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Ramsey DC. CORR Insights®: Are IDH1 R132 Mutations Associated With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Chondrosarcoma of the Bone? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2024; 482:957-959. [PMID: 38446419 PMCID: PMC11124679 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000003019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan C Ramsey
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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2
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Mealka M, Sierra NA, Avellaneda Matteo D, Albekioni E, Khoury R, Mai T, Conley BM, Coleman NJ, Sabo KA, Komives EA, Bobkov AA, Cooksy AL, Silletti S, Schiffer JM, Huxford T, Sohl CD. Active site remodeling in tumor-relevant IDH1 mutants drives distinct kinetic features and potential resistance mechanisms. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3785. [PMID: 38710674 PMCID: PMC11074275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) drive tumor formation in a variety of cancers by replacing its conventional activity with a neomorphic activity that generates an oncometabolite. Little is understood of the mechanistic differences among tumor-driving IDH1 mutants. We previously reported that the R132Q mutant unusually preserves conventional activity while catalyzing robust oncometabolite production, allowing an opportunity to compare these reaction mechanisms within a single active site. Here, we employ static and dynamic structural methods and observe that, compared to R132H, the R132Q active site adopts a conformation primed for catalysis with optimized substrate binding and hydride transfer to drive improved conventional and neomorphic activity over R132H. This active site remodeling reveals a possible mechanism of resistance to selective mutant IDH1 therapeutic inhibitors. This work enhances our understanding of fundamental IDH1 mechanisms while pinpointing regions for improving inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mealka
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A Sierra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Elene Albekioni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Khoury
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Mai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brittany M Conley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nalani J Coleman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A Sabo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Komives
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrey A Bobkov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L Cooksy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steve Silletti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Tom Huxford
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christal D Sohl
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.
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3
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Adam MAA, Robinson M, Schwartz AV, Wells G, Hoang A, Albekioni E, Chao G, Weeks J, George UZ, House CD, Turcan Ş, Sohl CD. Catalytically distinct IDH1 mutants tune phenotype severity in tumor models. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590655. [PMID: 38712107 PMCID: PMC11071412 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) impart a neomorphic reaction that produces the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG), which can inhibit DNA and histone demethylases to drive tumorigenesis via epigenetic changes. Though heterozygous point mutations in patients primarily affect residue R132, there are myriad D2HG-producing mutants that display unique catalytic efficiency of D2HG production. Here, we show that catalytic efficiency of D2HG production is greater in IDH1 R132Q than R132H mutants, and expression of IDH1 R132Q in cellular and mouse xenograft models leads to higher D2HG concentrations in cells, tumors, and sera compared to R132H-expressing models. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) analysis of xenograft tumors shows expression of IDH1 R132Q relative to R132H leads to hypermethylation patterns in pathways associated with DNA damage. Transcriptome analysis indicates that the IDH1 R132Q mutation has a more aggressive pro-tumor phenotype, with members of EGFR, Wnt, and PI3K signaling pathways differentially expressed, perhaps through non-epigenetic routes. Together, these data suggest that the catalytic efficiency of IDH1 mutants modulate D2HG levels in cellular and in vivo models, resulting in unique epigenetic and transcriptomic consequences where higher D2HG levels appear to be associated with more aggressive tumors.
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4
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Mealka M, Sierra NA, Matteo DA, Albekioni E, Khoury R, Mai T, Conley BM, Coleman NJ, Sabo KA, Komives EA, Bobkov AA, Cooksy AL, Silletti S, Schiffer JM, Huxford T, Sohl CD. Active site remodeling in tumor-relevant IDH1 mutants drives distinct kinetic features and potential resistance mechanisms. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3889456. [PMID: 38464189 PMCID: PMC10925425 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3889456/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in human isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) drive tumor formation in a variety of cancers by replacing its conventional activity with a neomorphic activity that generates an oncometabolite. Little is understood of the mechanistic differences among tumor-driving IDH1 mutants. We previously reported that the R132Q mutant uniquely preserves conventional activity while catalyzing robust oncometabolite production, allowing an opportunity to compare these reaction mechanisms within a single active site. Here, we employed static and dynamic structural methods and found that, compared to R132H, the R132Q active site adopted a conformation primed for catalysis with optimized substrate binding and hydride transfer to drive improved conventional and neomorphic activity over R132H. This active site remodeling revealed a possible mechanism of resistance to selective mutant IDH1 therapeutic inhibitors. This work enhances our understanding of fundamental IDH1 mechanisms while pinpointing regions for improving inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mealka
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A. Sierra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Elene Albekioni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Khoury
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Mai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brittany M. Conley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nalani J. Coleman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A. Sabo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Komives
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrey A. Bobkov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Andrew L. Cooksy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steve Silletti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Tom Huxford
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christal D. Sohl
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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5
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Mealka M, Sierra NA, Matteo DA, Albekioni E, Khoury R, Mai T, Conley BM, Coleman NJ, Sabo KA, Komives EA, Bobkov AA, Cooksy AL, Silletti S, Schiffer JM, Huxford T, Sohl CD. Active site remodeling in tumor-relevant IDH1 mutants drives distinct kinetic features and potential resistance mechanisms. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.10.574970. [PMID: 38260668 PMCID: PMC10802581 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.10.574970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in human isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) drive tumor formation in a variety of cancers by replacing its conventional activity with a neomorphic activity that generates an oncometabolite. Little is understood of the mechanistic differences among tumor-driving IDH1 mutants. We previously reported that the R132Q mutant uniquely preserves conventional activity while catalyzing robust oncometabolite production, allowing an opportunity to compare these reaction mechanisms within a single active site. Here, we employed static and dynamic structural methods and found that, compared to R132H, the R132Q active site adopted a conformation primed for catalysis with optimized substrate binding and hydride transfer to drive improved conventional and neomorphic activity over R132H. This active site remodeling revealed a possible mechanism of resistance to selective mutant IDH1 therapeutic inhibitors. This work enhances our understanding of fundamental IDH1 mechanisms while pinpointing regions for improving inhibitor selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mealka
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nicole A. Sierra
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Elene Albekioni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Khoury
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Timothy Mai
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Brittany M. Conley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nalani J. Coleman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn A. Sabo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Komives
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrey A. Bobkov
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Andrew L. Cooksy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steve Silletti
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Tom Huxford
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christal D. Sohl
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Varachev V, Shekhtman A, Guskov D, Rogozhin D, Zasedatelev A, Nasedkina T. Diagnostics of IDH1/2 Mutations in Intracranial Chondroid Tumors: Comparison of Molecular Genetic Methods and Immunohistochemistry. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:200. [PMID: 38248076 PMCID: PMC10814347 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracranial chondroid tumors are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by the presence of a cartilage matrix. These tumors exhibit overlapping clinical and histological features. Mutations in IDH1/2 genes serve as important diagnostic markers of tumor type, particularly chondrosarcoma. To improve the accuracy of IDH1/2 diagnostics, we compared three methods: biochip assay, real-time PCR with DNA melting analysis using TaqMan probes and sequencing (qPCR-DMA-Sanger), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Tumor samples from 96 patients were investigated. The IDH1 mutations were detected in 34/64 (53%) chondrosarcomas; IHC detected 27/56 (48.2%) mutations, the qPCR-DMA-Sanger method 27/59 (46%) mutations, and the biochip assay revealed 29/60 (48.3%) mutations. The detection of IDH1 mutations in chordoma (2/15) and osteosarcoma (2/7) suggested the need for a revised diagnosis. In benign tumors, IDH1 mutations were present in chondroma (4/6), but absent in chondromyxoid fibroma (0/4). The most frequent IDH1 mutations were R132C (60%), R132L, and R132G (13.5% each), R132H (8%), and R132S (5%). The concordance between the biochip assay and IHC was 90%, between IHC and PCR-DMA-Sanger 83%, and between biochip assay and qPCR-DMA-Sanger was 98%, respectively. No IDH2 mutations were found. The use of independent diagnostic methods may improve the detection of IDH-mutant specimens in chondroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Varachev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.); (D.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anastasia Shekhtman
- N.N. Burdenko National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 125047 Moscow, Russia;
- Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitrii Guskov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.); (D.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Dmitrii Rogozhin
- Russian Children’s Clinical Hospital, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119571 Moscow, Russia;
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115522 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Zasedatelev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.); (D.G.); (A.Z.)
| | - Tatiana Nasedkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.); (D.G.); (A.Z.)
