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Chase EE, Truchon AR, Creasey BA, Wilhelm SW. Time of day of infection shapes development of a eukaryotic algal-Nucleocytoviricota virocell. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae123. [PMID: 39271456 PMCID: PMC11451476 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aureococcus anophagefferens forms a model host-virus system with the "giant virus" Kratosvirus quantuckense. Studies to define its ribocell (uninfected) and virocell (virus-infected) forms are needed as these states co-occur during algal blooms. Previously, a link between light-derived energy, virus particle production, and virocell formation was noted. We explored how the time of day (morning, midday, or late day) of virus-host contact shaped virocell ontogeny. In parallel, we explored the dependence on light-derived energy in this mixotrophic plankter by inhibiting photosystem II, testing the role of heterotrophic energy in infection dynamics. Using flow cytometry and photochemical assessments, we examined the physiology of infected cells and controls, and estimated virus particle production. We observed differences between ribocell and virocell response to treatments, including reductions in virus particle production during reduced light duration) and PSII inhibition (i.e. "forced heterotrophy"). This work demonstrates the importance of light in shaping the fate of infected cells and provides insight into factors that constrain in situ blooms. Most significantly, we show that time of the solar day when a virus and host come into contact influences viral particle production, and therefore bloom dynamics; a factor that needs to be considered in bloom modeling work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Chase
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Alexander R Truchon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Brooke A Creasey
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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2
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Cai L, Li H, Deng J, Zhou R, Zeng Q. Biological interactions with Prochlorococcus: implications for the marine carbon cycle. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:280-291. [PMID: 37722980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular picocyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is the most abundant photoautotroph and contributes substantially to global CO2 fixation. In the vast euphotic zones of the open ocean, Prochlorococcus converts CO2 into organic compounds and supports diverse organisms, forming an intricate network of interactions that regulate the magnitude of carbon cycling and storage in the ocean. An understanding of the biological interactions with Prochlorococcus is critical for accurately estimating the contributions of Prochlorococcus and interacting organisms to the marine carbon cycle. This review synthesizes the primary production contributed by Prochlorococcus in the global ocean. We outline recent progress on the interactions of Prochlorococcus with heterotrophic bacteria, phages, and grazers that multifacetedly determine Prochlorococcus carbon production and fate. We discuss that climate change might affect the biological interactions with Prochlorococcus and thus the marine carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Cai
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haofu Li
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junwei Deng
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruiqian Zhou
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinglu Zeng
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Center for Ocean Research in Hong Kong and Macau, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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McKindles KM, Manes M, Neudeck M, McKay RM, Bullerjahn GS. Multi-year molecular quantification and 'omics analysis of Planktothrix-specific cyanophage sequences from Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1199641. [PMID: 37455749 PMCID: PMC10343443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1199641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Planktothrix agardhii is a microcystin-producing cyanobacterium found in Sandusky Bay, a shallow and turbid embayment of Lake Erie. Previous work in other systems has indicated that cyanophages are an important natural control factor of harmful algal blooms. Currently, there are few cyanophages that are known to infect P. agardhii, with the best-known being PaV-LD, a tail-less cyanophage isolated from Lake Donghu, China. Presented here is a molecular characterization of Planktothrix specific cyanophages in Sandusky Bay. Methods and Results Putative Planktothrix-specific viral sequences from metagenomic data from the bay in 2013, 2018, and 2019 were identified by two approaches: homology to known phage PaV-LD, or through matching CRISPR spacer sequences with Planktothrix host genomes. Several contigs were identified as having viral signatures, either related to PaV-LD or potentially novel sequences. Transcriptomic data from 2015, 2018, and 2019 were also employed for the further identification of cyanophages, as well as gene expression of select viral sequences. Finally, viral quantification was tested using qPCR in 2015-2019 for PaV-LD like cyanophages to identify the relationship between presence and gene expression of these cyanophages. Notably, while PaV-LD like cyanophages were in high abundance over the course of multiple years (qPCR), transcriptomic analysis revealed only low levels of viral gene expression. Discussion This work aims to provide a broader understanding of Planktothrix cyanophage diversity with the goals of teasing apart the role of cyanophages in the control and regulation of harmful algal blooms and designing monitoring methodology for potential toxin-releasing lysis events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M. McKindles
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Makayla Manes
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Michelle Neudeck
- Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Robert Michael McKay
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - George S. Bullerjahn
- Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
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4
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Zhu X, Li Z, Tong Y, Chen L, Sun T, Zhang W. From natural to artificial cyanophages: Current progress and application prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115428. [PMID: 36746205 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The over proliferation of harmful cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins resulted in damaged aquatic ecosystem, polluted drinking water and threatened human health. Cyanophages are a kind of viruses that exclusively infect cyanobacteria, which is considered as a potential strategy to deal with cyanobacterial blooms. Nevertheless, the infecting host range and/or lysis efficiency of natural cyanophages is limited, rising the necessity of constructing non-natural cyanophages via artificial modification, design and synthesis to expand their host range and/or efficiency. The paper firstly reviewed representative cyanophages such as P60 with a short latent period of 1.5 h and S-CBS1 having a burst size up to 200 PFU/cell. To explore the in-silico design principles, we critically summarized the interactions between cyanophages and the hosts, indicating modifying the recognized receptors, enhancing the adsorption ability, changing the lysogeny and excluding the defense of hosts are important for artificial cyanophages. The research progress of synthesizing artificial cyanophages were summarized subsequently, raising the importance of developing genetic manipulation technologies and their rescue strategies in the future. Meanwhile, Large-scale preparation of cyanophages for bloom control is a big challenge. The application prospects of artificial cyanophages besides cyanobacteria bloom control like adaptive evolution and phage therapy were discussed at last. The review will promote the design, synthesis and application of cyanophages for cyanobacteria blooms, which may provide new insights for the related water pollution control and ensuring hydrosphere security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology & Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
| | - Zipeng Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology & Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
| | - Tao Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology & Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, 300072, PR China; Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China.
