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Cross-contamination of mature Listeria monocytogenes biofilms from stainless steel surfaces to chicken broth before and after the application of chlorinated alkaline and enzymatic detergents. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104236. [PMID: 36906320 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were, firstly, to compare a conventional (i.e., chlorinated alkaline) versus an alternative (chlorinated alkaline plus enzymatic) treatment effectivity for the elimination of biofilms from different L. monocytogenes strains (CECT 5672, CECT 935, S2-bac and EDG-e). Secondly, to evaluate the cross-contamination to chicken broth from non-treated and treated biofilms formed on stainless steel surfaces. Results showed that all L. monocytogenes strains were able to adhere and develop biofilms at approximately the same growth levels (≈5.82 log CFU/cm2). When non-treated biofilms were put into contact with the model food, obtained an average transference rate of potential global cross-contamination of 20.4%. Biofilms treated with the chlorinated alkaline detergent obtained transference rates similar to non-treated biofilms as a high number of residual cells (i.e., around 4 to 5 Log CFU/cm2) were present on the surface, except for EDG-e strain on which transference rate diminished to 0.45%, which was related to the protective matrix. Contrarily, the alternative treatment was shown to not produce cross-contamination to the chicken broth due to its high effectivity for biofilm control (<0.50% of transference) except for CECT 935 strain that had a different behavior. Therefore, changing to more intense cleaning treatments in the processing environments can reduce risk of cross-contamination.
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Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cell Free Supernatants of Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria against Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Avocado and Cucumber Fruits, and from an Avocado Processing Plant. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182872. [PMID: 36141000 PMCID: PMC9498153 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes forms biofilms on food contact surfaces, a niche from where it dislodges to contaminate food products including fresh produce. Probiotics and their derivatives are considered promising alternative strategies to curb the presence of L. monocytogenes in varied food applications. Nonetheless, studies on their anti-biofilm effects against L. monocytogenes from avocados and cucumbers are sparse. This study screened the biofilm formation capabilities of L. monocytogenes strains Avo and Cuc isolated from the avocado and cucumber fruits respectively, and strain 243 isolated from an avocado processing plant; and evaluated the anti-biofilm effects of cell free supernatants (CFS) of Lactobacillus acidophilus La14 150B, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum B411 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 against their biofilms formed on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel. All the L. monocytogenes strains formed biofilms (classified either as moderate or strong biofilm formers) on these materials. The presence of CFS reduced the biofilm formation capabilities of these strains and disrupted the integrity of their pre-formed biofilms. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction revealed significant reduction of positive regulatory factor A (prfA) gene expression by L. monocytogenes biofilm cells in the presence of CFS (p < 0.05). Thus, these CFS have potential as food grade sanitizers for control of L. monocytogenes biofilms in the avocado and cucumber processing facilities.
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Liu S, Zhao K, Huang M, Zeng M, Deng Y, Li S, Chen H, Li W, Chen Z. Research progress on detection techniques for point-of-care testing of foodborne pathogens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:958134. [PMID: 36003541 PMCID: PMC9393618 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.958134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of foodborne disease is enormous and foodborne pathogens are the leading cause of human illnesses. The detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria has become a research hotspot in recent years. Rapid detection methods based on immunoassay, molecular biology, microfluidic chip, metabolism, biosensor, and mass spectrometry have developed rapidly and become the main methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens. This study reviewed a variety of rapid detection methods in recent years. The research advances are introduced based on the above technical methods for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The study also discusses the limitations of existing methods and their advantages and future development direction, to form an overall understanding of the detection methods, and for point-of-care testing (POCT) applications to accurately and rapidly diagnose and control diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Meiyuan Huang
- Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Meimei Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
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Berlec A, Janež N, Sterniša M, Klančnik A, Sabotič J. Listeria innocua Biofilm Assay Using NanoLuc Luciferase. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4308. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Kayode AJ, Okoh AI. Incidence and genetic diversity of multi-drug resistant Listeria monocytogenes isolates recovered from fruits and vegetables in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 363:109513. [PMID: 34971880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiogram profiles of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) recovered from fruits and vegetables sourced from three District Municipalities in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa after the recent listeriosis outbreak in the country. The procedure outlined by the International Organization for Standardization EN ISO 11290:2017 Parts 1 and 2 was adopted for the isolation of Lm from 140 vegetable samples. Molecular detection of the pathogen and the presence of 10 virulence-associated markers were assessed. Lm was detected in 42.86% of all the vegetable samples tested. Highest prevalence was recorded in tomato (65.52%) followed by spinach (56.67%), cabbage (38.10%), apple (36.84%), mushroom (29.41%) and carrot (10%). The virulence determinants including the inlA, inlC, prfA and plcA, hly, plcB genes were detected in all Lm isolates whereas, inlJ (88.35%), inlB (86.41%), mpl (92.23%) and actA (84.55%) respectively. High susceptibility (> 50) was observed to all antibiotics tested except for sulfamethoxazole (17.48%), streptomycin (38.84%), amoxicillin (41.75%) and erythromycin (43.69%). However, high resistance against sulfamethoxazole (80.58%), amoxicillin (58.25%) and erythromycin (49.52%) were observed. About 85.44% of Lm isolates showed multidrug-resistance phenotypes against the test antibiotics. Furthermore, twenty (20) resistance genes encoding tetracyclines, sulphonamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, β-lactamases, and variants of the extended-spectrum of β-lactamases (ESBLs) resistance were detected among the Lm isolates. The sul2 (90.81), tetM (68.42%) sul1 (45.98%) were more prevalent among the resistant strains. The dendrogram signatures generating seven clades is an indication of the high genetic diversity among the isolates. We conclude that the presence of Lm in fruits and vegetables is a potential threat to the consumers and a potential public health hazard, particularly to the high-risk group of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeoye John Kayode
