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Zhang X, He Z, Jia W, Meng F, Zhang W, Lu C, Hao X, Gai G, Huang Z, Xu M, Wang K, Yun S. Mechanism of Potassium Release from Feldspar by Mechanical Activation in Presence of Additives at Ordinary Temperatures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 17:144. [PMID: 38204000 PMCID: PMC10779675 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To improve the potassium availability of feldspar at ordinary temperatures, the mechanical grinding and addition of sodium hydroxide/salts were employed to study the effects of mechanical activation and strong alkali addition on particle characteristics, water-soluble potassium, and the available potassium of feldspar. A laser particle size analyzer was utilized for the direct determination of particle size distribution (PSD) using ground samples. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method was employed for specific surface areas. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed for structural characterization, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology exploration, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to determine the chemical composition of potassium feldspar powder. The results revealed that the mechanical activation of potassium feldspar could reduce the particle size and produce agglomerated nanoparticles in the later period. The addition of NaOH and sodium salt did not cause agglomeration, and NaOH dissolved the nanoparticles. The water-soluble potassium content of feldspar in each treatment increased during mechanical grinding, from 21.64 mg kg-1 to 1495.81 mg·kg-1, by adding NaOH 5% weight of potassium feldspar powder and to 3044.08 mg·kg-1 by adding NaOH 10% weight with effects different from those of mechanical shaking. By comparison, only 162.93 mg·kg-1 water-soluble potassium was obtained by adding NaOH 5% weight. The dissolved potassium in the former case was significantly higher than in the latter, and the addition of NaOH and sodium salts significantly enhanced the water-soluble potassium contents due to ion exchange. Furthermore, the addition of sodium hydroxide improved the water-soluble potassium due to its mechanochemical action on potassium feldspar. The mechanical energy changed the crystal structure of potassium feldspar, explaining the increase in available potassium. The addition of sodium salts did not promote change in the feldspar's structure, thereby did not raise the available potassium content. The reason for this was related to the mechanochemical action on sodium hydroxide and feldspar, which could promote the dissolution of fine particles, thereby incrementing the available potassium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.Z.); (C.L.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenquan He
- Wuxi Research Institute of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214100, China; (F.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, 20 Maizidian Street, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Fanrong Meng
- Wuxi Research Institute of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214100, China; (F.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Wenju Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.Z.); (C.L.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Changai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.Z.); (C.L.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiangyang Hao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; (X.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Guosheng Gai
- Wuxi Research Institute of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214100, China; (F.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; (X.H.); (Z.H.)
| | - Minggang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (W.Z.); (C.L.); (M.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Shanxi Province Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Nutrient Resources, Engineer and Technology Academy of Ecology and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (K.W.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sining Yun
- Functional Materials Laboratory (FML), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (K.W.); (S.Y.)
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