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Trovarelli G, Sbaraglia M, Angelini A, Bellan E, Pala E, Belluzzi E, Pozzuoli A, Borga C, Dei Tos AP, Ruggieri P. Are IDH1 R132 Mutations Associated With Poor Prognosis in Patients With Chondrosarcoma of the Bone? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2024; 482:00003086-990000000-01457. [PMID: 38170705 PMCID: PMC11124741 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because chondrosarcomas vary widely in their behavior, and because anticipating their behavior based on histology alone can be challenging, genetic markers represent an appealing area of inquiry that may help us refine our prognostic approaches. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neoplasms, and recently, IDH1/2 mutations have been found in the tissue of benign cartilage tumors as well as in conventional chondrosarcomas and highly aggressive dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. However, their association with patient survival is still controversial. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES (1) What proportion of patients with chondrosarcomas carry IDH mutations, and which IDH mutations can be found? (2) Are any specific IDH mutations associated with poorer overall survival, metastasis-free survival, or local recurrence-free survival? METHODS Between April 2017 and December 2022, we treated 74 patients for atypical cartilaginous tumors or chondrosarcomas in a musculoskeletal tumor referral center. Patients were considered potentially eligible for the present study if the histologic diagnosis was confirmed by two expert soft tissue and bone pathologists following the current WHO classification, complete preoperative imaging and follow-up data were available, surgical excision was performed by sarcoma orthopaedic surgeons directed by a team leader, and the minimum follow-up was 2 years after surgical treatment unless the patient died. Data including sex, age, diagnosis, grade, type of operation, local recurrence, metastasis, and oncologic follow-up were recorded. Forty-one patients (55%) were eligible for the study. For each patient, DNA was extracted and quantified from paraffin-embedded sections of tumor tissue, and the mutational status of IDH1 (codons 105 and 132) and IDH2 (codons 140 and 172) genes was assessed. Of those, 56% (23 of 41) of patients had adequate DNA for analysis of IDH mutations: 10 male and 13 female patients, with a median age of 59 years (range 15 to 98 years). There were 22 conventional chondrosarcomas (8 atypical cartilaginous tumors, 11 Grade 2, and 3 Grade 3) and 1 dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Stage was IA in 3 patients, IB in 5, IIA in 1, IIB in 13, and III in 1, according to the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society classification. At a median follow-up of 3.5 years (range 4 months to 5.6 years), 14 patients were disease-free, 2 were alive with disease, and 7 died (3 within 2 years from surgery). Eight patients had metastases, and 7 developed local recurrence. We determined the proportion of patients who carried IDH mutations, and compared patients with and without those mutations in terms of overall survival, metastasis-free survival, and local recurrence-free survival using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS Six patients showed wild-type IDH genes, and 17 had IDH mutations (12 had IDH1 R132, 3 had IDH1 G105, and 2 had IDH2 R172). Overall survival at 2 years using the Kaplan-Meier estimator was lower in patients with an IDH mutation than in those with the wild-type gene (75% [95% confidence interval 50% to 99%] versus 100% [95% CI 100% to 100%]; p = 0.002). Two-year metastasis-free survival was also lower in patients with an IDH mutation than in those with the wild-type gene (33% [95% CI 7% to 60%] versus 100% [95% CI 100% to 100%]; p = 0.001), as was 2-year local recurrence-free survival (70% [95% CI 42% to 98%] versus 100% [95% CI 100% to 100%]; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION We found that IDH1 R132 mutations were negatively associated with the prognosis of patients with bone chondrosarcomas. Nevertheless, more extensive studies (such as multicenter international studies) are needed and advisable to confirm our observations in this preliminary small series. Moreover, evaluating mutational status in fresh samples instead of in paraffin-embedded sections could help to increase the number of patients with adequate DNA for analysis. If our findings will be confirmed, the evaluation of IDH mutational status in biopsy samples or resection specimens could be considered when stratifying patients, highlighting those who may benefit from more aggressive treatment (such as adjuvant chemotherapy) or closer follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, prognostic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Trovarelli
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Sbaraglia
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Angelini
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Bellan
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Pala
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Assunta Pozzuoli
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Borga
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Paolo Dei Tos
- Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Department of Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology of University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Denu RA, Yang RK, Lazar AJ, Patel SS, Lewis VO, Roszik J, Livingston JA, Wang WL, Shaw KR, Ratan R, Zarzour MA, Bird J, Raza S, Akdemir KC, Ahnert JR, Subbiah V, Patel S, Conley AP. Clinico-Genomic Profiling of Conventional and Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcomas Reveals TP53 Mutation to Be Associated with Worse Outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4844-4852. [PMID: 37747813 PMCID: PMC10835757 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chondrosarcomas are the most common primary bone tumor in adults. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 mutations are prevalent. We aimed to assess the clinico-genomic properties of IDH mutant versus IDH wild-type (WT) chondrosarcomas as well as alterations in other genes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We included 93 patients with conventional and dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma for which there were available clinical next-generation sequencing data. Clinical and genomic data were extracted and compared between IDH mutant and IDH WT chondrosarcomas and between TP53 mutant and TP53 WT chondrosarcomas. RESULTS IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are prevalent in chondrosarcoma (50.5%), more common in chondrosarcomas arising in the extremities, associated with higher age at diagnosis, and more common in dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas compared with grades 1-3 conventional chondrosarcoma. There was no difference in survival based on IDH mutation in univariate and multivariate analyses. TP53 mutation was the next most prevalent (41.9%) and is associated with worse overall survival and metastasis-free survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. TP53 mutation was also associated with higher risk of recurrence following curative-intent surgery and worse survival among patients that presented with de novo metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS IDH mutations are prevalent in chondrosarcoma though were not associated with survival outcomes in this cohort. TP53 mutations were the next most common alteration and were associated with worse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Denu
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Richard K. Yang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shalin S. Patel
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Valerae O. Lewis
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - J. Andrew Livingston
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kenna R. Shaw
- Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ravin Ratan
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maria A. Zarzour
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Justin Bird
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shaan Raza
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kadir C. Akdemir
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jordi Rodon Ahnert
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shreyaskumar Patel
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anthony P. Conley
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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9
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Setola E, Benini S, Righi A, Gamberi G, Carretta E, Ferrari C, Avnet S, Palmerini E, Magagnoli G, Gambarotti M, Lollini PL, Cesari M, Cocchi S, Paioli A, Longhi A, Scotlandi K, Laginestra MA, Donati DM, Baldini N, Ibrahim T. IDH mutations in G2-3 conventional central bone chondrosarcoma: a mono institutional experience. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:907. [PMID: 37752419 PMCID: PMC10521511 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations occur in about half of conventional central bone chondrosarcomas (CCBC). Aim of this study was to assess the frequency and prognostic impact of IDH mutations in high grade CCBC patients. METHODS 64 patients with G2 and G3 CCBC were included. DNA extraction, PCR amplification of IDH1/2 exon 4s, and sequencing analysis with Sanger were performed. RESULTS IDH mutations were detected in 24/54 patients (44%): IDH1 in 18, IDH2 in 4, and both IDH1/2 in 2 patients. The frequency of mutations was 37% in G2 vs. 69% in G3 (p = 0.039), and 100% in three Ollier disease associated chondrosarcoma. 5-year overall survival (OS) at 124 months (range 1-166) was 51%, with no significant difference based on the IDH mutational status: 61% in IDHmut vs. 44% in IDH wild type (IDHwt). The 5-year relapse free survival (RFS) was 33% (95% CI:10-57) for IDHmut vs. 57% (95%CI: 30-77) for IDHwt. Progression free survival (PFS) was 25% (95%CI:1-65) IDHmut vs. 16% (95%CI: 0.7-52) IDHwt. 55% (5/9) of IDHmut G2 became higher grade at the recurrence, as compared with 25% (3/12) of G2 IDHwt. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a higher frequency of IDH mutations in G3 CCBC as compared with G2. No significant differences in OS, RFS, and PFS by mutational status were detected. After relapse, a higher rate of G3 for IDH mutated CCBC was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Setola
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, 40136, Italy.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - S Benini
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Righi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Gamberi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Carretta
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - C Ferrari
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - S Avnet
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Palmerini
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - G Magagnoli
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Gambarotti
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - P L Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M Cesari
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - S Cocchi
- Department of Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - A Paioli
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - A Longhi
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, 40136, Italy
| | - K Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - M A Laginestra
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - D M Donati
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - N Baldini
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Biomedical Science and Technologies Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - T Ibrahim
- Osteoncology, Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Innovative Therapies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via Pupilli 1, Bologna, 40136, Italy
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10
