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Rizwan HM, Zohaib HM, Sajid MS, Abbas H, Younus M, Farid MU, Iftakhar T, Muzaffar HA, Hassan SS, Kamran M, Raza MH, Bajwa MH. Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1291. [PMID: 38003757 PMCID: PMC10674797 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We started a campaign in the heart of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, to expose the hidden threats of parasitic illnesses in ruminants and the severe financial consequences associated with them. Our in-depth investigations focused on the prevalence, impact, and astounding financial losses brought on by organ contamination in slaughtered animals. Of the 384 slaughtered ruminants examined for gastrointestinal parasites, a prevalence of 44.79% was recorded. It is interesting to note that we found no conclusive association between parasitic infection and the various ruminant species under study (p > 0.05). However, goats (52.0%) had the highest numerical prevalence of parasitic infection, followed by cattle (46.1%), buffalo (46.0%), and sheep (34.7%) in that order. A significant finding (p < 0.05) showed that the majority of animals had light parasitism (46.5%), as opposed to those with moderate (30.2%) or severe loads (23.2%). Our research revealed substantial (p < 0.05) relationships between ruminant age, sex, and parasitic infection prevalence. In comparison to females (56.4%) and adults (48.1%), males (36.1%) and young (36.9%) ruminants showed considerably decreased infection rates (p < 0.05). On the other hand, we discovered a non-significant (p > 0.05) association between the months and the prevalence of parasitic infection. As a result of the condemnation of contaminated organs such as the rumen, lungs, and liver, an estimated financial loss of PKR 133,731,400 (USD = 466,939.2) was incurred. The yearly economic losses caused by liver condemnation were much greater than those caused by rumen and lung condemnation (p < 0.05). Our research not only reported a significantly higher abundance but also economic threats of the parasitic diseases among the slaughtered animals in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Our findings highlighted the critical need for preventive and therapeutic interventions for parasitic infections in animals, in order to mitigate the economic losses through strengthened animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Haider Abbas
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Section of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Umar Farid
- Section of Meat Science, Department of Animal Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Tahira Iftakhar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Hizqeel Ahmed Muzaffar
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Syed Soban Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Haziq Bajwa
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
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Mouliom Mouiche MM, Nguemou Wafo EE, Mpouam SE, Moffo F, Kameni Feussom JM, Njayou Ngapagna A, Mfopit YM, Saegerman C, Abdoulmoumini M. Zoo-Sanitary Situation Assessment, an Initial Step in Country Disease Prioritization Process: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis from 2000 to 2020 in Cameroon. Pathogens 2023; 12:1076. [PMID: 37764884 PMCID: PMC10537522 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent and/or control infectious diseases in animal and human health, an appropriate surveillance system based on suitable up-to-date epidemiological data is required. The systematic review protocol was designed according to the PRISMA statement to look at the available data on infectious diseases of livestock in Cameroon from 2000-2020. Data were searched through online databases. Grey literature was comprised of dissertations and theses from veterinary higher education institutions in Cameroon. A random-effects model was used to calculate pooled prevalence using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software. Based on disease prevalence, major infectious diseases of livestock in Cameroon were gastrointestinal parasitosis (57.4% in cattle, 67.2% in poultry, 88% in pigs), hemoparasites (21.6% in small ruminants, 19.7% in cattle), bovine pasteurellosis (55.5%), fowl salmonellosis (48.2%), small ruminant plague (39.7%), foot-and-mouth disease (34.5% in cattle), and African swine fever (18.9%). Furthermore, other important endemic zoonoses in the country included: Rift Valley fever (10.9% in cattle, 3.7% in small ruminants), brucellosis (7% in cattle, 8% in pigs), bovine tuberculosis (4.7% in cattle), hepatitis E virus (8.4% in pigs) and bovine leptospirosis (2.5%). Most of the retrieved research were carried out in the Adamawa, Northwest, and West regions of Cameroon. The evaluation of existing data as evidence, albeit publication-specific, is an important step towards the process of prioritizing animal diseases, including zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche
- USAID’s Infectious Disease Detection and Surveillance (IDDS), ICF, Yaoundé P.O. Box 8211, Cameroon;
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
| | - Eugenie Elvire Nguemou Wafo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Serge Eugene Mpouam
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
- IMMANA Fellow, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Frédéric Moffo
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Jean Marc Kameni Feussom
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
- Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries (MINEPIA), Yaoundé P.O. Box 8211, Cameroon
| | - Arouna Njayou Ngapagna
- Epidemiology-Public Health-Veterinary Association (ESPV), Yaoundé P.O. Box 15670, Cameroon; (J.M.K.F.); (A.N.N.)
