandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | | | - Kannapiran Tamilmuhilan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Adimoolam Srivathsan
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Thirupathi Kasthuri
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Tamil Nadu, Science Campus, Karaikudi, 630003, India
| | - Sugathan Shiburaj
- Division of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695562, India.,Department of Botany, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695581, India
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11
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Cavalieri de Alencar Guimarães N, Glienke NN, Silva Galeano RM, Ruller R, Zanoelo FF, Masui DC, Giannesi GC. Polygalacturonase from Aspergillus japonicus (PGAj): Enzyme production using low-cost carbon source, biochemical properties and application in clarification of fruit juices. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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El-Kady K, Raslan M, Zaki AH. Effect of Different TiO 2 Morphologies on the Activity of Immobilized Lipase for Biodiesel Production. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35484-35493. [PMID: 34984280 PMCID: PMC8717535 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipase catalytic activity is greatly influenced by immobilization on nanoparticles. In this study, lipase from Aspergillus niger was immobilized on TiO2 nanoparticles with different morphologies: microspheres, nanotubes, and nanosheets. All TiO2 samples were prepared by a hydrothermal method. Lipase/TiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by a physical adsorption method through hydrophobic interactions. The prepared composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The catalytic activity of free and immobilized lipases was tested using sunflower oil in the presence of methanol to produce biodiesel at 40 °C for 90 min. The lipase immobilized on TiO2 microspheres showed the highest activity compared to the lipase immobilized on TiO2 nanotubes and nanosheets. To optimize the lipase-to-microsphere ratio, lipase was immobilized on TiO2 microspheres in different microspheres/lipase, w/w, (S/L) ratios of 1:1, 1:0.75, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25. It was noticed that the hydrolytic activity follows the order 1:0.25 > 1:0.5 > 1:75 > 1:1. The immobilization yield activities were found to be 113, 123, 125, and 130% for the microspheres/lipase (S/L) ratios of 1:1, 1:0.75, 1:0.5, and 1:0.25, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kholoud El-Kady
- Biotechnology
& Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for
Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Mai Raslan
- Biotechnology
& Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for
Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Ayman H. Zaki
- Materials
Science and Nanotechnology Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies
for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
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13
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Zafar H, Rehman I, Ejaz U, Ansari A, Sohail M. Production of multienzyme by Bacillus aestuarii UE25 using ionic liquid pretreated sugarcane bagasse. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 61:1016-1028. [PMID: 34463967 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of sugarcane bagasse (SB) in fermentation requires pretreatment processes to render fermentable components available to microorganisms. Pretreatment by using ionic liquids (ILs) is considered promising but the high cost is an impediment in its adoption, therefore, a mixture of IL pretreated and untreated SB was utilized to obtain bacterial multienzyme under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Bacillus aestuarii UE25, a thermophilic strain was utilized for that purpose. Fermentation conditions were optimized by adopting a central composite design. The model showed a good correlation between the predicted and the experimental values for amylase, xylanase, endoglucanase, and β-glucosidase. Volumetric and specific productivity of xylanase (4580 IU ml-1 h-1 , 244.25 IU mg-1 substrate, and 50 IU mg-1 protein) were higher than the other enzymes. Changes in lignin content and reduced cellulose crystallinity due to IL pretreatment, followed by fermentation, were visualized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Nuclear magnetic resonance. The strategy adopted by utilizing a mixture of IL pretreated and untreated SB under SSF proved promising to obtain high titers of different enzymes simultaneously. Since the bacterial strain used is thermophilic, therefore, the multienzyme can find its application in commercial processes which are carried out at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Rehman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Uroosa Ejaz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ansari
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
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Kaur A, Soni SK, Vij S, Rishi P. Cocktail of carbohydrases from Aspergillus niger: an economical and eco-friendly option for biofilm clearance from biopolymer surfaces. AMB Express 2021; 11:22. [PMID: 33538938 PMCID: PMC7862497 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation on both biotic and abiotic surfaces accounts for a major factor in spread of antimicrobial resistance. Due to their ubiquitous nature, biofilms are of great concern for environment as well as human health. In the present study, an integrated process for the co-production of a cocktail of carbohydrases from a natural variant of Aspergillus niger was designed. The enzyme cocktail was found to have a noteworthy potential to eradicate/disperse the biofilms of selected pathogens. For application of enzymes as an antibiofilm agent, the enzyme productivities were enhanced by statistical modelling using response surface methodology (RSM). The antibiofilm potential of the enzyme cocktail was studied in terms of (i) in vitro cell dispersal assay (ii) release of reducing sugars from the biofilm polysaccharides (iii) the effect of enzyme treatment on biofilm cells and architecture by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Potential of the enzyme cocktail to disrupt/disperse the biofilm of selected pathogens from biopolymer surfaces was also assessed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. Further, their usage in conjunction with antibiotics was assessed and it was inferred from the results that the use of enzyme cocktail augmented the efficacy of the antibiotics. The study thus provides promising insights into the prospect of using multiple carbohydrases for management of heterogeneous biofilms formed in natural and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arashdeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Soni
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Shania Vij
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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