Placental transfer and mammary excretion of a novel angiotensin receptor blocker fimasartan in rats

Candesartan Does Not Activate PPARγ and Its Target Genes in Early Gestation Trophoblasts

Angiotensin II receptor 1 blockers are commonly used to treat hypertension in women of childbearing age. While the fetotoxic effects of these drugs in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are well documented, their possible impacts on placenta development in early gestation are unknown. Candesartan, a member of this group, also acts as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, a key regulator shown to be important for placental development. We have previously shown that trophoblasts do not express the candesartan target-receptor angiotensin II type 1 receptor AGTR1. This study investigated the possible role of candesartan on trophoblastic PPARγ and its hallmark target genes in early gestation. Candesartan did not affect the PPARγ protein expression or nuclear translocation of PPARγ. To mimic extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) and cytotrophoblast/syncytiotrophoblast (CTB/SCT) responses to candesartan, we used trophoblast cell models BeWo (for CTB/SCT) and SGHPL-4 (EVT) cells as well as placental explants. In vitro, the RT-qPCR analysis showed no effect of candesartan treatment on PPARγ target genes in BeWo or SGHPL-4 cells. Treatment with positive control rosiglitazone, another PPARγ agonist, led to decreased expressions of LEP and PPARG1 in BeWo cells and an increased expression of PPARG1 in SGHPL-4 cells. Our previous data showed early gestation-placental AGTR1 expression in fetal myofibroblasts only. In a CAM assay, AGTR1 was stimulated with angiotensin II and showed increased on-plant vessel outgrowth. These results suggest candesartan does not negatively affect PPARγ or its target genes in human trophoblasts. More likely, candesartan from maternal serum may first act on fetal-placental AGTR1 and influence angiogenesis in the placenta, warranting further research.

Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine in synthetic mixture by HPLC for the treatment of hypertension stage-II

Background

A specific, accurate, precise, robust, and cost-effective HPLC method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine in fixed-dose combination. The isocratic elution was accomplished by Symmetry C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) at 25 °C. Mobile phase composition is Methanol: Acetonitrile: Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate buffer (pH 3) (60:05:35%v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, injection volume 20 µL with DAD detection at 240 nm.

Result

Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine were eluted with retention time 2.65 min and 5.51 min respectively. This method was validated as per ICH guideline (Q2 R1). The calibration plots were over the concentration range of 15–90 μg/mL and 2.5–15 μg/mL for Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine with correlation coefficient 0.9992 and 0.9989 respectively. Accuracy was obtained between 99.51–101.65% and 100.06–101.20% for Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine respectively. LOD were found to be 0.97 μg/mL and 0.57 μg/mL and LOQ were found to be 2.95 μg/mL and 1.75 μg/mL for Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine respectively.

Conclusion

The results showed that the developed method is reliable for the routine analysis for simultaneous determination of Fimasartan Potassium Trihydrate and Cilnidipine.