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Ghazaleh RA, Al-Sawalhe M, Odeh IA, El Ibrahim J, Al-Turman B, Makhamreh J. Host range, severity and trans boundary transmission of Orf virus (ORFV). INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105448. [PMID: 37217030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Contagious ecthyma in small ruminants is a zoonotic disease caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus that can be deadly to its natural hosts. It causes significant losses worldwide, and commonly infects humans. However, the literature about its comparative severity in sheep and goat hosts is misleading; and while contagious ecthyma has been shown to occur in camels and transmit to humans, there is confusion as to whether ORFV is responsible. Camels are important from a 'One Health' perspective as they have been implicated as a reservoir host for the virus causing Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), which has a case fatality rate of 35% in humans. We compared ORFV gene sequences and mortality data from the West Bank in Palestine, where ORFV has not been reported previously, with data from the region. Surprisingly, we found that infections of camels that had been attributed to ORFV were more closely related to a different member of the genus Parapoxvirus. Two Middle East ORFVs isolated from humans were unrelated and sat alongside sheep and goat derived sequences on two distinct ORFV lineages of a maximum likelihood B2L gene tree. One of the viral lineages bifurcated to produce a monophyletic group of goat-derived ORFVs characterized uniquely by a glycine at amino acid reside 249. We found that serine is the ancestral allele shared between ORFV infections of sheep and also two closely related Parapoxviruses (PCPV and CCEV), indicating that the glycine allele represents a more recent shift in virus host range adaptation to goats. Furthermore, and contrary to some reports that ORFV is more severe in goats than in sheep, we observed median mortality of up to 24.5% in sheep, but none in goats. We also identified trans-boundary spread of ORFV between the West Bank and Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Abu Ghazaleh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine.
| | - Mohammed Al-Sawalhe
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Insaf Abu Odeh
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
| | - Jehad El Ibrahim
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine; National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), Jenin, Palestine
| | - Basem Al-Turman
- Palestine-Korea Biotechnology Research Center, Palestine Polytechnic University, P.O. Box 198, Hebron, Palestine
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Eschbaumer M, Vögtlin A, Paton DJ, Barnabei JL, Sanchez-Vazquez MJ, Pituco EM, Rivera AM, O'Brien D, Nfon C, Brocchi E, Bakkali Kassimi L, Lefebvre DJ, Navarro López R, Maradei E, Duffy SJ, Loitsch A, De Clercq K, King DP, Zientara S, Griot C, Beer M. Non-discriminatory Exclusion Testing as a Tool for the Early Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Incursions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:552670. [PMID: 33330684 PMCID: PMC7710516 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.552670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endemic circulation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Africa and Asia poses a continuous risk to countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania which are free from the disease. Introductions of the disease into a free region have dramatic economic impacts, especially if they are not detected at an early stage and controlled rapidly. However, farmers and veterinarians have an obvious disincentive to report clinical signs that are consistent with FMD, due to the severe consequences of raising an official suspicion, such as farm-level quarantine. One way that the risk of late detection can be mitigated is offering non-discriminatory exclusion testing schemes for differential diagnostics, wherein veterinarians can submit samples without the involvement of the competent authority and without sanctions or costs for the farmer. This review considers the benefits and limitations of this approach to improve the early detection of FMD in free countries and gives an overview of the FMD testing schemes currently in use in selected countries in Europe and the Americas as well as in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andrea Vögtlin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie L Barnabei
- National Animal Vaccine and Veterinary Countermeasures Bank, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY, United States
| | | | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Centro Panamericano de Fiebre Aftosa y Salud Pública Veterinaria-PANAFTOSA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Dwane O'Brien
- Diagnostic Surveillance and Response, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Australian Center for Disease Preparedness, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Center for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Emiliana Brocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Labib Bakkali Kassimi
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, Anses, ENVA, Paris-Est Créteil University, Paris, France
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roberto Navarro López
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASICA), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Maradei
- Private Consultants for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio J Duffy
- Private Consultants for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kris De Clercq
- Sciensano, Scientific Direction of Infectious Diseases in Animals, Service for Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donald P King
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- Animal Health Laboratory, UMR1161 Virology, INRAE, Anses, ENVA, Paris-Est Créteil University, Paris, France
| | - Christian Griot
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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