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Venneker S, Bovée JVMG. IDH Mutations in Chondrosarcoma: Case Closed or Not? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3603. [PMID: 37509266 PMCID: PMC10377514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-producing tumours that frequently harbour isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and -2 (IDH) gene mutations. Several studies have confirmed that these mutations are key players in the early stages of cartilage tumour development, but their role in later stages remains ambiguous. The prognostic value of IDH mutations remains unclear and preclinical studies have not identified effective treatment modalities (in)directly targeting these mutations. In contrast, the IDH mutation status is a prognostic factor in other cancers, and IDH mutant inhibitors as well as therapeutic strategies targeting the underlying vulnerabilities induced by IDH mutations seem effective in these tumour types. This discrepancy in findings might be ascribed to a difference in tumour type, elevated D-2-hydroxyglutarate levels, and the type of in vitro model (endogenous vs. genetically modified) used in preclinical studies. Moreover, recent studies suggest that the (epi)genetic landscape in which the IDH mutation functions is an important factor to consider when investigating potential therapeutic strategies or patient outcomes. These findings imply that the dichotomy between IDH wildtype and mutant is too simplistic and additional subgroups indeed exist within chondrosarcoma. Future studies should focus on the identification, characterisation, and tailoring of treatments towards these biological subgroups within IDH wildtype and mutant chondrosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Venneker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Pathmanapan S, Poon R, De Renshaw TB, Nadesan P, Nakagawa M, Seesankar GA, Ho Loe AK, Zhang HH, Guinovart JJ, Duran J, Newgard CB, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Mutant IDH regulates glycogen metabolism from early cartilage development to malignant chondrosarcoma formation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112578. [PMID: 37267108 PMCID: PMC10592452 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are the most common malignancy of cartilage and are associated with somatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 genes. Somatic IDH mutations are also found in its benign precursor lesion, enchondromas, suggesting that IDH mutations are early events in malignant transformation. Human mutant IDH chondrosarcomas and mutant Idh mice that develop enchondromas investigated in our studies display glycogen deposition exclusively in mutant cells from IDH mutant chondrosarcomas and Idh1 mutant murine growth plates. Pharmacologic blockade of glycogen utilization induces changes in tumor cell behavior, downstream energetic pathways, and tumor burden in vitro and in vivo. Mutant IDH1 interacts with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) to regulate expression of key enzymes in glycogen metabolism. Here, we show a critical role for glycogen in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas, which is likely mediated through an interaction with mutant IDH1 and HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinthu Pathmanapan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Poon
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Makoto Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gireesh A Seesankar
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Kwan Ho Loe
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongyuan H Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona) Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute and the University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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12
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Solomou G, Finch A, Asghar A, Bardella C. Mutant IDH in Gliomas: Role in Cancer and Treatment Options. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112883. [PMID: 37296846 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered metabolism is a common feature of many cancers and, in some cases, is a consequence of mutation in metabolic genes, such as the ones involved in the TCA cycle. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is mutated in many gliomas and other cancers. Physiologically, IDH converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), but when mutated, IDH reduces α-KG to D2-hydroxyglutarate (D2-HG). D2-HG accumulates at elevated levels in IDH mutant tumours, and in the last decade, a massive effort has been made to develop small inhibitors targeting mutant IDH. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge about the cellular and molecular consequences of IDH mutations and the therapeutic approaches developed to target IDH mutant tumours, focusing on gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Solomou
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Alina Finch
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Asim Asghar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chiara Bardella
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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13
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Abdulfatah E, Rottmann D, Morag Y, Pantanowitz L, Udager AM, Hao W, Lucas DR. Conventional Chondrosarcoma of the Rib Cage and Sternum: Clinicopathological and Molecular Analysis of 27 Patients Treated at a Single Institution. Hum Pathol 2023; 136:63-74. [PMID: 37019410 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chondrosarcoma of the chest wall is rare, accounting for 15% of cases. Our purpose was to document clinicopathological, imaging and outcome results from a novel set of chest wall chondrosarcomas, and to analyze for <I>IDH</I> mutations and novel molecular alterations. Gross and microscopic pathology, imaging and clinical charts were reviewed. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed to identify somatic mutations and copy number alterations. The cohort consisted of 27 patients: 16 men and 11 women (mean age 51 years; range 23-76). Palpable mass was the most common presentation. Five were discovered incidentally. Among 20 tumors with complete imaging, 15 arose from a rib and 5 from the sternum. Seven rib tumors were central/intramedullary, 5 were periosteal, 2 were secondary peripheral chondrosarcomas, and one was indeterminate. Among sternal tumors, 4 were central/intramedullary and one was periosteal. Half the periosteal tumors arose from the costochondral junctional cartilage (CCJ). Periosteal chondrosarcomas were sometimes mistaken for extraskeletal masses on initial clinical or radiological examinations. Fifty-nine percent of all tumors were grade 1 and 41% were grade 2. None were dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. Heterozygous <I>IDH1</I> mutation was detected in one tumor and heterozygous <I>RAD50</I> mutation in another. Local recurrence(s) happened in 41% and metastasis in 41%. Grade had strong association with local recurrence (25% grade 1 vs. 64% grade 2 [p=0.0447]), metastatic recurrence (19% grade 1 vs. 73% grade 2 [p=0.0058]), and survival. Although chest wall chondrosarcomas share morphologic and molecular features with other chondrosarcomas, there is a much higher incidence of periosteal chondrosarcomas. <I>IDH</I> mutant tumors are uncommon. Early diagnosis and margin-negative resection is treatment of choice since chondrosarcomas are chemo- and radioresistant.
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14
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Epigenetic Abnormalities in Chondrosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054539. [PMID: 36901967 PMCID: PMC10003547 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in tumor pathology has improved greatly. DNA and histone modifications, such as methylation, demethylation, acetylation, and deacetylation, can lead to the up-regulation of oncogenic genes, as well as the suppression of tumor suppressor genes. Gene expression can also be modified on a post-transcriptional level by microRNAs that contribute to carcinogenesis. The role of these modifications has been already described in many tumors, e.g., colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers. These mechanisms have also begun to be investigated in less common tumors, such as sarcomas. Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a rare type of tumor that belongs to sarcomas and is the second most common malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma. Due to unknown pathogenesis and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies of these tumors, there is a need to develop new potential therapies against CS. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the influence of epigenetic alterations in the pathogenesis of CS by discussing potential candidates for future therapies. We also emphasize ongoing clinical trials that use drugs targeting epigenetic modifications in CS treatment.
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15
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Tlemsani C, Larousserie F, De Percin S, Audard V, Hadjadj D, Chen J, Biau D, Anract P, Terris B, Goldwasser F, Pasmant E, Boudou-Rouquette P. Biology and Management of High-Grade Chondrosarcoma: An Update on Targets and Treatment Options. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021361. [PMID: 36674874 PMCID: PMC9862566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of histopathology, clinical presentation, molecular pathways, and potential new systemic treatments of high-grade chondrosarcomas (CS), including grade 2−3 conventional, dedifferentiated, and mesenchymal CS. The diagnosis of CS combines radiological and histological data in conjunction with patient clinical presentations. Conventional CS is the most frequent subtype of CS (85%) and represents about 25% of primary bone tumors in adults; they can be categorized according to their bone location into central, peripheral, and periosteal chondrosarcomas. Central and peripheral CS differ at the molecular level with either IDH1/2 mutations or EXT1/2 mutations, respectively. CDKN2A/B deletions are also frequent in conventional CS, as well as COL2A1 mutations. Dedifferentiated CS develops when low-grade conventional CS transforms into a high-grade sarcoma and most frequently exhibits features of osteosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. Their molecular characteristics are similar to conventional CS. Mesenchymal CS is a totally different pathological entity exhibiting recurrent translocations. Their clinical presentation and management are different too. The standard treatment of CSs is wide en-bloc resection. CS are relatively radiotherapy resistant; therefore, doses >60 Gy are needed in an attempt to achieve local control in unresectable tumors. Chemotherapy is possibly effective in mesenchymal chondrosarcoma and is of uncertain value in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Due to resistance to standard anticancer agents, the prognosis is poor in patients with metastatic or unresectable chondrosarcomas. Recently, the refined characterization of the molecular profile, as well as the development of new treatments, allow new therapeutic options for these rare tumors. The efficiency of IDH1 inhibitors in other malignancies suggests that these inhibitors will be part of IDH1/2 mutated conventional CS management soon. Other treatment approaches, such as PIK3-AKT-mTOR inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, and epigenetic or immune modulators based on improving our understanding of CS molecular biology, are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Tlemsani
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Larousserie
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Sixtine De Percin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Audard
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Djihad Hadjadj
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - David Biau
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Anract
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Terris
- Department of Pathology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - François Goldwasser
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Eric Pasmant
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Pascaline Boudou-Rouquette
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cochin Hospital, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris Cancer Institute CARPEM, Université Paris Cité, APHP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-58-41-23-30; Fax: +33-1-58-41-14-34
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16
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Prognostic impact of IDH mutations in chondrosarcoma. J Orthop Sci 2022; 27:1315-1322. [PMID: 34531086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) in chondrosarcoma produces the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) and contributes to malignant progression, and is therefore a potential therapeutic target for chondrosarcoma. Robust historical control data are important in clinical trials of rare cancers such as chondrosarcoma in order to show a clear benefit of new drugs. However, it remains controversial whether IDH mutation status is associated with the clinical outcome of chondrosarcoma, and this hinders the development of mutant IDH inhibitors in clinical trials.background METHODS: We investigated the relationship between IDH gene status and clinicopathological data in 38 chondrosarcoma patients from whom frozen tumor samples were obtained at the time of biopsy or surgery. Targeted next-generation sequencing was also performed to compare genetic alterations between patients with and without IDH mutations. METHODS RESULTS The results revealed 15 cases (40%) of heterozygous IDH1 mutations and five cases (13%) of IDH2 mutations. IDH-mutant chondrosarcoma was associated with worse overall survival than IDH-wild-type chondrosarcoma (IDH1/2 Mut vs. IDH Wt, P = 0.006; IDH1 Mut vs. IDH Wt, P = 0.030; IDH2 Mut vs. IDH Wt, P < 0.0001). IDH mutation was also a significant poor prognostic factor both in univariate (P = 0.026) and multivariate (P = 0.048) analyses. Targeted next-generation sequencing revealed that characteristic mutations in chondrosarcoma, including TP53 and COL2A1, were more common in the IDH-mutant group than in the IDH-wild-type group.results CONCLUSION: This study is the first to report in detail the characteristics and clinical courses of IDH-mutant chondrosarcoma patients in Japan. Our data suggested that IDH-mutant chondrosarcomas might have a worse prognosis than that of IDH-wild-type chondrosarcoma, possibly through the more aggressive characters after metastasis. This information will be useful for designing clinical trials of mutant IDH inhibitors for treatment of advanced chondrosarcoma.
