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Zhao T, Xue RD. Vector Biology and Integrated Management of Malaria Vectors in China. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 69:333-354. [PMID: 38270986 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-021323-085255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted by Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles lesteri, Anopheles minimus, and Anopheles dirus in China. In 2021, the disease was eliminated in China after more than 70 years of efforts implementing an integrated mosquito management strategy. This strategy comprised indoor residual spray, insecticide-treated bed nets, irrigation management, and rice-fish coculture based on an understanding of taxonomic status and ecological behaviors of vector species, in conjunction with mass drug administration and promotion of public education. However, China still faces postelimination challenges, including the importation of approximately 2,000-4,000 cases of malaria into the country each year, as well as widespread resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in An. sinensis; these challenges require long-term vector surveillance to understand the distribution, population density, and development of resistance in vector mosquitoes to prevent local epidemics caused by imported malaria cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China;
| | - Rui-De Xue
- Anastasia Mosquito Control District of St. Johns County, St. Augustine, Florida, USA;
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Dong H, Yuan H, Yang X, Shan W, Zhou Q, Tao F, Zhao C, Bai J, Li X, Ma Y, Peng H. Phylogenetic Analysis of Some Species of the Anopheles hyrcanus Group (Diptera: Culicidae) in China Based on Complete Mitochondrial Genomes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1453. [PMID: 37510357 PMCID: PMC10379722 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Some species of the Hyrcanus group are vectors of malaria in China. However, the member species are difficult to identify accurately by morphology. The development of sequencing technologies offers the possibility of further studies based on the complete mitochondrial genome. In this study, samples of mosquitoes of the Hyrcanus group were collected in China between 1997 and 2015. The mitochondrial genomes of ten species of the Hyrcanus group were analyzed, including the structure and base composition, codon usage, secondary structure of tRNA, and base difference sites in protein coding regions. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference were performed based on mitochondrial genes and complete mitochondrial genomes The mitochondrial genome of 10 Hyrcanus group members ranged from 15,403 bp to 15,475 bp, with an average 78.23% (A + T) content, comprising of 13 PCGs (protein coding genes), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs. Site differences between some closely related species in the PCGs were small. There were only 36 variable sites between Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles belenrae for a variation ratio of 0.32% in all PCGs. The pairwise interspecies distance based on 13 PCGs was low, with an average of 0.04. A phylogenetic tree constructed with the 13 PCGs was consistent with the known evolutionary relationships. Some phylogenetic trees constructed by single coding regions (such as COI or ND4) or combined coding regions (COI + ND2 + ND4 + ND5 or ND2 + ND4) were consistent with the phylogenetic tree constructed using the 13 PCGs. The phylogenetic trees constructed using some coding genes (COII, ND5, tRNAs, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) differed from the phylogenetic tree constructed using PCGs. The difference in mitochondrial genome sequences between An. sinensis and An. belenrae was very small, corresponding to intraspecies difference, suggesting that the species was in the process of differentiation. The combination of all 13 PCG sequences was demonstrated to be optimal for phylogenetic analysis in closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Dong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Yuan
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xusong Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenqi Shan
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiuming Zhou
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feng Tao
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yajun Ma
- College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Heng Peng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Sawabe K, Imanishi-Kobayashi N, Maekawa Y, Higa Y, Kim KS, Hoshino K, Tsuda Y, Hayashi T, Nihei N, Takai K, Kurihara T, Kobayashi M. Updated distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in Hokkaido, Japan, and the first evidence of Anopheles belenrae in Japan. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:494. [PMID: 34565449 PMCID: PMC8474741 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Hokkaido, northern island of Japan, at least seven cases of falciparum malaria were reported by 1951. A survey conducted at that time was unsuccessful in implicating any mosquito species as the possible vector. Although active anopheline mosquito surveillance continued until the middle of the 1980s, there is very limited information on their current status and distribution in Japan. Therefore, this study is an update on the current status and distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in Hokkaido based on a 15-year entomological surveillance between 2001 and 2015. Methods A survey of mosquitoes was conducted at 22 sites in Hokkaido, Japan, from 2001 to 2015. Adult mosquitoes were collected from cowsheds, lakesides, shrubs, and habitats ranging from open grassland to coniferous forest using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) miniature light trap enhanced with dry ice, aspirators, and sweeping nets. Larvae were collected from lakes, ponds, swamps, stagnant and flowing rivers, and paddy fields. All specimens were morphologically identified and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 2 ( ITS2) region of rDNA. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed using the neighbor-joining method with the Kimura 2-parameter model on MEGA X version 10.2.2. Results A total of 46 anopheline specimens were used for the phylogenetic analysis. During the survey, a new member of the Anopheles hyrcanus group, An. belenrae, was discovered in eastern Hokkaido in 2004. Anopheles belenrae has since then been consistently found and confirmed to inhabit only this area of Japan. Four members of the An. hyrcanus group, namely An. belenrae, An. engarensis, An. lesteri, and An. sineroides, have been found in Hokkaido. The results also suggest that An. sinensis, formerly a dominant species throughout Japan, has become a rarely found species, at least currently in Hokkaido. Conclusion The updated distribution of anopheline mosquitoes in Hokkaido, Japan, showed considerable differences from that observed in previous surveys conducted from 1969 to 1984. In particular, areas where An. sinensis was previously distributed may have been greatly reduced in Hokkaido. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel An. hyrcanus group member identified as An. belenrae, described in South Korea in 2005. It is interesting that An. belenrae was confirmed to inhabit only eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Nozomi Imanishi-Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Maekawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kyeong Soon Kim
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Keita Hoshino
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tsuda
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Naoko Nihei
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kenji Takai
- Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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Mitochondrial genome sequencing and phylogeny of Haemagogus albomaculatus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Haemagogus spegazzinii, and Haemagogus tropicalis (Diptera: Culicidae). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16948. [PMID: 33046768 PMCID: PMC7550346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Haemagogus (Diptera: Culicidae) comprises species of great epidemiological relevance, involved in transmission cycles of the Yellow fever virus and other arboviruses in South America. So far, only Haemagogus janthinomys has complete mitochondrial sequences available. Given the unavailability of information related to aspects of the evolutionary biology and molecular taxonomy of this genus, we report here, the first sequencing of the mitogenomes of Haemagogus albomaculatus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus, Haemagogus spegazzinii, and Haemagogus tropicalis. The mitogenomes showed an average length of 15,038 bp, average AT content of 79.3%, positive AT-skews, negative GC-skews, and comprised 37 functional subunits (13 PCGs, 22 tRNA, and 02 rRNA). The PCGs showed ATN as start codon, TAA as stop codon, and signs of purifying selection. The tRNAs had the typical leaf clover structure, except tRNASer1. Phylogenetic analyzes of Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood, based on concatenated sequences from all 13 PCGs, produced identical topologies and strongly supported the monophyletic relationship between the Haemagogus and Conopostegus subgenera, and corroborated with the known taxonomic classification of the evaluated taxa, based on external morphological aspects. The information produced on the mitogenomes of the Haemagogus species evaluated here may be useful in carrying out future taxonomic and evolutionary studies of the genus.
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