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Yi X, Feng M, Zhu J, Yu H, He Z, Zhang Z, Zhao T, Zhang Q, Pang W. Adipocyte Progenitor Pools Composition and Cellular Niches Affect Adipogenesis Divergence in Porcine Subcutaneous and Intramuscular Fat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38848240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) contributed positively to pork quality, whereas subcutaneous fat (SCF) was often considered to be a detrimental factor impacting growth and carcass traits. Reducing SCF while maintaining optimal IMF levels requires a thorough understanding of the adipogenic differences between these two adipose depots. Our study explored the differences in adipogenesis between porcine IMF and SCF, and the results showed that subcutaneous adipocytes (SCAs) demonstrate a greater potential for adipogenic differentiation, both in vivo and in vitro. Lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses suggested that intramuscular adipocytes (IMAs) are more inclined to biosynthesize unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) was employed to dissect the intrinsic and microenvironmental discrepancies in adipogenesis between porcine IMF and SCF. Comparative analysis indicated that SCF was enriched with preadipocytes, exhibiting an enhanced adipogenic potential, while IMF was characterized by a higher abundance of stem cells. Furthermore, coculture analyses of porcine intramuscular adipogenic cells and myogenetic cells indicated that the niche of IMAs inhibited its adipogenic differentiation. Cell communication analysis identified 160 ligand-receptor pairs and channels between adipogenic and myogenetic cells in IMF. Collectively, our study elucidated two intrinsic and microenvironmental novel mechanisms underpinning the divergence in adipogenesis between porcine SCF and IMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiahua Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - He Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaozhao He
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ziyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiantian Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Que Zhang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang, Shandong 261061, China
| | - Weijun Pang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Cheng X, Yang J, Bi X, Yang Q, Zhou D, Zhang S, Ding L, Wang K, Hua S, Cheng Z. Molecular characteristics and pathogenicity of a Tibet-origin mutant avian leukosis virus subgroup J isolated from Tibetan chickens in China. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 109:105415. [PMID: 36775048 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Tibetan chicken is found in China Tibet (average altitude; ˃4500 m). However, little is known about avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) found in Tibetan chickens. ALV-J is a typical alpharetrovirus that causes immunosuppression and myelocytomatosis and thus seriously affects the development of the poultry industry. In this study, Tibet-origin mutant ALV-J was isolated from Tibetan chickens and named RKZ-1-RKZ-5. A Myelocytomatosis outbreak occurred in a commercial Tibetan chicken farm in Shigatse of Rikaze, Tibet, China, in March 2022. About 20% of Tibetan chickens in the farm showed severe immunosuppression, and mortality increased to 5.6%. Histopathological examination showed typical myelocytomas in various tissues. Virus isolation and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that ALV-J caused the disease. Gene-wide phylogenetic analysis showed the RKZ isolates were the original strains of the previously reported Tibetan isolates (TBC-J4 and TBC-J6) (identity; 94.5% to 94.9%). Furthermore, significant nucleotide mutations and deletions occurred in the hr1 and hr2 hypervariable regions of gp85 gene, 3'UTR, Y Box, and TATA Box of 3'LTR. Pathogenicity experiments demonstrated that the viral load, viremia, and viral shedding level were significantly higher in RKZ-1-infected chickens than in NX0101-infected chickens. Notably, RKZ-1 caused more severe cardiopulmonary damage in SPF chickens. These findings prove the origin of Tibet ALV-J and provide insights into the molecular characteristics and pathogenic ability of ALV-J in the plateau area. Therefore, this study may provide a basis for ALV-J prevention and eradication in Tibet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Jianhao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Xiaoqing Bi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Longying Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Kang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Shuhan Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, China.