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17
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Atypical cartilage in type II germ cell tumors of the mediastinum show significantly different patterns of IDH1/2 mutations from conventional chondrosarcoma. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1636-1643. [PMID: 35660795 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic cartilage is a common component of teratomas in type II germ cell tumors. Although IDH1/2 mutations have been well-described in somatic cartilaginous tumors, ranging from benign enchondromas to highly aggressive dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, the presence of IDH1/2 mutations in cartilaginous neoplasms arising from germ cell tumors has not been previously investigated. To better understand the relationship between these tumors and their bone/soft tissue counterpart, we studied the IDH1/2 mutational status of 20 cases of primary mediastinal mixed germ cell tumors with areas of readily identifiable cartilaginous differentiation. Our study found that cartilaginous lesions arising in germ cell tumors have a different frequency and distribution of IDH1/2 mutations compared to those at somatic sites. We identified IDH1/2 mutations in only 15% (3/20) of cases, compared to a frequency in the literature among differentiated chondroid tumors of bone and soft tissue of 54%, a highly significant decreased frequency (p = 0.0011; chi-square test). Furthermore, they were exclusively IDH2 R172 mutations that occurred at a non-significant, increased frequency in the germ cell tumor group compared to conventional chondrosarcoma (15% vs. 5%, respectively, p > 0.05, chi-square test). The unexpected finding, therefore, was entirely attributable to the absence of IDH1 R132 mutation in chondroid neoplasia of germ cell origin (p < 0.00001, Fisher exact test). Our results suggest that a subset of cartilaginous lesions arising within type II germ cell tumors have a similar oncogenic mechanism to their bone/soft tissue counterpart but that the majority form using different oncogenic mechanisms compared to their somatic counterparts.
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Roessner A, Franke S, Schreier J, Ullmann S, Karras F, Jechorek D. Genetics and epigenetics in conventional chondrosarcoma with focus on non-coding RNAs. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 239:154172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Cross W, Lyskjær I, Lesluyes T, Hargreaves S, Strobl AC, Davies C, Waise S, Hames-Fathi S, Oukrif D, Ye H, Amary F, Tirabosco R, Gerrand C, Baker T, Barnes D, Steele C, Alexandrov L, Bond G, Cool P, Pillay N, Loo PV, Flanagan AM. A genetic model for central chondrosarcoma evolution correlates with patient outcome. Genome Med 2022; 14:99. [PMID: 36042521 PMCID: PMC9426036 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central conventional chondrosarcoma (CS) is the most common subtype of primary malignant bone tumour in adults. Treatment options are usually limited to surgery, and prognosis is challenging. These tumours are characterised by the presence and absence of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations, and recently, TERT promoter alterations have been reported in around 20% of cases. The effect of these mutations on clinical outcome remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if prognostic accuracy can be improved by the addition of genomic data, and specifically by examination of IDH1, IDH2, and TERT mutations. METHODS In this study, we combined both archival samples and data sourced from the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project (n = 356). Mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TERT were profiled using digital droplet PCR (n = 346), whole genome sequencing (n=68), or both (n = 64). Complex events and other genetic features were also examined, along with methylation array data (n = 84). We correlated clinical features and patient outcomes with our genetic findings. RESULTS IDH2-mutant tumours occur in older patients and commonly present with high-grade or dedifferentiated disease. Notably, TERT mutations occur most frequently in IDH2-mutant tumours, although have no effect on survival in this group. In contrast, TERT mutations are rarer in IDH1-mutant tumours, yet they are associated with a less favourable outcome in this group. We also found that methylation profiles distinguish IDH1- from IDH2-mutant tumours. IDH wild-type tumours rarely exhibit TERT mutations and tend to be diagnosed in a younger population than those with tumours harbouring IDH1 and IDH2 mutations. A major genetic feature of this group is haploidisation and subsequent genome doubling. These tumours evolve less frequently to dedifferentiated disease and therefore constitute a lower risk group. CONCLUSIONS Tumours with IDH1 or IDH2 mutations or those that are IDHwt have significantly different genetic pathways and outcomes in relation to TERT mutation. Diagnostic testing for IDH1, IDH2, and TERT mutations could therefore help to guide clinical monitoring and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Cross
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Iben Lyskjær
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Medical Genomics Research Group, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Tom Lesluyes
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Steven Hargreaves
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Anna-Christina Strobl
- grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Christopher Davies
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK ,grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Sara Waise
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK ,grid.5491.90000 0004 1936 9297Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Shadi Hames-Fathi
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Dahmane Oukrif
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Hongtao Ye
- grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Fernanda Amary
- grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Roberto Tirabosco
- grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Craig Gerrand
- grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Bone Tumour Unit, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Toby Baker
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - David Barnes
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher Steele
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Gareth Bond
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Birmingham University, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Paul Cool
- grid.412943.90000 0001 0507 535XRobert Jones & Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Oswestry, UK ,grid.9757.c0000 0004 0415 6205Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK ,grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- grid.451388.30000 0004 1795 1830The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Adrienne M. Flanagan
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Pathology, University College London, UCL Cancer Institute, London, UK ,grid.416177.20000 0004 0417 7890Department of Histopathology, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, UK
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20
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You Z, Zhang J, Zhang H, Li X, Sun Z, Sun L. Status of IDH mutations in chondrosarcoma of the jaws. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2022; 52:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Gomes CC. Recurrent driver mutations in benign tumors. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 789:108412. [PMID: 35690415 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of benign tumors may bring essential information to clarify the process of tumorigenesis, and ultimately improve the understanding of events such as malignant transformation. The definition of benign neoplasia is not always straightforward and herein the issues surrounding this concept are discussed. Benign neoplasms share all cancer hallmarks with malignancies, except for metastatic potential. Recently, next-generation sequencing has provided unprecedented opportunities to unravel the genetic basis of benign neoplasms and, so far, we have learned that benign neoplasms are indeed characterized by the presence of genetic mutations, including genes rearrangements. Driver mutations in advanced cancer are those that confer growth advantage, and which have been positively selected during cancer evolution. Herein, some discussion will be brought about this concept in the context of cancer prevention, involving precursor lesions and benign neoplasms. When considering early detection and cancer prevention, a driver mutation should not only be advantageous (i.e., confer survival advantage), but predisposing (i.e., promoting a cancer phenotype). By including the benign counterparts of malignant neoplasms in tumor biology studies, it is possible to evaluate the risk posed by a given mutation and to differentiate advantageous from predisposing mutations, further refining the concept of driver mutations. Therefore, the study of benign neoplasms should be encouraged because it provides valuable information on tumorigenesis central for understanding the progression from initiation to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cavalieri Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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22
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Hvinden IC, Cadoux-Hudson T, Schofield CJ, McCullagh JS. Metabolic adaptations in cancers expressing isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100469. [PMID: 35028610 PMCID: PMC8714851 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The most frequently mutated metabolic genes in human cancer are those encoding the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2; these mutations have so far been identified in more than 20 tumor types. Since IDH mutations were first reported in glioma over a decade ago, extensive research has revealed their association with altered cellular processes. Mutations in IDH lead to a change in enzyme function, enabling efficient conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to R-2-hydroxyglutarate (R-2-HG). It is proposed that elevated cellular R-2-HG inhibits enzymes that regulate transcription and metabolism, subsequently affecting nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial biochemistry. The significance of these biochemical changes for tumorigenesis and potential for therapeutic exploitation remains unclear. Here we comprehensively review reported direct and indirect metabolic changes linked to IDH mutations and discuss their clinical significance. We also review the metabolic effects of first-generation mutant IDH inhibitors and highlight the potential for combination treatment strategies and new metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Comfort Hvinden
