TIPE2 acts as a biomarker for tumor aggressiveness and suppresses cell invasiveness in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)

BHLHE40 regulates microglia polarization after spinal cord injury via the NF-κB pathway

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease characterized by neuroinflammation and irreversible neuronal loss. The basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (Bhlhe40) is a stress-responsive transcription factor involved in the pathological process of inflammation. However, Bhlhe40 expression and its role in SCI are largely unknown. SCI rat models were established with an aneurysm clip and then the rats were injected with lentiviral Bhlhe40 shRNA to knock down Bhlhe40 expression. In vitro, BV2 microglia cells were stimulated with LPS and IFN-γ to promote M1 microglia polarization. The results showed that Bhlhe40 expression was significantly elevated in the injured spinal cord tissue. Bhlhe40 deficiency reduced neuroinflammation and neuronal loss, and then promoted the recovery of neurological function. Additionally, Bhlhe40 knockdown alleviated neuronal apoptosis by regulating microglia polarization. In our study, Bhlhe40 knockdown inhibited M1 microglia polarization and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). Meanwhile, the NF-κB pathway was inhibited after the Bhlhe40 knockdown in SCI rats. To further explore the functional role of Bhlhe40, we performed in vitro experiments. Bhlhe40 knockdown decreased M1 microglia polarization by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our study indicates that Bhlhe40 knockdown can alleviate the progression of SCI and its underlying mechanism in regulating macrophage polarization through the NF-κB pathway.

TIPE2: A Candidate for Targeting Antitumor Immunotherapy

TNF-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2 or TNFAIP8L2) is a recently discovered negative regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. TIPE2 is expressed in a wide range of tissues, both immune and nonimmune, and is implicated in the maintenance of immune homeostasis within the immune system. Furthermore, TIPE2 has been shown to play a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammation and the development of tumor. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, expression patterns, and functional roles of TIPE proteins, with a particular emphasis on the role and underlying mechanisms of TIPE2 in immune regulation and its involvement in different diseases. However, the current body of evidence is still limited in providing a comprehensive understanding of the complex role of TIPE2 in the human body, warranting further investigation to elucidate the possible mechanisms and functions of TIPE2 in diverse disease contexts.

A Novel Prognostic Factor TIPE2 in Bladder Cancer

Objective: We sought to identify tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2/TNFAIP8L2) expression in bladder cancer and its relationship to clinicopathological findings and prognosis.

Methods: Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for TIPE2 was performed on 110 archived radical cystectomy specimens. Ten high-power fields were randomly selected from each specimen to observe and record the percentage of immunoreactive cells of TIPE2 in tumor cells (grade 0–4) and the corresponding immunostaining intensity (grade 0–3). The expression score of TIPE2 was obtained by multiplying the results of the above two scores, which ranged from 0 to 12 points. The cut-off point of the sum of the scores were defined as follows: 0–3 scores were defined as negative expression (-); >3 scores were classified as positive expression, < 7, low expression, ≥7, high expression.

Results: In 110 cases, TIPE2 was stained in various degrees in bladder cancer tissues, and expressed in both nucleus and cytoplasm. 4.5% (5/110) showed negative expression, 40.9% (45/110) showed low expression, and 54.5% (60/110) showed high expression. TIPE2 expression was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.004) and disease progression (p = 0.021). Survival curves were plotted to show that patients with high TIPE2 expression had a progression-free survival curve above those with negative/low TIPE2 expression (p = 0.027). In multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, TIPE2 was a protective factor for progression-free survival in bladder urothelial carcinoma (p = 0.031), pT stage (p = 0.016) was a risk factor for progression-free survival, and age was a risk factor for overall survival (p = 0.020).

Conclusion: TIPE2 may be a new biomarker to predict the disease progression and prognosis of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8-like 2 Fosters Tumor-Associated Microbiota to Promote the Development of Colorectal Cancer

Although increasing evidence links the gut microbiota with the development of colorectal cancer, the molecular mechanisms for microbiota regulation of tumorigenesis are not fully understood. Here, we found that a member of the TNF-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) family called TIPE2 (TNFAIP8-like 2) was significantly upregulated in murine intestinal tumors and in human colorectal cancer (CRC), and colorectal cancer with high expression of Tipe2 mRNA associated with reduced survival time of patients. Consistent with these findings, TIPE2 deficiency significantly inhibited the development of CRC in mice treated with azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate and in Apcmin/+ mice. TIPE2 deficiency attenuated the severity of colitis by successfully resolving and restricting colonic inflammation and protected colonic myeloid cells from death during colitis. Transplantation of TIPE2-deficient bone marrow into WT mice successfully dampened the latter's tumorigenic phenotype, indicating a hematopoietic-specific role for TIPE2. Mechanistically, restricting the expansion of Enterobacteriaceae/E. coli decreased intestinal inflammation and reduced the incidence of colonic tumors. Collectively, these data suggest that hematopoietic TIPE2 regulates intestinal anti-tumor immunity by regulation of gut microbiota. TIPE2 may represent a new therapeutic target for treating CRC.