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universite des Montagnes, Bangangté P.O. Box 208, Cameroon
| | - Youssouf Mouliom Mfopit
- Veterinary Research Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Wakwa Regional Center, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 65, Cameroon;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Mamoudou Abdoulmoumini
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundéré, Ngaoundéré P.O. Box 454, Cameroon; (E.E.N.W.); (S.E.M.); (F.M.); (M.A.)
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Inegbenosun CU, Isaac C, Anika FU, Aihebholoria OP. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in animal hosts and potential implications to animal and human health in Edo, Nigeria. J Vet Sci 2023; 24:e8. [PMID: 36726275 PMCID: PMC9899944 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal parasites in livestock cause huge economic setbacks. Moreover, these parasites can threaten human health when also present in companion animals. OBJECTIVES The study examined the prevalence and burden of intestinal parasites among roaming/migrating animals (goats, sheep, cattle, and dogs) to provide insights into the risk of potential human parasitic infections. METHODS A total of 1,741 fecal samples from goats (n = 920), sheep (n = 335), cattle (n = 230) and dogs (n = 256) were obtained randomly across 18 local government areas in Edo State, Nigeria. The parasite samples were recovered and identified under a microscope. Molecular tools were used to identify Toxocara spp. RESULTS Eighteen different parasites were isolated. Among the different groups of parasites observed, nematodes occurred the most, followed by protozoans. Among nematodes, Haemonchus was most prevalent in goats (28.04%) and sheep (29.85%), while Strongyloides (10.86%) and Bunostomum (8.69%) were relatively high in cattle. Strongyloides (3.9%), hookworm (3.9%), and Toxocara (3.12%) were the predominant parasites in dogs. For protozoan parasites, Eimeria was most common in all 4 animal hosts. Several goats (2.39%) and sheep (2.38%) tested positive for Fasciola spp. Molecular analysis confirmed Toxocara canis in dogs for the first time in Nigeria. CONCLUSIONS The major parasites recovered from these roaming/migrating animals have zoonotic potentials that can threaten human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clement Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
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Inegbenosun C, Isaac C, Anika F, Aihebholoria P. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in a range of animal hosts and potential implications to animal and human health in Edo, Nigeria. J Vet Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2022.23.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Collins Inegbenosun
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Clement Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - Felicitas Anika
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria
| | - Philip Aihebholoria
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
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Trichostrongyloid nematodes in ruminants of northern Iran: prevalence and molecular analysis. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:371. [PMID: 34863161 PMCID: PMC8642945 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and analyze the molecular characteristics based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 region of the ribosomal RNA (RNA) gene of trichostrongylid nematodes in different ruminants from Guilan province, northern of Iran. Methods The gastrointestinal tracts of 144 ruminants including 72 cattle, 59 sheep, and 13 goats were collected from an abattoir in Guilan province during July to September 2018. After isolation the helminths, male specimens were identified based on morphological parameters. PCR and partial sequencing of the ITS2 fragment were conducted. After phylogenetic analysis, the intraspecific and interspecific differences were calculated. Results The prevalence of total infections with the nematodes was 38.9, 74.6 and 84.6% among cattle, sheep and goats, respectively. Eleven species of trichostrongylid nematodes including Haemonchus contortus, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Ostertagia trifurcata, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Marshallagia occidentalis, O. lyrata, O. ostertagi, and Cooperia punctate were recovered from the ruminants. The most prevalent trichostrongyloid nematodes in cattle, sheep and goats were O. ostertagi (26.4%), M. marshalli (64.4%) and T. circumcincta (69.2%), respectively. Phylogenetic tree was discriminative for Trichostrongylidae family, while phylogenetic analysis of the ITS2 gene represented low variations and no species identification of Haemonchidae and Cooperiidae families. Conclusions This study suggests the high prevalence and species diversity of trichostrongyloid nematodes in different ruminants, indicating the importance of implement antiparasitic strategies in north regions of Iran. As well, this study showed that the ITS2 fragment is not a discriminative marker for Haemonchidae and Cooperiidae families, and investigation of other genetic markers such as mitochondrial genes would be more valuable for better understanding of their phylogenetic relationships.