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Tom Cadoux-Hudson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J. Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - James S.O. McCullagh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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23
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Hameed M. Malignant Cartilage-Forming Tumors. Surg Pathol Clin 2021; 14:605-617. [PMID: 34742483 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are heterogeneous matrix-producing cartilaginous neoplasms with variable clinical behavior. Subtypes include conventional (75%), dedifferentiated (10%), clear cell (2%), mesenchymal (2%), and periosteal chondrosarcoma (<1%). Tumor location and primary vs secondary also play a role. In conventional chondrosarcoma, histologic grading (I, II, and III) remains the gold standard for predicting recurrence and metastases. Due to the locally aggressive but overall nonmetastatic behavior, grade I chondrosarcomas (primary and secondary) of long and short tubular bones have been reclassified as atypical cartilaginous tumor. In this review, the pathologic features of malignant cartilage tumors are discussed with updates on recent genetic findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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24
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Pirozzi CJ, Yan H. The implications of IDH mutations for cancer development and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:645-661. [PMID: 34131315 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00521-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the genes encoding the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2, respectively; collectively referred to as IDH) are frequently detected in cancers of various origins, including but not limited to acute myeloid leukaemia (20%), cholangiocarcinoma (20%), chondrosarcoma (80%) and glioma (80%). In all cases, neomorphic activity of the mutated enzyme leads to production of the oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which has profound cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous effects. The broad effects of IDH mutations on epigenetic, differentiation and metabolic programmes, together with their high prevalence across a variety of cancer types, early presence in tumorigenesis and uniform expression in tumour cells, make mutant IDH an ideal therapeutic target. Herein, we describe the current biological understanding of IDH mutations and the roles of mutant IDH in the various associated cancers. We also present the available preclinical and clinical data on various methods of targeting IDH-mutant cancers and discuss, based on the underlying pathogenesis of different IDH-mutated cancer types, whether the treatment approaches will converge or be context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pirozzi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Hai Yan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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25
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Guo J, Zhang R, Yang Z, Duan Z, Yin D, Zhou Y. Biological Roles and Therapeutic Applications of IDH2 Mutations in Human Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:644857. [PMID: 33981605 PMCID: PMC8107474 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.644857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing the interconversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Mutations in IDH lead to loss of normal enzymatic activity and gain of neomorphic activity that irreversibly converts α-KG to 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), which can competitively inhibit a-KG-dependent enzymes, subsequently induces cell metabolic reprograming, inhibits cell differentiation, and initiates cell tumorigenesis. Encouragingly, this phenomenon can be reversed by specific small molecule inhibitors of IDH mutation. At present, small molecular inhibitors of IDH1 and IDH2 mutant have been developed, and promising progress has been made in preclinical and clinical development, showing encouraging results in patients with IDH2 mutant cancers. This review will focus on the biological roles of IDH2 mutation in tumorigenesis, and provide a proof-of-principle for the development and application of IDH2 mutant inhibitors for human cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Detao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yubing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Jin N, George TL, Otterson GA, Verschraegen C, Wen H, Carbone D, Herman J, Bertino EM, He K. Advances in epigenetic therapeutics with focus on solid tumors. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:83. [PMID: 33879235 PMCID: PMC8056722 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic (“above genetics”) modifications can alter the gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Aberrant epigenetic regulations in cancer include DNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, non-coding RNA, and mRNA methylation. Epigenetic-targeted agents have demonstrated clinical activities in hematological malignancies and therapeutic potential in solid tumors. In this review, we describe mechanisms of various epigenetic modifications, discuss the Food and Drug Administration-approved epigenetic agents, and focus on the current clinical investigations of novel epigenetic monotherapies and combination therapies in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jin
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tiffany L George
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gregory A Otterson
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Claire Verschraegen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Haitao Wen
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Carbone
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - James Herman
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin M Bertino
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Kai He
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
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27
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Pathmanapan S, Ilkayeva O, Martin JT, Loe AKH, Zhang H, Zhang GF, Newgard CB, Wunder JS, Alman BA. Mutant IDH and non-mutant chondrosarcomas display distinct cellular metabolomes. Cancer Metab 2021; 9:13. [PMID: 33762012 PMCID: PMC7992867 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-021-00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Majority of chondrosarcomas are associated with a number of genetic alterations, including somatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 genes, but the downstream effects of these mutated enzymes on cellular metabolism and tumor energetics are unknown. As IDH mutations are likely to be involved in malignant transformation of chondrosarcomas, we aimed to exploit metabolomic changes in IDH mutant and non-mutant chondrosarcomas. METHODS Here, we profiled over 69 metabolites in 17 patient-derived xenografts by targeted mass spectrometry to determine if metabolomic differences exist in mutant IDH1, mutant IDH2, and non-mutant chondrosarcomas. UMAP (Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection) analysis was performed on our dataset to examine potential similarities that may exist between each chondrosarcoma based on genotype. RESULTS UMAP revealed that mutant IDH chondrosarcomas possess a distinct metabolic profile compared with non-mutant chondrosarcomas. More specifically, our targeted metabolomics study revealed large-scale differences in organic acid intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, amino acids, and specific acylcarnitines in chondrosarcomas. Lactate and late TCA cycle intermediates were elevated in mutant IDH chondrosarcomas, suggestive of increased glycolytic metabolism and possible anaplerotic influx to the TCA cycle. A broad elevation of amino acids was found in mutant IDH chondrosarcomas. A few acylcarnitines of varying carbon chain lengths were also elevated in mutant IDH chondrosarcomas, but with minimal clustering in accordance with tumor genotype. Analysis of previously published gene expression profiling revealed increased expression of several metabolism genes in mutant IDH chondrosarcomas, which also correlated to patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that IDH mutations induce global metabolic changes in chondrosarcomas and shed light on deranged metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinthu Pathmanapan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - John T Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, 311 Trent, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Adrian Kwan Ho Loe
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, 311 Trent, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jay S Wunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, and the University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin A Alman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, 311 Trent, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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28
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Zając A, Król SK, Rutkowski P, Czarnecka AM. Biological Heterogeneity of Chondrosarcoma: From (Epi) Genetics through Stemness and Deregulated Signaling to Immunophenotype. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1317. [PMID: 33804155 PMCID: PMC8001927 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (ChS) is a primary malignant bone tumor. Due to its heterogeneity in clinical outcomes and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapies, there is a need to develop new potential therapies and molecular targets of drugs. Many genes and pathways are involved in in ChS progression. The most frequently mutated genes are isocitrate dehydrogenase ½ (IDH1/2), collagen type II alpha 1 chain (COL2A1), and TP53. Besides the point mutations in ChS, chromosomal aberrations, such as 12q13 (MDM2) amplification, the loss of 9p21 (CDKN21/p16/INK4A and INK4A-p14ARF), and several gene fusions, commonly occurring in sarcomas, have been found. ChS involves the hypermethylation of histone H3 and the decreased methylation of some transcription factors. In ChS progression, changes in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) and hedgehog pathways are known to play a role in tumor growth and chondrocyte proliferation. Due to recent discoveries regarding the potential of immunotherapy in many cancers, in this review we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning cellular markers of ChS and tumor-associated immune cells. This review compares the latest discoveries in ChS biology from gene alterations to specific cellular markers, including advanced molecular pathways and tumor microenvironment, which can help in discovering new potential checkpoints in inhibitory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zając
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Sylwia K. Król
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
| | - Anna M. Czarnecka
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (P.R.)