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Center, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Center, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa; Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Berlec A, Janež N, Sterniša M, Klančnik A, Sabotič J. Expression of NanoLuc Luciferase in Listeria innocua for Development of Biofilm Assay. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636421. [PMID: 33633716 PMCID: PMC7901905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of biofilm formation by bacteria are crucial for understanding bacterial resistance and for development of novel antibacterial strategies. We have developed a new bioluminescence biofilm assay for Listeria innocua, which is considered a non-pathogenic surrogate for Listeria monocytogenes. L. innocua was transformed with a plasmid for inducible expression of NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc). Concentration-dependent bioluminescence signals were obtained over a concentration range of more than three log units. This biofilm assay enables absolute quantification of bacterial cells, with the necessary validation. For biofilm detection and quantification, this “Nluc bioluminescence” method has sensitivity of 1.0 × 104 and 3.0 × 104 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, respectively, with a dynamic range of 1.0 × 104 to 5.0 × 107 CFU/mL. These are accompanied by good precision (coefficient of variation, <8%) and acceptable accuracy (relative error for most samples, <15%). This novel method was applied to assess temporal biofilm formation of L. innocua as a function of concentration of inoculant, in comparison with conventional plating and CFU counting, the crystal violet assay, and the resazurin fluorescence assay. Good correlation (r = 0.9684) of this Nluc bioluminescence assay was obtained with CFU counting. The limitations of this Nluc bioluminescence assay include genetic engineering of bacteria and relatively high cost, while the advantages include direct detection, absolute cell quantification, broad dynamic range, low time requirement, and high sensitivity. Nluc-based detection of L. innocua should therefore be considered as a viable alternative or a complement to existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleš Berlec
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nika Janež
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Meta Sterniša
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Martins FG, Melo A, Sousa SF. Databases for the study of biofilms: current status and potential applications. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:96-108. [PMID: 33508968 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1876849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms play an important role in health, being associated with >80% of all microbial infections in the body and in the development of antibiotic resistance. Research in this field has continuously produced large volumes of data. Being able to handle all this information will be paramount for progress in this field. However, this places a heavy burden on the development of strategies to gather, organize and make this information available in a way that can be readily and effectively used by those requiring it. Lately, efforts towards this goal have been reported, particularly with the development of Quorumpeps, BiofOmics, BaAMPs, QSPpred, dPABBs, aBiofilm and the Biofilms Structural Database. This work reviews these databases and highlights their applicability and potential, while stressing some of the challenges for the coming years in database development and usage brought about by the use of big data and machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio G Martins
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM - Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Melo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM - Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Preliminary Evidence of a Molecular Detection Method to Analyze Bacterial DNA as a Quality Indicator in Cosmetics. COSMETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics7030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cosmetics are a category of widely consumed and distributed products, and their manufacture is always subject to specific guidelines. Quality Control (QC) tests provide information supporting the absence of injurious organisms and regarding the microbiological stability of cosmetics. The microbiological risk analysis is typically performed using the plate count method, which is a time-consuming and operator-dependent approach. Molecular technologies allow a deeper and more sensitive testing than traditional cultures. The demand for rapid and sensitive methods is recently increasing. The aim of our study was to compare different DNA extraction methods in order to detect and quantify bacterial load in cosmetics using a qPCR system. Known numbers of microorganisms were spiked into six different cosmetics to simulate contaminated samples. DNA was extracted with seven extraction kits and then quantified by real-time qPCR. Results revealed differences in terms of cell recovery, DNA yield, and quality. The bead-beating approaches were the most suitable in our molecular workflow and lead to good quality DNA for analysis by qPCR within four hours. Combined with mechanical extraction, qPCR may represent an efficient and easy method for microorganism identification in cosmetics, and can be automated. This approach also is also applicable for the detection of probiotics used as beneficial biological components in cosmetic products. The results of our molecular method provided preliminary evidences for the rapid identification of cells (10–100) and nucleic acids in complex preparations employed for human health, in compliance with regulatory limits. The suggested methodology is easy, fast, and sensitive. Its scalability allows serial microbiological evaluation at every manufacturing step.
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