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Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Nie R, Bao H, Zhang B, Zhang H. Regulatory effects of circular RNA on hypoxia adaptation in chicken embryos. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad344. [PMID: 37788641 PMCID: PMC10629444 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan chicken, a native breed of the Tibetan plateau, is adapted to the high-altitude and hypoxic environment of the plateau. As endogenous molecules, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been shown to play an important role in the adaptation to hypoxic environments and regulation of angiogenesis. In this study, highland Tibetan and lowland Chahua chicken eggs were incubated in a hypoxic environment and the chorionic allantoic membrane was collected for Ribo-Zero RNA sequencing. A total of 1,414 circRNAs, mostly derived from exons, were identified. Of these, 93 differentially expressed circRNAs were detected between Tibetan and Chahua chickens. Combined with the differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs identified in our previous study, we identified four circRNAs (circBRD1, circPRDM2, circPTPRS, and circDENND4C). These circRNAs may act as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to upregulate APOA1 expression by absorbing novel_miR_589, thereby regulating angiogenesis and affecting hypoxia adaptation in chicken embryos. The regulatory circRNAs/novel_miR_589/APOA1 axis provides valuable evidence for a better understanding of the specific functions and molecular mechanisms of circRNAs in plateau hypoxia adaptation in Tibetan chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- General Department of Agricultural Museum, China Agricultural Museum, Beijing 100026, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruixue Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haigang Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Chen B, Li D, Ran B, Zhang P, Wang T. Key miRNAs and Genes in the High-Altitude Adaptation of Tibetan Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:911685. [PMID: 35909692 PMCID: PMC9330022 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.911685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan chickens living at high altitudes show specific physiological adaptations to the extreme environmental conditions. However, the regulated base of how chickens adapt to high-altitude habitats remains largely unknown. In this study, we sequenced 96 transcriptomes (including 48 miRNA and 48 mRNA transcriptomes of heart, liver, lung, and brain) and resequenced 12 whole genomes of Tibetan chickens and Peng'xian yellow chickens. We found that several miRNAs show the locally optimal plastic changes that occurred in miRNAs of chickens, such as miR-10c-5p, miR-144-3p, miR-3536, and miR-499-5p. These miRNAs could have effects on early adaption to the high-altitude environment of chickens. In addition, the genes under selection between Tibetan chickens and Peng'xian yellow chickens were mainly related to oxygen transport and oxidative stress. The I-kappa B kinase/NF-kappa B signaling pathway is widely found for high-altitude adaptation in Tibetan chickens. The candidate differentially expressed miRNAs and selected genes identified in this study may be useful in current breeding efforts to develop improved breeds for the highlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binlong Chen
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Diyan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Diyan Li
| | - Bo Ran
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- Tao Wang
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Du X, Li F, Kong F, Cui Z, Li D, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Shu G, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Altitude-adaption of gut microbiota in Tibetan chicken. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101998. [PMID: 35841636 PMCID: PMC9293635 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen levels and extremely cold weather in high-altitude environments requires more energy intake to maintain body temperature in animals. However, little is known about the characteristics of cecal and ileac microbiota in Tibetan chicken and how the high and low altitude environments affect the gut microbiota communities in Tibetan chicken. In the present study, In the present study, Tibetan chickens (Group HA, 3572 m, 578.5 Pa) and their introduced flatland counterparts (Group LA, 580 m, 894.6 Pa) in the cecum and ileum to identify the possible bacterial species that are helpful for their host in environmental adaption. High-throughput sequencing was used to sequence the V3 to V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. By comparing the gut microbial diversity of HA chicken with that of LA, the results indicated that the microbial diversity of the cecum and ileum in group HA was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in group LA. The cecum microbiome maintained higher population diversity and richness than the ileum (P < 0.05). Four phyla Firmicutes, Bacterioidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria were dominant in two groups. Interestingly, there were significant differences in abundance ratio among the four groups (P < 0.05). The predominant bacteria in HA and LA ileum belong to Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, whereas in cecum, Bacterioidetes and Actinobacteria were predominant in both groups (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that Sporosarcina, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus were strongly related to air pressure, and Peptoclostridium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 are related to altitude and gut microbiota of LA group was influenced by altitude, while HA group affected by air pressure. Meanwhile, the Ruminococcus-torques-group was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of Paenibacillus, and positive correlated with those of other microorganisms. Furthermore, HA has higher abundance of microbiota involved in energy and glycan biosynthesis metabolism pathway, while LA has higher abundance of microbiota involved in membrane transport, signal transduction, and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism. Generally, our results suggested that the composition and diversity of gut microbes changed after Tibetan chickens were introduced to the plain. Tibetan chicken may adapt to new environment via reshaping the gut microbiota. Gut microbes may contribute to the host adaption to high altitude environments by increasing host energy and glycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Du