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-176 Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Nacev BA, Jones KB, Intlekofer AM, Yu JSE, Allis CD, Tap WD, Ladanyi M, Nielsen TO. The epigenomics of sarcoma. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:608-623. [PMID: 32782366 PMCID: PMC8380451 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is critical to physiological control of development, cell fate, cell proliferation, genomic integrity and, fundamentally, transcriptional regulation. This epigenetic control occurs at multiple levels including through DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodelling and modulation of the 3D chromatin structure. Alterations in genes that encode chromatin regulators are common among mesenchymal neoplasms, a collection of more than 160 tumour types including over 60 malignant variants (sarcomas) that have unique and varied genetic, biological and clinical characteristics. Herein, we review those sarcomas in which chromatin pathway alterations drive disease biology. Specifically, we emphasize examples of dysregulation of each level of epigenetic control though mechanisms that include alterations in metabolic enzymes that regulate DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications, mutations in histone genes, subunit loss or fusions in chromatin remodelling and modifying complexes, and disruption of higher-order chromatin structure. Epigenetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis have been implicated in mesenchymal tumours ranging from chondroblastoma and giant cell tumour of bone to chondrosarcoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, synovial sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma and Ewing sarcoma - all diseases that present in a younger patient population than most cancers. Finally, we review current and potential future approaches for the development of sarcoma therapies based on this emerging understanding of chromatin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Nacev
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin B Jones
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Andrew M Intlekofer
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamie S E Yu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C David Allis
- The Laboratory of Chromatin Biology and Epigenetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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30
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Asioli S, Ruengwanichayakun P, Zoli M, Guaraldi F, Sollini G, Greco P, Facco C, Gibertoni D, Jiménez BV, Benini S, Turri-Zanoni M, Pasquini E, Mazzatenta D, Foschini MP, Righi A. Association of Clinicopathological Features With Outcome in Chondrosarcomas of the Head and Neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 164:807-814. [PMID: 32928034 DOI: 10.1177/0194599820957271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess the association between clinical and radiological features as well as of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (IDH 1,2) mutations with outcome in head and neck chondrosarcomas. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. METHODS Clinical, histological, and molecular data of patients with head and neck chondrosarcomas treated by surgery were collected. RESULTS Forty-six patients were included. The mean age at diagnosis was 56 years (range, 17-78). The tumor originated from the skull base (52.2%), facial bones (28.2%), or laryngotracheal area (19.6%). At last follow-up (median 52.5 months), 38 patients were alive, 30 of which were disease free, whereas 8 had died, 4 of disease progression and 4 of other causes. Fourteen (30.4%) had local recurrence and 2 (4.3%) had lung metastasis. All cases were negative for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, brachyury, and IDH1 at immunohistochemistry, while Sanger sequencing identified IDH1/2 point mutations, typically IDH1 R132C, in 9 (37.5%) tumors arising from the skull base. Margin infiltration on the surgical specimen negatively affected the outcome, whereas no correlation was identified with IDH mutation status. CONCLUSIONS An adequate margin positively affects survival. IDH mutation status does not affect patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Asioli
- Pituitary Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie - DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Poosit Ruengwanichayakun
- Service of Anatomic Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Matteo Zoli
- Pituitary Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie - DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Federica Guaraldi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie - DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | | | - Paolo Greco
- UOC ORL Ospedale Bellaria Ausl Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Facco
- Anatomia Patologica, ASST Sette Laghi Varese, Italy
| | - Dino Gibertoni
- Unit of Hygiene, Public Health and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Brayan Vega Jiménez
- Service of Anatomic Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Pathology, San Juan de Dios Hospital, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Stefania Benini
- Service of Anatomic Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Turri-Zanoni
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ernesto Pasquini
- Pituitary Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italia.,UOC ORL Ospedale Bellaria Ausl Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diego Mazzatenta
- Pituitary Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Diseases, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italia.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie - DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Maria Pia Foschini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie - DIBINEM, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italia
| | - Alberto Righi
- Service of Anatomic Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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31
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Baumhoer D, Höller S. [Molecular pathology in the diagnosis of bone tumors: current concepts]. DER PATHOLOGE 2020; 41:106-115. [PMID: 31993697 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-019-00746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The integrative evaluation of histology and corresponding imaging is essential for the classification of bone tumors. Until a few years ago, there were hardly any molecular markers that could be used for diagnostic purposes. However, exome- and genome-wide sequencing analyses have since uncovered a number of tumor-specific aberrations that can be very helpful in ambiguous cases. In addition to characteristic gene mutations (e.g. H3F3A and H3F3B in giant-cell tumors and chondroblastomas), the detection of fusion transcripts (e.g. structural rearrangements in the AP‑1 transcription factors FOS and FOSB in osteoid osteomas and osteoblastomas) plays an increasing role. The article gives an overview of the current state of knowledge of the most important alterations in bone tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baumhoer
- Knochentumor-Referenzzentrum, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsspital Basel, Universität Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, Basel, 4031, Schweiz.
| | - Sylvia Höller
- Knochentumor-Referenzzentrum, Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsspital Basel, Universität Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 40, Basel, 4031, Schweiz
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Mohammad N, Wong D, Lum A, Lin J, Ho J, Lee CH, Yip S. Characterisation of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1/isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 gene mutation and the d-2-hydroxyglutarate oncometabolite level in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Histopathology 2020; 76:722-730. [PMID: 31609487 DOI: 10.1111/his.14018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCHS) is an aggressive type of chondrosarcoma that results from high-grade transformation of a low-grade chondrosarcoma. Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 gene and the IDH2 gene that lead to increased d-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) oncometabolite production, promoting tumorigenesis, have been recently described in low-grade cartilaginous neoplasms. The aims of this study were to examine the prevalence of IDH mutations in a single-institution cohort of DDCHS cases and correlate 2HG levels with mutation status. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined a series of 21 primary DDCHS cases by using Sanger sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction genotyping to look for IDH1/IDH2 mutations, and evaluated the 2HG levels in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour and matched normal tissue samples by using a fluorometric assay. Seventy-six per cent of DDCHS cases (16/21) harboured a heterozygous IDH1 or IDH2 mutation. Six of 14 IDH-mutated DDCHS cases showed elevated 2HG levels in tumour tissue relative to matched normal tissue. There were no consistent histological or disease-specific survival differences between IDH-mutated tumours and wild-type tumours. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the frequent presence of a variety of IDH1 and IDH2 mutation variants, indicating that a sequencing-based approach is required for DDCHS if IDH is to be used as a diagnostic marker. Similarly to other IDH-mutated tumour types, IDH-mutated DDCHS cases show elevated 2HG levels, indicating that the oncometabolite activity of 2HG may contribute to DDCHS oncogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nissreen Mohammad
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Derek Wong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy Lum
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonah Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julie Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
AbstractChondrosarcomas are rare cancers of bone that arise from the malignant transformation of cells of chondrocytic lineage. They are known to be resistant to systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The mainstay of management of localised disease is en bloc surgical resection with curative intent. Metastatic chondrosarcoma has a dismal prognosis, and to date, there are no proven effective systemic therapies in the advanced setting. Genomic studies have demonstrated that 50 to 80% of chondrosarcomas harbour a mutation in either the IDH1 or IDH2 gene. IDH inhibitors are currently under investigation in clinical trials, after showing promising results in phase 1 studies in IDH mutated cancers. In chondrosarcoma, IDH mutations represent an attractive target, however, early results with IDH inhibitors in IDH mutated chondrosarcoma are modest and the final results of ongoing trials are eagerly awaited.
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Venneker S, Szuhai K, Hogendoorn PCW, Bovée JVMG. Mutation-driven epigenetic alterations as a defining hallmark of central cartilaginous tumours, giant cell tumour of bone and chondroblastoma. Virchows Arch 2019; 476:135-146. [PMID: 31728625 PMCID: PMC6968983 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recently, specific driver mutations were identified in chondroblastoma, giant cell tumour of bone and central cartilaginous tumours (specifically enchondroma and central chondrosarcoma), sharing the ability to induce genome-wide epigenetic alterations. In chondroblastoma and giant cell tumour of bone, the neoplastic mononuclear stromal-like cells frequently harbour specific point mutations in the genes encoding for histone H3.3 (H3F3A and H3F3B). The identification of these driver mutations has led to development of novel diagnostic tools to distinguish between chondroblastoma, giant cell tumour of bone and other giant cell containing tumours. From a biological perspective, these mutations induce several global and local alterations of the histone modification marks. Similar observations are made for central cartilaginous tumours, which frequently harbour specific point mutations in the metabolic enzymes IDH1 or IDH2. Besides an altered methylation pattern on histones, IDH mutations also induce a global DNA hypermethylation phenotype. In all of these tumour types, the mutation-driven epigenetic alterations lead to a highly altered transcriptome, resulting for instance in alterations in differentiation. These genomic alterations have diagnostic impact. Further research is needed to identify the genes and signalling pathways that are affected by the epigenetic alterations, which will hopefully lead to a better understanding of the biological mechanism underlying tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Venneker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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35
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Zhu GG, Nafa K, Agaram N, Zehir A, Benayed R, Sadowska J, Borsu L, Kelly C, Tap WD, Fabbri N, Athanasian E, Boland PJ, Healey JH, Berger MF, Ladanyi M, Hameed M. Genomic Profiling Identifies Association of IDH1/IDH2 Mutation with Longer Relapse-Free and Metastasis-Free Survival in High-Grade Chondrosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:419-427. [PMID: 31615936 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chondrosarcomas are the second most common primary malignant bone tumors. Although histologic grade is the most important factor predicting the clinical outcome of chondrosarcoma, it is subject to interobserver variability. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 hotspot mutations were recently found to be frequently mutated in central chondrosarcomas. However, a few published articles have been controversial regarding the association between IDH1/IDH2 mutation status and clinical outcomes in chondrosarcomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed hotspot sequencing of IDH1 and IDH2 genes in 89 central chondrosarcomas and targeted next-generation sequencing in 54 of them, and then correlated the IDH1/IDH2 mutation status with the patient's clinical outcome. RESULTS Although no association was discovered between IDH mutation status and the patient's overall survival, IDH1/IDH2 mutation was found to be associated with longer relapse-free and metastasis-free survival in high-grade chondrosarcomas. Genomic profiling reveals TERT gene amplification and ATRX mutation, for the first time, in addition to TERT promoter mutation in a subset (6/30, 20%) of high-grade and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas. These abnormalities in telomere genes are concurrent with IDH1/IDH2 mutation and with CDKN2A/2B deletion or TP53 mutation, suggesting a possible association and synergy among these genes in chondrosarcoma progression. We found 21% of patients with chondrosarcoma also had histories of second malignancies unrelated to cartilaginous tumors, suggesting possible unknown genetic susceptibility to chondrosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS IDH1/IDH2 mutations are associated with longer relapse-free and metastasis-free survival in high-grade chondrosarcomas, and they tend to co-occur with TERT mutations and with CDKN2A/2B and TP53 alterations in a subset of high-grade chondrosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Gord Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Pathology, Cooper University Hospital, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, New Jersey