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology & Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, 300072, PR China; Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, PR China
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5
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Castillo YM, Forn I, Yau S, Morán XAG, Alonso-Sáez L, Arandia-Gorostidi N, Vaqué D, Sebastián M. Seasonal dynamics of natural Ostreococcus viral infection at the single cell level using VirusFISH. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:3009-3019. [PMID: 33817943 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ostreococcus is a cosmopolitan marine genus of phytoplankton found in mesotrophic and oligotrophic waters, and the smallest free-living eukaryotes known to date, with a cell diameter close to 1 μm. Ostreococcus has been extensively studied as a model system to investigate viral-host dynamics in culture, yet the impact of viruses in naturally occurring populations is largely unknown. Here, we used Virus Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (VirusFISH) to visualize and quantify viral-host dynamics in natural populations of Ostreococcus during a seasonal cycle in the central Cantabrian Sea (Southern Bay of Biscay). Ostreococcus were predominantly found during summer and autumn at surface and 50 m depth, in coastal, mid-shelf and shelf waters, representing up to 21% of the picoeukaryotic communities. Viral infection was only detected in surface waters, and its impact was variable but highest from May to July and November to December, when up to half of the population was infected. Metatranscriptomic data available from the mid-shelf station unveiled that the Ostreococcus population was dominated by the species O. lucimarinus. This work represents a proof of concept that the VirusFISH technique can be used to quantify the impact of viruses on targeted populations of key microbes from complex natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaiza M Castillo
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Forn
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheree Yau
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xosé Anxelu G Morán
- Red Sea Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Alonso-Sáez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón/Xixón, IEO, Gijón/Xixón, Spain.,AZTI Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g, Sukarrieta, Spain
| | - Néstor Arandia-Gorostidi
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón/Xixón, IEO, Gijón/Xixón, Spain.,Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sebastián
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Oceanography and Global Change (IOCAG), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Telde, Spain
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6
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DeLong EF. Genome-enabled exploration of microbial ecology and evolution in the sea: a rising tide lifts all boats. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:1301-1321. [PMID: 33459471 PMCID: PMC8049014 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a young bacteriologist just launching my career during the early days of the 'microbial revolution' in the 1980s, I was fortunate to participate in some early discoveries, and collaborate in the development of cross-disciplinary methods now commonly referred to as "metagenomics". My early scientific career focused on applying phylogenetic and genomic approaches to characterize 'wild' bacteria, archaea and viruses in their natural habitats, with an emphasis on marine systems. These central interests have not changed very much for me over the past three decades, but knowledge, methodological advances and new theoretical perspectives about the microbial world certainly have. In this invited 'How we did it' perspective, I trace some of the trajectories of my lab's collective efforts over the years, including phylogenetic surveys of microbial assemblages in marine plankton and sediments, development of microbial community gene- and genome-enabled surveys, and application of genome-guided, cultivation-independent functional characterization of novel enzymes, pathways and their relationships to in situ biogeochemistry. Throughout this short review, I attempt to acknowledge, all the mentors, students, postdocs and collaborators who enabled this research. Inevitably, a brief autobiographical review like this cannot be fully comprehensive, so sincere apologies to any of my great colleagues who are not explicitly mentioned herein. I salute you all as well!
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F DeLong
- Daniel K. Inouye Centre for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
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7
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Mruwat N, Carlson MCG, Goldin S, Ribalet F, Kirzner S, Hulata Y, Beckett SJ, Shitrit D, Weitz JS, Armbrust EV, Lindell D. A single-cell polony method reveals low levels of infected Prochlorococcus in oligotrophic waters despite high cyanophage abundances. ISME JOURNAL 2020; 15:41-54. [PMID: 32918065 PMCID: PMC7853090 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-020-00752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stability of picocyanobacteria in the open oceans is maintained by a balance between synchronous division and death on daily timescales. Viruses are considered a major source of microbial mortality, however, current methods to measure infection have significant methodological limitations. Here we describe a method that pairs flow-cytometric sorting with a PCR-based polony technique to simultaneously screen thousands of taxonomically resolved individual cells for intracellular virus DNA, enabling sensitive, high-throughput, and direct quantification of infection by different virus lineages. Under controlled conditions with picocyanobacteria-cyanophage models, the method detected infection throughout the lytic cycle and discriminated between varying infection levels. In North Pacific subtropical surface waters, the method revealed that only a small percentage of Prochlorococcus (0.35–1.6%) were infected, predominantly by T4-like cyanophages, and that infection oscillated 2-fold in phase with the diel cycle. This corresponds to 0.35–4.8% of Prochlorococcus mortality daily. Cyanophages were 2–4-fold more abundant than Prochlorococcus, indicating that most encounters did not result in infection and suggesting infection is mitigated via host resistance, reduced phage infectivity and inefficient adsorption. This method will enable quantification of infection for key microbial taxa across oceanic regimes and will help determine the extent that viruses shape microbial communities and ecosystem level processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mruwat
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Michael C G Carlson
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Svetlana Goldin
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - François Ribalet
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shay Kirzner
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yotam Hulata
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Stephen J Beckett
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Dror Shitrit
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Joshua S Weitz
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | | | - Debbie Lindell
- Faculty of Biology, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
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8
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Chen Y, Zeng Q. Correction to: Temporal transcriptional patterns of cyanophage genes suggest synchronized infection of cyanobacteria in the oceans. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:109. [PMID: 32678031 PMCID: PMC7367410 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qinglu Zeng
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
- HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Hong Kong Branch of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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