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Busari I, Soetan K, Aiyelaagbe O, Babayemi O. Phytochemical screening and in vitro anthelmintic activity of methanolic extract of Terminalia glaucescens leaf on Haemonchus contortus eggs. Acta Trop 2021; 223:106091. [PMID: 34389333 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections remain a major constraint to livestock productivity in the tropical and subtropical areas across the world, especially in the areas where extensive grazing is practiced. The development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, scarcity and high cost of purchase especially to farmers of low income in developing countries led to the need of alternative helminth control methods. However, there is an urgent need to discover novel drugs that can cure helminthiasis. A survey was carried out among agropastoralists to elicit information on the use of Ethnoveterinary Plants (EvPs) as alternative medicine for helminthiasis. The plants used by the agropastoralists were collected and identified at the Department of Botany Herbarium, University of Ibadan. The plant part was pulverized and cold macerated successively with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous methanol to obtain crude extracts. The methanolic extract was assayed against Haemonchus contortus at test concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) and Albendazole at 25µg/mL were tested for the egg hatch inhibition assay. Eggs hatched and unhatched were counted under the microscope at 48, 96 and 144 hours (h). Among the EvPs identified, Terminalia glaucescens was the least utilized plant by the agropastoralists, and thus, selected for evaluation. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed presence of tannin, alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, phenolic, steroids, glycosides, triterpenes and reducing sugars. At 96 h, there were significant difference (P<0.05) in egg hatch inhibition (EHI) percentage at 100ug/mL (87.55), 50µg/mL (84.29) at inhibitory concentration (IC50 value 1.07) compared to 25ug/mL (100) for the Albendazol. At 144 h, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences observed in EHI values of methanolic extract of the leaf at 100ug/mL (89.69), 50ug/mL (87.06), 25ug/mL (85.53) and 12.5µg/mL (82.89) at IC50 value 1.08 compared to 25ug/mL (100) for the Albendazol. T. glaucescens leaf is a potential source of novel anthelmintics and further investigation should be carried out on its in vivo anthelmintic activity.
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Ahuir-Baraja AE, Cibot F, Llobat L, Garijo MM. Anthelmintic resistance: is a solution possible? Exp Parasitol 2021; 230:108169. [PMID: 34627787 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
More than 50 years after anthelmintic resistance was first identified, its prevalence and impact on the animal production industry continues to increase across the world. The term "anthelmintic resistance" (AR) can be briefly defined as the reduction in efficacy of a certain dose of anthelmintic drugs (AH) in eliminating the presence of a parasite population that was previously susceptible. The main aim of this study is to examine anthelmintic resistance in domestic herbivores. There are numerous factors playing a role in the development of AR, but the most important is livestock management. The price of AH and the need to treat a high number of animals mean that farmers face significant costs in this regard, yet, since 1981, little progress has been made in the discovery of new molecules and the time and cost required to bring a new AH to market has increased dramatically in recent decades. Furthermore, resistance has also emerged for new AH, such as monepantel or derquantel. Consequently, ruminant parasitism cannot be controlled solely by using synthetic chemicals. A change in approach is needed, using a range of preventive measures in order to achieve a sustainable control programme. The use of nematophagous fungi or of plant extracts rich in compounds with anthelmintic properties, such as terpenes, condensed tannins, or flavonoids, represent potential alternatives. Nevertheless, although new approaches are showing promising results, there is still much to do. More research focused on the control of AR is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Ahuir-Baraja
- Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Research Group (PARAVET), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Spain
| | - F Cibot
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Spain
| | - L Llobat
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction Research Group (PROVAGINBIO), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Spain.