| | - Khedoudja Nafa
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Narasimhan Agaram
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Justyna Sadowska
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Laetitia Borsu
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ciara Kelly
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nicola Fabbri
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Edward Athanasian
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Patrick J Boland
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - John H Healey
- Orthopaedic Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael F Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Meera Hameed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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Wijnen AJ, Westendorf JJ. Epigenetics as a New Frontier in Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine and Oncology. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:1465-1474. [PMID: 30977555 PMCID: PMC6588446 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal regenerative medicine aims to repair or regenerate skeletal tissues using pharmacotherapies, cell-based treatments, and/or surgical interventions. The field is guided by biological principles active during development, wound healing, aging, and carcinogenesis. Skeletal development and tissue maintenance in adults represent highly intricate biological processes that require continuous adjustments in the expression of cell type-specific genes that generate, remodel, and repair the skeletal extracellular matrix. Errors in these processes can facilitate musculoskeletal disease including cancers or injury. The fundamental molecular mechanisms by which cell type-specific patterns in gene expression are established and retained during successive mitotic divisions require epigenetic control, which we review here. We focus on epigenetic regulatory proteins that control the mammalian epigenome at the level of chromatin with emphasis on proteins that are amenable to drug intervention to mitigate skeletal tissue degeneration (e.g., osteoarthritis and osteoporosis). We highlight recent findings on a number of druggable epigenetic regulators, including DNA methyltransferases (e.g., DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) and hydroxylases (e.g., TET1, TET2, and TET3), histone methyltransferases (e.g., EZH1, EZH2, and DOT1L) as well as histone deacetylases (e.g., HDAC3, HDAC4, and HDAC7) and histone acetyl readers (e.g., BRD4) in relation to the development of bone or cartilage regenerative drug therapies. We also review how histone mutations lead to epigenomic catastrophe and cause musculoskeletal tumors. The combined body of molecular and genetic studies focusing on epigenetic regulators indicates that these proteins are critical for normal skeletogenesis and viable candidate drug targets for short-term local pharmacological strategies to mitigate musculoskeletal tissue degeneration. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1465-1474, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J. Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryMayo Clinic200 First Street SW Rochester Minnesota
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Lhuissier E, Aury-Landas J, Allas L, Boittin M, Boumediene K, Baugé C. Antiproliferative effect of the histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 in chondrosarcomas. IUBMB Life 2019; 71:1711-1719. [PMID: 31241814 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma (CS) is the second most common malignant bone sarcoma. Its treatment remains an issue, because this tumor is radio- and chemo-resistant. In the present study, we investigated the antitumoral potential of GSK-J4, a small molecule described as an inhibitor of histone demethylases UTX and JMJD3 (KDM6A and KDM6B), alone or in combination with cisplatin in CSs. Human CS-derived cell lines were treated with GSK-J4 in the presence or not of cisplatin. Survival curves were established and cell proliferation and cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry using dividing cell tracking technique utilizing carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester labeling, or DNA staining by propidium iodide. Apoptosis and senescence were also investigated. GSK-J4 decreased proliferation of CS cells. Additionally, it induced apoptosis in CH2879 and JJ012 cells, but not in SW1353 CSs. In addition, its association with cisplatin decreased cell proliferation more than drugs alone, whereas it did not increase apoptosis compared to cisplatin alone. Interestingly, GSK-J4 alone as well as in association with cisplatin did not affect chondrocyte survival or proliferation. In conclusion, this study suggests that demethylase inhibitors may be useful in improving therapy for CS in reducing its proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lhuissier
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA7451 BioConnecT, Caen, France
| | | | - Lyess Allas
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, EA7451 BioConnecT, Caen, France
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Saiji E, Pause FG, Lascombes P, Cerato Biderbost C, Marq NL, Berczy M, Merlini L, Rougemont AL. IDH1 immunohistochemistry reactivity and mosaic IDH1 or IDH2 somatic mutations in pediatric sporadic enchondroma and enchondromatosis. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:625-636. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Addie RD, de Jong Y, Alberti G, Kruisselbrink AB, Que I, Baelde H, Bovée JVMG. Exploration of the chondrosarcoma metabolome; the mTOR pathway as an important pro-survival pathway. J Bone Oncol 2019; 15:100222. [PMID: 30766792 PMCID: PMC6360255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2019.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage-producing tumors showing mutations and changes in gene expression in metabolism related genes. In this study, we aimed to explore the metabolome and identify targetable metabolic vulnerabilities in chondrosarcoma. Methods A custom-designed metabolic compound screen containing 39 compounds targeting different metabolic pathways was performed in chondrosarcoma cell lines JJ012, SW1353 and CH2879. Based on the anti-proliferative activity, six compounds were selected for validation using real-time metabolic profiling. Two selected compounds (rapamycin and sapanisertib) were further explored for their effect on viability, apoptosis and metabolic dependency, in normoxia and hypoxia. In vivo efficacy of sapanisertib was tested in a chondrosarcoma orthotopic xenograft mouse model. Results Inhibitors of glutamine, glutathione, NAD synthesis and mTOR were effective in chondrosarcoma cells. Of the six compounds that were validated on the metabolic level, mTOR inhibitors rapamycin and sapanisertib showed the most consistent decrease in oxidative and glycolytic parameters. Chondrosarcoma cells were sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition using rapamycin. Inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 using sapanisertib resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability in all chondrosarcoma cell lines. In addition, induction of apoptosis was observed in CH2879 after 24 h. Treatment of chondrosarcoma xenografts with sapanisertib slowed down tumor growth compared to control mice. Conclusions mTOR inhibition leads to a reduction of oxidative and glycolytic metabolism and decreased proliferation in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Although further research is needed, these findings suggest that mTOR inhibition might be a potential therapeutic option for patients with chondrosarcoma.
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Key Words
- ACT, Atypical cartilaginous tumor
- BLI, Bioluminescence imaging
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- BSO, Buthionine sulfoximine
- Chondrosarcoma
- D2HG, d-2-Hydroxyglutarate
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ECAR, Extracellular acidification rate
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FCCP, Carbonyl cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone
- FLI, Fluorescence imaging
- HIF, Hypoxia-inducible factor
- IDH, Isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Metabolism
- OCR, Oxygen consumption rate
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Rapamycin
- mCT, Micro computed tomography
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
- mTOR, Sapanisertib
- α-KG, α-ketoglutarate
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben D Addie
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gaia Alberti
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ivo Que
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Baumhoer D, Amary F, Flanagan AM. An update of molecular pathology of bone tumors. Lessons learned from investigating samples by next generation sequencing. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 58:88-99. [PMID: 30582658 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen the majority of primary bone tumor subtypes become defined by molecular genetic alteration. Examples include giant cell tumour of bone (H3F3A p.G34W), chondroblastoma (H3F3B p.K36M), mesenchymal chondrosarcoma (HEY1-NCOA2), chondromyxoid fibroma (GRM1 rearrangements), aneurysmal bone cyst (USP6 rearrangements), osteoblastoma/osteoid osteoma (FOS/FOSB rearrangements), and synovial chondromatosis (FN1-ACVR2A and ACVR2A-FN1). All such alterations are mutually exclusive. Many of these have been translated into clinical service using immunohistochemistry or FISH. 60% of central chondrosarcoma is characterised by either isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or IDH2 mutations distinguishing them from other cartilaginous tumours. In contrast, recurrent alterations which are clinically helpful have not been found in high grade osteosarcoma. High throughput next generation sequencing has also proved valuable in identifying germ line alterations in a significant proportion of young patients with primary malignant bone tumors. These findings will play an increasing role in reaching a diagnosis and in patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baumhoer
- Bone Tumour Reference Centre, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fernanda Amary
- Department of Pathology, The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrienne M Flanagan
- Department of Pathology, The Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chondrosarcomas constitute a heterogeneous group of primary bone cancers characterized by hyaline cartilaginous neoplastic tissue. They are the second most common primary bone malignancy. The vast majority of chondrosarcomas are conventional chondrosarcomas, and most conventional chondrosarcomas are low- to intermediate-grade tumors (grade 1 or 2) which have indolent clinical behavior and low metastatic potential. Recurrence augurs a poor prognosis, as conventional chondrosarcomas are both radiation and chemotherapy resistant. Recent discoveries in the biology, genetics, and epigenetics of conventional chondrosarcomas have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathobiology of these tumors and offer insight into potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren A Chow
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope, 1500 E. Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
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42
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Bcl-xl as the most promising Bcl-2 family member in targeted treatment of chondrosarcoma. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:74. [PMID: 30242253 PMCID: PMC6155044 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilage tumors showing relative resistance to conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. Previous studies showed that chondrosarcoma cells could be sensitized to chemotherapy by inhibiting the Bcl-2 family members Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and Bcl-w using ABT-737. In this study we explored the specific role of Bcl-2 family members to identify the most important player in chondrosarcoma cell survival and chemo resistance. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue microarrays containing 137 conventional chondrosarcomas of different grades. Selective inhibition of Bcl-2 (S55746) or Bcl-xl (WEHI-539 or A-1155463) and the combination with doxorubicin or cisplatin was investigated in a panel of 8 chondrosarcoma cell lines using presto blue viability assays and caspase 3/7 glo apoptosis assays. In addition Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl inhibition was investigated in an orthotopic Swarm Rat Chondrosarcoma (SRC) model. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl were most abundantly expressed in the primary tumors, and expression increased with increasing histological grade. A subset of chondrosarcoma cell lines was sensitive to selective inhibition of Bcl-xl, and synergy was observed with doxorubicin or cisplatin in 3 out of 8 chondrosarcoma cell lines resulting in apoptosis. Conversely, selective inhibition of Bcl-2 was not effective in chondrosarcoma cell lines and could not sensitize to chemotherapy. In vivo, selective inhibition of Bcl-xl, but not Bcl-2 resulted in a decrease in tumor growth rate, even though no sensitization to doxorubicin was observed. These results suggest that among the Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-xl is most important for chondrosarcoma survival. Further research is needed to validate whether single or combination treatment with chemotherapy will be beneficial for chondrosarcoma patients.
