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Busch IM, Mazzi MA, Cosci F, Berti L, Marinelli V, Moretti F, Maggioni O, Wu AW, Rimondini M. Anxiety and Depression and Related Risk Factors in Italian Healthcare Providers Involved in Adverse Events. Healthcare (Basel) 2025; 13:343. [PMID: 39942532 PMCID: PMC11816452 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare13030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Despite the importance of the second victim phenomenon for healthcare systems, there is limited research on Italian healthcare providers. We assessed emotional distress in individuals impacted by an adverse event using the Withstand-PSY Questionnaire (WS-PSY-Q). Additionally, we aimed to identify potential risk factors for anxiety and depression. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey of 284 participants. Measures included the WS-PSY-Q, Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y). Descriptive analyses and seemingly unrelated regression, jointly estimating anxiety and depression, were conducted using Stata (version 18). Results: Fifty-nine percent of the participants tested positive for anxiety (WS-PSY-Q anxiety subscale ≥ 16), thirty-seven percent for depression (WS-PSY-Q depression subscale ≥ 22), and thirty-five percent for both. In the final model, anxiety symptoms following the adverse event were associated with pre-event anxiety levels (p < 0.01), seeking psychological help (p < 0.05), self-perceived responsibility (p < 0.01), severity of the adverse event for the patient (p < 0.05), and punitive workplace climate (p < 0.05). Correlates of post-event depressive symptoms included pre-existing depression (p < 0.01), self-perceived responsibility (p < 0.01), severity of the impact of the adverse event (p < 0.01), punitive or neutral workplace climate (p < 0.05), and seeking psychological help (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study adds to the growing understanding of the mental health difficulties that healthcare workers in Italy encounter after adverse events, addressing both individual and systemic risk factors. Proactive implementation of mental health measures for healthcare workers could foster their well-being after adverse events and promote a stronger, more just organizational culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isolde Martina Busch
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.M.); (L.B.); (O.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Angela Mazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.M.); (L.B.); (O.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Loretta Berti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.M.); (L.B.); (O.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Veronica Marinelli
- Department of Engineering for Medicine Innovation, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Francesca Moretti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Olga Maggioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.M.); (L.B.); (O.M.); (M.R.)
| | - Albert W. Wu
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Michela Rimondini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Psychology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (M.A.M.); (L.B.); (O.M.); (M.R.)
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