| | - M M Garijo
- Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Research Group (PARAVET), Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Spain
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Kruchynenko OV, Mykhailiutenko SM, Petrenko MA, Kuzmenko LM. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in ruminants in Ukraine: a 5-year meta-analysis. BIOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/012131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of environmentally friendly livestock products is currently receiving much attention, especially in the European Union. The problem of monitoring the quality and safety of meat and milk in modern conditions is relevant not only for Ukraine but also for the world community. The scientific substantiation of the methods of research on meat for sale subject to invasive diseases is especially important, as the product may pose risks to the consumer. One of the criteria for assessing the welfare of a herd is the prevalence of helminthiases in cattle. Ruminant parasitoses in Ukraine have always been and remain a separate, often significant, problem for veterinary specialists. Helminths have evolved to use a wide range of ecological niches. In this study, we tried to quantify the prevalence of helminthiases among ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) in Ukraine. The relevant studies were searched for in the online databases. The meta-analysis included 15 publications from January 2015 to December 2020 which reported the spread of parasites in Ukraine. The research results show that the infestation of ruminants with gastrointestinal helminths on the territory of Ukraine is 56.7%. Egger’s regression test revealed no significant publication bias. During the period of pastured farming, stable parasitocenoses are formed in the body of ruminants. The parasitoses are caused by helminths (gastrointestinal strongyles, liver flukes, paramphistomas, dicrocelia). They are recorded in monoinvasions or mixed invasions. Ruminants, according to helminthological examination in different climatic zones, are constantly infested with trematodes. In Ukraine, the presence of three species of flukes has been confirmed in ruminants: Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoelium dendriticum and Paramphistomum cervi. Parasitization by those species negatively affects the profitability of dairy farming. Trematodes cause significant economic losses: reduced milk productivity of cows, reduced live weight gain of young animals, negative impact on reproduction. At the same time, fascioliasis is socially significant and dangerous to humans. According to the analyzed literature sources, two types of cestodes have been registered in Ukraine: Moniezia benedeni and M. expansa. The epizootic situation regarding nematodes is just as fraught. That is the most numerous group of helminths, their fauna is represented by the following species: Strongyloides papillosus, Nematodirus spathiger, Bunostomum spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, Haemonchus contortus, Toxocara vitulorum, Trichuris skrjabini, T. ovis and T. globulosa. It is proven that in cattle parasitocenoses are recorded more often than monoinvasions. The highest rates of prevalence of infection were observed when polyinvasion included gastrointestinal strongyles, namely from the order Strongylida. Strongyloides papillosus is the most common taxonomic representative, while Fasciola hepatica has the lowest prevalence of infection, especially in sheep. Updated data on helminthiasis will expand the screening strategy to maintain the health of farm ruminants and reduce economic losses.
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Karshima SN, Karshima MN. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium Infections among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:60-74. [PMID: 32683583 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00253-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cryptosporidium is implicated in diarrhea epidemics in many parts of the world and is said to be the most common protozoan cause of diarrhea among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) globally. To provide data on the burden of Cryptosporidium infections among Nigerians living with HIV/AIDS, we reported the prevalence, geographic distribution and Cryptosporidium species diversity among this population in Nigeria. METHODS We used the PRISMA guidelines to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of articles published between January 1, 1995 and April 21, 2020. Pooled estimate (PE), heterogeneity, quality of each study and publication bias were determined using the random-effects model, Cochran's Q test, the 9 point Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument and the Egger's regression asymmetry test, respectively. RESULTS Forty-six articles reported 2612 positive cases of Cryptosporidium infections from 12,756 PLWHA examined in 20 Nigerian States and the Federal Capital Territory. Overall pooled estimate was 14.5% (95% CI 10.4-19.9) with a range of 0.3% (95% CI 0.0-1.8) to 43.7% (95% CI 35.6-52.3) across sub-groups, with the PEs in relation to CD4+ T cell count, species and age showing significant variations at p < 0.05. Cryptosporidium hominis was the most prevalent (3.5%, 95% CI 2.3-5.2) of the six Cryptosporidium species reported in Nigeria. CONCLUSION Cryptosporidium infections are moderately prevalent among PLWHA in Nigeria with the highest regional prevalence in the north-east. In addition to personal hygienic practices, the inclusion of Cryptosporidium screening as part of HIV/AIDS clinics in Nigeria will reduce the burden of the parasite among PLWHA in Nigeria.