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van Maldegem A, Conley AP, Rutkowski P, Patel SR, Lugowska I, Desar IME, Bovée JVMG, Gelderblom H. Outcome of First-Line Systemic Treatment for Unresectable Conventional, Dedifferentiated, Mesenchymal, and Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma. Oncologist 2018; 24:110-116. [PMID: 30082492 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chondrosarcoma is a heterogeneous group of primary bone sarcoma with an excellent overall survival after local therapy. However, the small percentage of patients who have no surgical treatment options have a very poor prognosis. We retrospectively collected data from these patients in four sarcoma centers and compared the progression-free survival (PFS) for the different treatment regimens used for the four chondrosarcoma subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with unresectable chondrosarcoma in all four major sarcoma centers were included, and data on first-line systemic therapy were retrospectively collected for analysis. RESULTS A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this retrospective analysis: 50 conventional, 25 mesenchymal, 34 dedifferentiated, and 3 clear cell chondrosarcoma patients. In conventional chondrosarcoma patients, the longest mean PFS (6.7 months) was found in the group treated with antihormonal therapy. Patients diagnosed with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma were all treated with multidrug chemotherapy, and the mean PFS was 6.7 months. Doxorubicin monotherapy seems to have an unexplained better PFS than doxorubicin-based combination therapy in patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (5.5 vs. 2.8 months, respectively; p = .275). CONCLUSION Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed subtype and improve survival. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Currently, there are no uniform treatment lines for advanced chondrosarcoma patients, which results in a very diverse group of treatment regimens being used. In this study, the data of 112 patients was collected. It was concluded that some treatment regimens seem to have a better progression-free survival compared with others, and that these results also differ between the chondrosarcoma subtypes. Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed histological subtype to improve their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemiek van Maldegem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony P Conley
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shreyaskumar R Patel
- Department of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Iwona Lugowska
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ingrid M E Desar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Gelderblom
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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The role of metabolic enzymes in mesenchymal tumors and tumor syndromes: genetics, pathology, and molecular mechanisms. J Transl Med 2018; 98:414-426. [PMID: 29339836 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of mutations in genes encoding the metabolic enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and fumarate hydratase (FH) has expanded our understanding not only of altered metabolic pathways but also epigenetic dysregulation in cancer. IDH1/2 mutations occur in enchondromas and chondrosarcomas in patients with the non-hereditary enchondromatosis syndromes Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome and in sporadic tumors. IDH1/2 mutations result in excess production of the oncometabolite (D)-2-hydroxyglutarate. In contrast, SDH and FH act as tumor suppressors and genomic inactivation results in succinate and fumarate accumulation, respectively. SDH deficiency may result from germline SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD mutations and is found in autosomal-dominant familial paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma and Carney-Stratakis syndrome, describing the combination of paraganglioma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). In contrast, patients with the non-hereditary Carney triad, including paraganglioma, GIST, and pulmonary chondroma, usually lack germline SDH mutations and instead show epigenetic SDH complex inactivation through SDHC promoter methylation. Inactivating FH germline mutations are found in patients with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC) syndrome comprising benign cutaneous/uterine leiomyomas and renal cell carcinoma. Mutant IDH, SDH, and FH share common inhibition of α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenases such as the TET family of 5-methylcytosine hydroxylases preventing DNA demethylation, and Jumonji domain histone demethylases increasing histone methylation, which together inhibit cell differentiation. Ongoing studies aim to better characterize these complex alterations in cancer, the different clinical phenotypes, and variable penetrance of inherited and sporadic cancer predisposition syndromes. A better understanding of the roles of metabolic enzymes in cancer may foster the development of therapies that specifically target functional alterations in tumor cells in the future. Here, the physiologic functions of these metabolic enzymes, the mutational spectrum, and associated functional alterations will be discussed, with a focus on mesenchymal tumor predisposition syndromes.
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Ren X, Tu C, Tang Z, Ma R, Li Z. Alternative lengthening of telomeres phenotype and loss of ATRX expression in sarcomas. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7489-7496. [PMID: 29725455 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoma is a rare and heterogeneous type of cancer with an early mean onset age and a poor prognosis. However, its genetic basis remains unclear. A series of recent genomic studies in sarcomas have identified the occurrence of mutations in the α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene. The ATRX protein belongs to the SWI/SNF family of chromatin remodeling proteins, which are frequently associated with α-thalassemia syndrome. Cancer cells depend on telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway to overcome replicative programmed mortality. Loss of ATRX is associated with ALT in sarcoma. In the present review, recent whole genome and/or whole exome genomic studies are summarized. In addition ATRX immunohistochemistry and ALT fluorescence in situ hybridization in sarcomas of various subtypes and at diverse sites, including osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, angiosarcoma and chondrosarcoma are evaluated. The present review involves certain studies associated with the molecular mechanisms underlying the loss of ATRX controlling the activation of ALT in sarcomas. Identification of the loss of ATRX and ALT in sarcomas may provide novel methods for the treatment of aggressive sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zhenchu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Ruofei Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Peterse EFP, van den Akker BEWM, Niessen B, Oosting J, Suijker J, de Jong Y, Danen EHJ, Cleton-Jansen AM, Bovée JVMG. NAD Synthesis Pathway Interference Is a Viable Therapeutic Strategy for Chondrosarcoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1714-1721. [PMID: 28860121 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT) are rate-limiting enzymes in the NAD+ synthesis pathway. Chondrosarcoma is a malignant cartilage forming bone tumor, in which mutations altering isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 and -2 (IDH1 and IDH2) activity have been identified as potential driver mutations. Vulnerability for NAD+ depletion has been reported for IDH1/2-mutant cells. Here, the potency of NAMPT inhibitors as a treatment of chondrosarcoma was explored. Eleven chondrosarcoma cell lines were treated with NAMPT inhibitors, in which the effect on cell viability, colony formation, and 3D collagen invasion was assessed. The expression level of NAMPT and NAPRT transcripts in chondrosarcoma cells was determined by qRT-PCR. Methylation of the NAPRT promoter was evaluated using a previously published dataset of genome-wide methylation. In addition, a methylation dataset was used to determine methylation of the NAPRT promoter in 20 IDH1/2-mutated cartilage tumors. Chondrosarcoma cells showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability, 3D collagen invasion, and colony formation upon treatment with NAMPT inhibitors, in which nearly half of the cell lines demonstrated absolute IC50s in the low nanomolar range. Increasing IC50s correlated to increasing NAPRT expression levels and decreasing NAPRT promoter methylation. No correlation between IDH1/2 mutation status and sensitivity for NAMPT inhibitors was observed. Strikingly, higher methylation of the NAPRT promoter was observed in high-grade versus low-grade chondrosarcomas. In conclusion, this study identified NAMPT as a potential target for treatment of chondrosarcoma.Implications: Chondrosarcoma patients, especially those of high histologic grade with lower expression and hypermethylation of NAPRT, may benefit from inhibition of the NAD synthesis pathway. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1714-21. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bertine Niessen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Oosting
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johnny Suijker
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Jong
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik H J Danen
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Judith V M G Bovée
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Li L, Eid JE, Paz AC, Trent JC. Metabolic Enzymes in Sarcomagenesis: Progress Toward Biology and Therapy. BioDrugs 2017; 31:379-392. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-017-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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