TIPE2 Inhibits Migration and Promotes Apoptosis as a Tumor Suppressor in Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) is a common malignant cancer characterized by high metastasis and infiltration. The development of new approaches for the early diagnosis and identification of new therapeutic targets is essential. TIPE2 is well known as a tumor suppressor and related to a favorable prognosis of HSCC. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

TIPE2 expression was determined by immunohistochemistry and RT-qPCR. A TIPE2 overexpression stable cell line was generated by lentivirus infection. TIPE2 and other related protein levels were detected by western blotting. The cell cycle and apoptosis were performed by flow cytometric analysis. Cell proliferation was measured with a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-7 was assessed by Caspase-Glo® 3/7 Assay. All data were analyzed with SPSS 25 and GraphPad Prism 8.0.

RESULTS

TIPE2 expression was significantly down-regulated in HSCC. Low TIPE2 expression may be associated with poor prognosis in HSCC. TIPE2 overexpression markedly inhibited tumor cell migration. Moreover, TIPE2 decreased cell proliferation but promoted apoptosis. TIPE2 suppressed tumor growth by activating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and the extrinsic apoptosis pathway.

CONCLUSION

TIPE2 inhibited tumor progression by suppressing cell migration but promoting apoptosis. TIPE2 can be a new therapeutic target in HSCC.

Regulatory Roles of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Protein 8 Like-Protein 2 in Inflammation, Immunity and Cancers: A Review

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8/TIPE) family, including TNFAIP8 (TIPE), TNFAIP8 like-protein 1 (TNFAIP8L1/TIPE1), TNFAIP8 like-protein 2 (TNFAIP8L2/TIPE2), and TNFAIP8 like-protein 3 (TNFAIP8L3/TIPE3), plays a vital role in regulating inflammatory responses, immune homeostasis, and cancer development. Over the last decade, studies have shown that TIPE2 protein is differentially expressed in diverse cells and tissues. The dysregulation of TIPE2 protein can lead to dysregulation of inflammatory responses and immune homeostasis, and change the basic characteristics of cancers. In consideration of the immeasurable values of TIPE2 in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of various human diseases, this review will focus on the expression pattern, structure, and regulatory roles of TIPE2 in inflammation, immunity, and cancers.

TIPE2 suppresses progression and tumorigenesis of the oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma by regulating FoxP3+ regulatory T cells

To discover the effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) on the oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) via affecting FoxP3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine TIPE2 and FoxP3 expressions in OTSCC tumor tissues and corresponding oral mucosa. Tca8113 cells were transfected with TIPE2/control lentiviral activation particles followed by the detection with qRT-PCR, Western blotting, MTT assay, Wound healing, Transwell assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. In vivo experiment was carried out on the nude mice xenografts of OTSCC with TIPE2 overexpression to observe the tumor volume and survival, and the CD4⁺ T cell subgroups were detected by flow cytometry. TIPE2 was lower in the OTSCC tissues than the corresponding oral mucosa, which was correlated with T stage, N stage, TNM stage, and differentiation of patients. Patients with TIPE2-positive expression had worse prognosis and lower expression of FoxP3⁺ Treg cells than the negative ones. Furthermore, TIPE2 overexpression curbed proliferation, invasion and migration of Tca8113 cells, while cell apoptosis was increased. Besides, TIPE2 suppressed the tumor growth and extended the survival of OTSCC mice, with the decreased proportion of FoxP3⁺ Treg cells in the spleen and tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes (TILs). The clinical results showed the down-regulation of TIPE2 in OTSCC tissues. Meanwhile TIPE2 overexpression affected OTSCC cells biological behavior in vitro, as well as exhibited strong tumor-growth suppressive effects in vivo, which may be a potential therapeutic target in OTSCC via regulating FoxP3⁺ Treg cells.

TIPE2 suppressed cisplatin resistance by inducing autophagy via mTOR signalling pathway

Tumour necrosis factor-α-induced protein-8-like-2 (TIPE2) has been associated with the progression of numerous cancers. Cisplatin, as a classical chemotherapy strategy for cancers, has been applied in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) clinical therapy but bears the disadvantage of chemoresistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TIPE2 in cisplatin resistance and illustrate the detailed molecular mechanism. In this study, we proved that TIPE2 was down-regulated in cisplatin (DDP)-resistant NSCLC tissues and DDP-resistant NSCLC cells compared with the sensitive control. The inhibition of TIPE2 contributed to cell cisplatin-resistance, and the overexpression of TIPE2 enhanced cisplatin sensitivity and autophagy. Furthermore, increased TIPE2 elevated apoptosis in DDP-resistant NSCLC cells. In addition, TIPE2 restored the activity of mTOR signalling. Preconditioning with the mTOR activator 3BDO abrogated TIPE2-mediated depression in cisplatin-evoked autophagy. In conclusion, aberrant TIPE2 expression may contribute to the occurrence of chemoresistance by interfering with autophagy in NSCLC in an mTOR-dependent manner. TIPE2 could be used as a novel therapeutic target to overcome cisplatin-resistant NSCLC.