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A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence, distribution and nematode species diversity in small ruminants: a Nigerian perspective. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:702-718. [PMID: 33184537 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global projections that agriculture will have to feed an additional 3 billion of the world's population in the nearest future, the global trends and negative impacts of nematodes on livestock productivity are still on the increase. Here, we reported the burden of gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants in Nigeria. Six thousand, five hundred and eighty one of the 13,259 small ruminants reported in 40 eligible studies across 18 Nigerian States were infected with at least one nematode species, yielding an overall pooled prevalence (PP) of 58.3% (95% CI 48.8, 67.2). Regional PP varied significantly (P < 0.001) and ranged between 19.5 (95% CI 5.8, 48.7) and 83.7% (95% CI 68.5, 92.3). Seasonal PP was higher in the dry (Prev: 56.5%, 95% CI 34.2, 76.4) than the rainy (Prev: 43.2%, 95% CI 26.7, 61.3) season. Haemonchus species were the most prevalent 21.3% while, Trichuris ovis and Strongyloides species had the widest geographic distribution. Several species of nematodes of small ruminants are highly prevalent in Nigeria. An all-inclusive approach involving public education and standardised management practices that involve adequate hygiene and sanitation, strategic and prophylactic use of anthelmintics, rotational grazing and the control of arthropod intermediate hosts will reduce the economic losses due to these parasites and curtail possible transmission to humans.
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Bogach MV, Paliy AP, Perotsʼka LV, Pyvovarova ІV, Stoyanova VY, Palii AP. The influence of hydro-meteorological conditions on the spread of chicken cestodiasis. REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN BIOSYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.15421/022063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Today one of the important problems in poultry farming and bird keeping both in homesteads and on farms is the spread of endoparasites, which cause a significant decrease in productivity and significant economic damage. Raillietinosis and daveniosis are natural focal tape helminthiases that parasitize in the small intestine of poultry. The research on chicken cestodiasis was carried out on poultry farms in the south of Odessa Region of Ukraine during 2017 and 2019. 4219 chickens of different age groups were examined, which used walking areas, with 1965 chickens – in 2017 and 2254 – in 2019. To assess the wet and dry periods with daily average temperatures above 10 °C, that is the period of active vegetation, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (SHC) was used (1937), according to which the spread of chicken cestodiasis was determined. In the south of Odessa Region, the moderate and severe period increased from four to seven months, at which the hydrothermal coefficient amounted to 0.4–0.8. The period of sufficient moisture at a hydrothermal coefficient of 1.0–1.5 decreased from three months of 2017 to two months of 2019 and the hydrothermal coefficient was not calculated for five and three months, respectively. In 2017, the hatching of cestode eggs with bird manure was recorded for nine months: from March (10.1%) to November (5.8%) with high rates in June (27.2%) and September (37.1%), while in 2019, cestode eggs were recorded in February (12.7%) and up to December (2.4%), that is, for 11 months, with the highest rates in May (41.8%) and September (43.9%). The species composition of chicken cestodes is represented by four species: Raillietina echinobothrida (74.2%), which dominates due to a longer low hydrothermal coefficient, as well as R. tetragona (9.8%), R. cesticillus (10.8%) and Davainea proglottina (5.2%). The invasion of ants with cysticercoid R. echinobothrida in 2017 amounted to 19.6%, and in 2019 – 25.9% with an intensity of 1 to 4 specimens.
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Ola-Fadunsin SD, Ganiyu IA, Rabiu M, Hussain K, Sanda IM, Baba AY, Furo NA, Balogun RB. Helminth infections of great concern among cattle in Nigeria: Insight to its prevalence, species diversity, patterns of infections and risk factors. Vet World 2020; 13:338-344. [PMID: 32255977 PMCID: PMC7096307 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.338-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Helminth infections are one of the greatest causes of productive and reproductive loss in animals and man, and in some cases, it results in heavy mortalities. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, species diversity, patterns of infections and risk factors associated with helminth infections of cattle in Ilorin, Nigeria. Materials and Methods A total of 478 fecal samples were collected from abattoirs and cattle farms over a year period (March, 2018-February, 2019). Fecal samples were visually examined then observed using simple flotation and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation techniques. Eggs and worms were identified according to standard procedures. The packed cell volume was determined using the hematocrit centrifugation technique. Results A total of 79.92% of the cattle examined were found positive with one or more helminth species. Eighteen helminth species (cutting across all classes of helminths) were detected, with Haemonchus contortus (60.46%), Trichostrongylus spp. (46.44%), Ostertagia ostertagi (42.05%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (28.87%), Cooperia spp. (24.27%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (21.97%), Strongyloides papillosus (12.13%), and Fasciola gigantica (10.67%) been the most prevalent. Helminth infection was detected all through the year with the least prevalence recorded in February (55.00%). About 61% of the examined cattle harbored double/multiple helminth species. There was a significant difference between breed, sex, physiological status, and season with the prevalence rate of helminth infections (p<0.05). Conclusion Our investigation demonstrated high prevalence and wide diversity of helminth species, which suggests that helminth infections are of great concern among cattle in Ilorin and Nigeria in general. There is a need for a radical veterinary intervention to curb the menace so as to have an economically robust cattle industry in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shola David Ola-Fadunsin