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fugui Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhifu Cui
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaofu Tian
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Lu Z, Yuan C, Li J, Guo T, Yue Y, Niu C, Liu J, Yang B. Comprehensive Analysis of Long Non-coding RNA and mRNA Transcriptomes Related to Hypoxia Adaptation in Tibetan Sheep. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:801278. [PMID: 35141308 PMCID: PMC8818989 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.801278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibetan sheep have lived on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for a long time, and after long-term natural selection, they have shown stable genetic adaptability to high-altitude environments. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of the long non-coding (lnc)RNAs involved in the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to hypoxia. Here, we collected lung tissues from high-altitude Tibetan sheep and low-altitude Hu sheep for RNA sequencing to study the regulatory mechanisms of the lncRNAs and mRNAs in the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to hypoxia. We identified 254 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 1,502 differentially expressed mRNAs. We found 20 pairs of cis-regulatory relationships between 15 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 14 protein-coding genes and two pairs of trans-regulatory relationships between two differentially expressed lncRNAs and two protein-coding genes. These differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNA target genes were mainly enriched in pathways related to lipid metabolism and immune function. Interaction network analysis showed that 17 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 15 differentially expressed mRNAs had an interactive relationship. Additionally, we used six differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs to verify the accuracy of the sequencing data via qRT-PCR. Our results provide a comprehensive overview of the expression patterns of the lncRNAs and mRNAs involved in the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to hypoxia, laying a foundation for further analysis of the adaptations of plateau animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengkui Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianye Li
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yaojing Yue
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chune Niu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Liu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jianbin Liu
| | - Bohui Yang
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Sheep Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Bohui Yang
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Micheel J, Safrastyan A, Wollny D. Advances in Non-Coding RNA Sequencing. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:70. [PMID: 34842804 PMCID: PMC8628893 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) comprise a set of abundant and functionally diverse RNA molecules. Since the discovery of the first ncRNA in the 1960s, ncRNAs have been shown to be involved in nearly all steps of the central dogma of molecular biology. In recent years, the pace of discovery of novel ncRNAs and their cellular roles has been greatly accelerated by high-throughput sequencing. Advances in sequencing technology, library preparation protocols as well as computational biology helped to greatly expand our knowledge of which ncRNAs exist throughout the kingdoms of life. Moreover, RNA sequencing revealed crucial roles of many ncRNAs in human health and disease. In this review, we discuss the most recent methodological advancements in the rapidly evolving field of high-throughput sequencing and how it has greatly expanded our understanding of ncRNA biology across a large number of different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Damian Wollny
- RNA Bioinformatics/High Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany; (J.M.); (A.S.)
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Padmasekar M, Savai R, Seeger W, Pullamsetti SS. Exposomes to Exosomes: Exosomes as Tools to Study Epigenetic Adaptive Mechanisms in High-Altitude Humans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8280. [PMID: 34444030 PMCID: PMC8392481 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans on earth inhabit a wide range of environmental conditions and some environments are more challenging for human survival than others. However, many living beings, including humans, have developed adaptive mechanisms to live in such inhospitable, harsh environments. Among different difficult environments, high-altitude living is especially demanding because of diminished partial pressure of oxygen and resulting chronic hypobaric hypoxia. This results in poor blood oxygenation and reduces aerobic oxidative respiration in the mitochondria, leading to increased reactive oxygen species generation and activation of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Genetic mechanisms in the adaptation to high altitude is well-studied, but there are only limited studies regarding the role of epigenetic mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to understand the epigenetic mechanisms behind high-altitude adaptive and maladaptive phenotypes. Hypobaric hypoxia is a form of cellular hypoxia, which is similar to the one suffered by critically-ill hypoxemia patients. Thus, understanding the adaptive epigenetic signals operating in in high-altitude adjusted indigenous populations may help in therapeutically modulating signaling pathways in hypoxemia patients by copying the most successful epigenotype. In addition, we have summarized the current information about exosomes in hypoxia research and prospects to use them as diagnostic tools to study the epigenome of high-altitude adapted healthy or maladapted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Padmasekar
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (M.P.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (M.P.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (M.P.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Soni Savai Pullamsetti
- Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (M.P.); (R.S.); (W.S.)
- Institute for Lung Health (ILH), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Member of the DZL, Member of CPI, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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