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Isau Aremu Ganiyu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Musa Rabiu
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Karimat Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Idiat Modupe Sanda
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Alhassan Yunusa Baba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Nathan Ahmadu Furo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Kwara, Nigeria
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Isaac C, Turay PN, Inegbenosun CU, Ezekiel SA, Adamu HO, Ohiolei JA. Prevalence of Soil-transmitted Helminths in Primary School Playgrounds in Edo State, Southern Nigeria. Helminthologia 2019; 56:282-295. [PMID: 31708668 PMCID: PMC6818638 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2019-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Schoolchildren in primary schools are mostly at risk of acquiring soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) infections due to their habits (geophagy, onychophagy and playing with barefoot). Profiling soil parasites on school playgrounds is expected to provide an insight to an array of parasites schoolchildren are constantly at risk of acquiring; and this information could guide on intervention programmes. Soil samples from sixteen primary school playgrounds in Edo State (South-South, Nigeria) were collected over a six-month period both in the dry (January, February and March) and wet (May, June and July) seasons in 2018 and early 2019. Samples were processed and analysed following standard parasitological procedures. Of the 576 soil samples collected, 318(55.2 %) were positive with one or more soil parasites. Generally, the predominant parasites recovered from the total number of soil samples collected were: Ascaris 127(22 %), Strongyloides 111(19.27 %) and hookworm 50(8.68 %). Ascaris was most preponderant in the dry season, while Strongyloides was the most occurring in the wet season. The mean differences in the parasite load for Ascaris and hookworm between dry and wet seasons were not significant; while for Strongyloides it was higher in the wet than dry season. These results could be a consequence of observed poor state of toilet/sanitary facilities as well as the lack or poor state of basic infrastructure like proper drainage and waste disposal systems in the host communities. There is therefore urgent need to interrupt the STHs transmission cycles in the environment and possibly in schoolchildren by instituting sustainable intervention programmes within schools located in STHs endemic regions like southern Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Isaac
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - P. N. Turay
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - C. U. Inegbenosun
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - S. A. Ezekiel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - H. O. Adamu
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
| | - J. A. Ohiolei
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou730046, P. R. China
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Suwanti LT. IDENTIFICATION AND PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN BEEF CATTLE IN SIAK SRI INDRAPURA, RIAU, INDONESIA. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2019. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v7i6.10392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites infection are one of the major constraints cattle farm in tropical countries including Indonesia and some of GI parasites in cattle have the potential to transmit to humans. This study was aimed to identify and determine the level of prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in beef cattle in Siak Sri Indrapura District, Riau Province, Indonesia. This research was conducted on 100 beef cattle consisted of, respectively, 32, 34 and 34 cattles from Bungaraya, Sabak Auh, and Dayun sub-district. The characteristic of sample such as age and sex cattle, cage management, feed and drinking water were recorded. Native, sedimentation and sucrose flotation methods were used to find protozoa and eggs worm. We assessed GI parasites based on finding eggs worm, protozoan cyst and coccidial oocysts in stool samples and identification of GI parasite was based on the morphology and size of the eggs worm and cysts or oocysts of protozoan. The result showed that all of 100 feces samples that examined 100% positive infection for parasites. There were eleven types of gastrointestinal parasites that have been identified, 6 genera of protozoan and 5 genera of worms. The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in beef cattles in Siak Sri Indrapura District were Blastocystis sp. (100%), Entamoeba sp. (90%), Eimeria sp. (53%), Giardia sp. (7%), Balantidium coli (4%), Cryptosporidium sp. (2%) Oesophagustomum sp. (45%), Toxocara vitulorum (20%), Moniezia expansa (9%), Trichuris sp. (5%), and Fasciola sp. (4%). In conclusion, Siak Sri Indrapura Riau is an endemic GI parasite and this can threaten the health of livestock and potentially as a zoonotic transmission.
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